SASE Mathematics Formula Reviewer with Examples
1. Algebra
■ Simplifying Expressions
Combine like terms and apply distributive property.
Example: Example: 3x + 2x = 5x; 2(a + 3) = 2a + 6
■ Factoring
• Common Monomial Factor: take out GCF • Difference of Squares: a² - b² = (a - b)(a + b) • Perfect Square
Trinomial: a² + 2ab + b² = (a + b)² • Quadratic Trinomial: ax² + bx + c
Example: Example: x² - 9 = (x - 3)(x + 3); x² + 6x + 9 = (x + 3)²
■ Solving Linear Equations
Isolate x by moving terms and dividing by coefficient.
Example: Example: 2x + 5 = 11 → 2x = 6 → x = 3
■ Exponents
Rules: • a^m × a^n = a^(m+n) • a^m ÷ a^n = a^(m−n) • (a^m)^n = a^(m×n) • a■ = 1; a■■ = 1/a■
Example: Example: (2³ × 2■)/2² = 2^(3+4−2) = 2■ = 32
■ Quadratic Formula
x = (-b ± √(b² - 4ac)) / 2a
Example: Example: 2x² + 3x - 2 = 0 → x = (-3 ± √(9 + 16))/4 = (-3 ± 5)/4
■ Functions
Substitute x in f(x) to get value.
Example: Example: f(x) = 2x + 1 → f(3) = 7
2. Number Theory
■ Prime Numbers
Numbers divisible only by 1 and itself.
Example: Example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11
■ LCM & GCF
• LCM: smallest number divisible by all • GCF: largest number dividing all
Example: Example: LCM(8, 12) = 24; GCF(24, 36) = 12
■ Rational & Irrational
• Rational: can be fraction • Irrational: non-repeating, non-terminating
Example: Example: 1/2 is rational; √2 is irrational
3. Geometry
■ Perimeter
Add all sides.
Example: Rectangle: P = 2(l + w); Square: P = 4s; Triangle: a + b + c
■ Area
Space covered by shape.
Example: Square: s²; Rectangle: l×w; Triangle: ½bh; Circle: πr²; Trapezoid: ½(b■ + b■)h
■ Circumference
Circle’s perimeter: C = 2πr or πd.
Example: Example: r = 7 → C = 14π
■ Volume
Space occupied by 3D object.
Example: Cube: s³; Cylinder: πr²h; Sphere: 4/3πr³; Cone: 1/3πr²h
■ Surface Area
Total area covering 3D figure.
Example: Cube: 6s²; Cylinder: 2πr(h + r); Sphere: 4πr²
■ Polygons
Sum of interior angles: (n − 2) × 180°
Example: Example: Pentagon (n=5) → (5−2)180 = 540°
■ Diagonals
• Rectangle: equal • Square: equal, perpendicular • Rhombus: ■ unequal
Example: Example: Rectangle’s diagonals = each other
4. Statistics & Probability
■ Mean
Average = Sum ÷ Count
Example: Example: (4+6+8)/3 = 6
■ Median
Middle value (or average of two middles).
Example: Example: 3,5,7,9 → (5+7)/2=6
■ Mode
Most frequent value.
Example: Example: 2,2,3,4 → Mode=2
■ Range
Max - Min
Example: Example: 20−5=15
■ Probability
P(E)=Favorable/Total outcomes.
Example: Example: Die → even {2,4,6}=3/6=1/2; Card: Hearts=13/52=1/4; Coin: 1/2
5. Sequences & Series
■ Arithmetic Sequence
a■ = a■ + (n − 1)d
Example: Example: 2,5,8,... → a■=2+(5−1)3=14
■ Geometric Sequence
a■ = a■ × r^(n−1)
Example: Example: 3,6,12,... → a■=3×2³=24
6. Coordinate Geometry
■ Slope Formula
m = (y■ − y■)/(x■ − x■)
Example: Example: (2,3),(4,7) → m=(7−3)/(4−2)=2
■ Equation of a Line
y = mx + b
Example: Example: slope 2, passes (1,3) → 3=2(1)+b → b=1 → y=2x+1