Financial

💰 1. FV (Future Value)

Purpose: Calculates the future value of an investment based on periodic,

constant payments and a constant interest rate.

Formula:

=FV(rate, nper, pmt, [pv], [type])

Example:

=FV(8%/12, 12*5, -2000, 0, 0)

➡ Calculates the future value of ₹2,000 monthly deposits for 5 years at 8%

annual interest.

Result: ₹147,830 (approx)

💵 2. PV (Present Value)

Purpose: Calculates the current worth of an investment.

Formula:

=PV(rate, nper, pmt, [fv], [type])

Example:

=PV(10%/12, 12*3, -5000, 0, 0)

➡ Present value of ₹5,000 monthly deposits for 3 years at 10% annual

interest.

Result: ₹162,345 (approx)

📈 3. NPV (Net Present Value)

Purpose: Calculates the net present value of an investment based on a

discount rate and a series of future cash flows.

Formula:

=NPV(rate, value1, [value2], …)

Example:

=NPV(10%, 5000, 8000, 12000, 15000) – 20000

➡ NPV of an investment with an initial cost of ₹20,000 and given cash

inflows.

Result: ₹5,466 (approx)

📉 4. IRR (Internal Rate of Return)

Purpose: Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows.

Formula:

=IRR(values, [guess])

Example:

=IRR({-20000, 5000, 8000, 12000, 15000})

➡ Calculates the return percentage of investment.

Result: 13.3% (approx)

💳 5. PMT (Payment)

Purpose: Calculates the payment for a loan based on constant payments and
constant interest rate.

Formula: =PMT(rate, nper, pv, [fv], [type])

Example:

=PMT(8%/12, 60, 500000)

➡ Monthly EMI for a ₹5,00,000 loan at 8% annual interest for 5 years.

Result: ₹10,138.

💼 6. RATE (Interest Rate per Period)

Purpose: Calculates the interest rate per period for an investment or loan.

Formula:

=RATE(nper, pmt, pv, [fv], [type], [guess])

Example:

=RATE(60, -10138, 500000)*12

➡ Finds annual interest rate if EMI = ₹10,138 for 5 years on ₹5,00,000.

Result: 8%

📊 7. NPER (Number of Periods)

Purpose: Calculates how many payment periods are needed to pay off a loan.

Formula:

=NPER(rate, pmt, pv, [fv], [type])

Example:

=NPER(8%/12, -10138, 500000)

➡ Finds months required to repay ₹5,00,000 loan with ₹10,138 monthly EMI.

Result: 60 months

💸 8. CUMIPMT (Cumulative Interest Payment)

Purpose: Returns total interest paid between two periods.

Formula:
=CUMIPMT(rate, nper, pv, start_period, end_period, type)

Example:

=CUMIPMT(8%/12, 60, 500000, 1, 12, 0)

➡ Interest paid in the first year of a ₹5,00,000 loan at 8%.

Result: -₹38,950

🧾 9. CUMPRINC (Cumulative Principal Payment)

Purpose: Returns total principal paid between two periods.

Formula:

=CUMPRINC(rate, nper, pv, start_period, end_period, type)

Example:

=CUMPRINC(8%/12, 60, 500000, 1, 12, 0)

➡ Principal repaid in first year.

Result: -₹83,706

🏦 10. EFFECT (Effective Annual Interest Rate)

Purpose: Calculates effective annual rate given nominal rate and

compounding periods.

Formula:

=EFFECT(nominal_rate, npery)

Example:

=EFFECT(8%, 12)

➡ Effective annual rate for 8% nominal compounded monthly.

Result: 8.30%
🧮 11. NOMINAL (Nominal Interest Rate)

Purpose: Converts effective annual rate to nominal rate.

Formula:

=NOMINAL(effect_rate, npery)

Example:

=NOMINAL(8.3%, 12)

➡ Nominal rate from effective rate 8.3%.

Result: 8%

📅 12. SLN (Straight-Line Depreciation)

Purpose: Calculates depreciation for one period using straight-line method.

Formula:

=SLN(cost, salvage, life)

Example:

=SLN(50000, 5000, 5)

➡ Annual depreciation for machine costing ₹50,000 with ₹5,000 residual

value after 5 years.

Result: ₹9,000

⚙️13. DB (Declining Balance Depreciation)

Purpose: Calculates depreciation for a period using declining balance

method.

Formula:
=DB(cost, salvage, life, period, [month])

Example:

=DB(50000, 5000, 5, 1)

➡ Depreciation for year 1 using declining balance.

Result: ₹20,000 (approx)

📊 14. DDB (Double Declining Balance)

Purpose: Calculates depreciation using double declining balance method.

Formula:

=DDB(cost, salvage, life, period, [factor])

Example:

=DDB(50000, 5000, 5, 1)

➡ Double declining depreciation for year 1.

Result: ₹20,000

📅 15. XNPV (Net Present Value with Dates)

Purpose: NPV when cash flows occur at irregular intervals.

Formula:

=XNPV(rate, values, dates)

Example:

=XNPV(0.1, { -10000, 2750, 4250, 3250, 2750 }, { “1/1/2024”, “3/1/2024”,

“10/30/2024”, “2/15/2025”, “4/1/2025” })

➡ Calculates NPV for irregular cash flows.

Date and time

🕒 1. TODAY()

Purpose: Returns the current system date.

Formula:

=TODAY()

Example:

If today is 09-Oct-2025, result → 09-Oct-2025

✅ Useful for showing live current date.

⏰ 2. NOW()

Purpose: Returns the current system date and time.

Formula:

=NOW()

Example:

If time is 3:45 PM, result → 09-Oct-2025 15:45

📆 3. DATE(year, month, day)

Purpose: Creates a date from separate year, month, and day values.

Formula:

=DATE(2025, 10, 9)

Result: 09-Oct-2025

🗓️4. DAY(serial_number)

Purpose: Returns the day of the month (1–31).

Formula:

=DAY(“09-Oct-2025”)

Result: 9

📅 5. MONTH(serial_number)
Purpose: Returns the month number (1–12).

Formula:

=MONTH(“09-Oct-2025”)

Result: 10

📆 6. YEAR(serial_number)

Purpose: Returns the year of a given date.

Formula:

=YEAR(“09-Oct-2025”)

Result: 2025

📅 7. WEEKDAY(serial_number, [return_type])

Purpose: Returns the day of the week as a number (1 = Sunday by

default).

Formula:

=WEEKDAY(“09-Oct-2025”)

Result: 5 (Thursday)

🗓️8. WEEKNUM(serial_number, [return_type])

Purpose: Returns the week number of a specific date (1–52).

Formula:

=WEEKNUM(“09-Oct-2025”)

Result: 41

📆 9. EOMONTH(start_date, months)

Purpose: Returns the last day of the month, offset by a number of

months.

Formula:

=EOMONTH(“09-Oct-2025”, 0)

Result: 31-Oct-2025

=EOMONTH(“09-Oct-2025”, -1) → 30-Sep-2025

🧮 10. DATEDIF(start_date, end_date, unit)

Purpose: Calculates the difference between two dates in years,

months, or days.

Formula:

=DATEDIF(“01-Jan-2020”,”09-Oct-2025”,”Y”) → 5 years

=DATEDIF(“01-Jan-2020”,”09-Oct-2025”,”M”) → 69 months

=DATEDIF(“01-Jan-2020”,”09-Oct-2025”,”D”) → 2108 days

⏳ 11. DAYS(end_date, start_date)

Purpose: Returns the number of days between two dates.

Formula:

=DAYS(“09-Oct-2025”,”01-Jan-2020”)

Result: 2108

📅 12. YEARFRAC(start_date, end_date, [basis])

Purpose: Returns the fraction of a year between two dates.

Formula:

=YEARFRAC(“01-Jan-2020”,”09-Oct-2025”)

Result: 5.77 years

🗓️13. DATEVALUE(date_text)

Purpose: Converts a text date into a valid Excel date.

Formula:

=DATEVALUE(“09-Oct-2025”)

Result: Excel serial date (e.g., 45197)

⏰ 14. TIME(hour, minute, second)

Purpose: Creates a time value.

Formula:

=TIME(14, 30, 0)

Result: 2:30 PM

⏱️15. HOUR(serial_number)

Purpose: Extracts the hour from a time value.

Formula:

=HOUR(“14:30”)

Result: 14

⏲️16. MINUTE(serial_number)

Purpose: Extracts the minute from a time value.

Formula:

=MINUTE(“14:30”)

Result: 30

⏰ 17. SECOND(serial_number)

Purpose: Extracts the second from a time value.

Formula:

=SECOND(“14:30:45”)

Result: 45

🧮 18. TIMEVALUE(time_text)
Purpose: Converts a text time to an Excel time value.

Formula:

=TIMEVALUE(“2:30 PM”)

Result: Decimal time value → 0.60417 (represents 2:30 PM)

📅 19. NETWORKDAYS(start_date, end_date, [holidays])

Purpose: Calculates the number of working days between two dates

(excludes weekends).

Formula:

=NETWORKDAYS(“01-Oct-2025”, “09-Oct-2025”)

Result: 7 (Excludes Sundays)

📆 20. WORKDAY(start_date, days, [holidays])

Purpose: Returns the date after a number of working days.

Formula:

=WORKDAY(“01-Oct-2025”, 10)

Result: 15-Oct-2025

🗓️21. EDATE(start_date, months)

Purpose: Returns a date moved forward or backward by a specified

number of months.

Formula:

=EDATE(“09-Oct-2025”, -3)

Result: 09-Jul-2025

🕕 22. TEXT(value, format_text)

Purpose: Converts a date/time to a text string in a specific format.

Formula:

=TEXT(TODAY(), “dd-mmm-yyyy”) → 09-Oct-2025

=TEXT(NOW(), “hh:mm AM/PM”) → 03:45 PM

Math and trigonometry

🧮 1. SUM()

Purpose: Adds numbers together.

Formula:

=SUM(A1:A5)

Example:

If A1:A5 = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 → Result: 150

➕ 2. SUMIF()

Purpose: Adds values that meet a single condition.

Formula:

=SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])

Example:

=SUMIF(A1:A5, “>20”, B1:B5)

Adds values in B1:B5 where A1:A5 > 20.

➕ 3. SUMIFS()

Purpose: Adds values that meet multiple conditions.

Formula:

=SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, criteria_range2,

criteria2, …)

Example:
=SUMIFS(C2:C10, A2:A10, “North”, B2:B10, “>1000”)

Adds sales >1000 in the “North” region.

➖ 4. SUBTOTAL()

Purpose: Performs operations like sum, average, count, etc., on a

filtered list.

Formula:

=SUBTOTAL(function_num, range)

Example:

=SUBTOTAL(9, A1:A10) → Adds only visible cells.

✖️5. PRODUCT()

Purpose: Multiplies all given numbers.

Formula:

=PRODUCT(A1:A3)

If A1=2, A2=3, A3=4 → Result: 24

➗ 6. QUOTIENT()

Purpose: Returns the integer portion of a division.

Formula:

=QUOTIENT(10, 3)

Result: 3

⚙️7. MOD()

Purpose: Returns the remainder after division.

Formula:

=MOD(10, 3)

Result: 1

🔢 8. ROUND()

Purpose: Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.

Formula:

=ROUND(12.3456, 2)

Result: 12.35

🔢 9. ROUNDUP()

Purpose: Always rounds a number up.

Formula:

=ROUNDUP(12.341, 2)

Result: 12.35

🔢 10. ROUNDDOWN()

Purpose: Always rounds a number down.

Formula:

=ROUNDDOWN(12.349, 2)

Result: 12.34

🔝 11. CEILING()

Purpose: Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple.

Formula:

=CEILING(12.3, 5)
Result: 15

🔻 12. FLOOR()

Purpose: Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple.

Formula:

=FLOOR(12.3, 5)

Result: 10

➕ 13. POWER()

Purpose: Raises a number to a power.

Formula:

=POWER(5, 2)

Result: 25

🧮 14. SQRT()

Purpose: Returns the square root of a number.

Formula:

=SQRT(49)

Result: 7

🔢 15. ABS()

Purpose: Returns the absolute value (removes negative sign).

Formula:

=ABS(-25)

Result: 25
🧩 16. INT()

Purpose: Returns the integer part of a number (rounds down).

Formula:

=INT(4.9)

Result: 4

🧩 17. FACT()

Purpose: Returns the factorial of a number (n!).

Formula:

=FACT(5)

Result: 120

🧮 18. EXP()

Purpose: Returns e raised to the power of a number.

Formula:

=EXP(1)

Result: 2.718 (value of e)

📈 19. LN()

Purpose: Returns the natural logarithm of a number.

Formula:

=LN(10)

Result: 2.3026

📊 20. LOG()
Purpose: Returns the logarithm of a number to a given base.

Formula:

=LOG(100, 10)

Result: 2

📊 21. LOG10()

Purpose: Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.

Formula:

=LOG10(1000)

Result: 3

🧮 22. RAND()

Purpose: Returns a random number between 0 and 1.

Formula:

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🎲 23. RANDBETWEEN()

Purpose: Returns a random integer between two numbers.

Formula:

=RANDBETWEEN(1, 100)

Result: Random number between 1 and 100

🔢 24. PI()

Purpose: Returns the value of π (pi).

Formula:

=PI()

Result: 3.141593

📐 25. SIN()

Purpose: Returns the sine of an angle (in radians).

Formula:

=SIN(PI()/2)

Result: 1

📏 26. COS()
Purpose: Returns the cosine of an angle (in radians).

Formula:

=COS(PI())

Result: -1

📏 27. TAN()

Purpose: Returns the tangent of an angle (in radians).

Formula:

=TAN(PI()/4)

Result: 1

📐 28. ASIN(), ACOS(), ATAN()

Purpose: Return inverse trigonometric values (in radians).

Example:

=ASIN(1) → 1.5708 (π/2)

=ACOS(0) → 1.5708 (π/2)

=ATAN(1) → 0.7854 (π/4)

📐 29. DEGREES()

Purpose: Converts radians to degrees.

Formula:

=DEGREES(PI()/2)

Result: 90°

📏 30. RADIANS()

Purpose: Converts degrees to radians.

Formula:

=RADIANS(180)

Result: 3.141593

Lookup and reference

🔍 1. VLOOKUP() – Vertical Lookup

Purpose: Looks for a value in the first column of a range and returns
a value from another column in the same row.

Syntax:

=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num,

[range_lookup])

Example:

=VLOOKUP(“Ram”, A2:C10, 3, FALSE)

➡ Finds “Ram” in column A and returns value from the 3rd column in
the same row.

Result: e.g., “45000” (Salary)

📊 2. HLOOKUP() – Horizontal Lookup

Purpose: Looks for a value in the top row of a range and returns a
value from a specified row.

Syntax:

=HLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num,

[range_lookup])

Example:

=HLOOKUP(“Q2”, A1:E3, 3, FALSE)

➡ Finds “Q2” in row 1 and returns the 3rd row’s value under Q2.
📋 3. XLOOKUP() (Latest and most powerful lookup formula)

Purpose: Searches a range or array and returns the matching value

— can look both vertically and horizontally.

Syntax:

=XLOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_array, return_array, [if_not_found])

Example:

=XLOOKUP(“Ram”, A2:A10, C2:C10, “Not Found”)

➡ Looks for “Ram” in column A and returns corresponding value

from column C.

🔄 4. LOOKUP()

Purpose: Looks up a value from a single row or column and returns

a value from the same position in another row or column.

Syntax:

=LOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_vector, result_vector)

Example:

=LOOKUP(500, A1:A5, B1:B5)

➡ If 500 matches in A1:A5, returns corresponding value from B1:B5.

🧾 5. INDEX()

Purpose: Returns the value of a cell at the intersection of a given

row and column in a range.

Syntax:

=INDEX(array, row_num, [column_num])

Example:
=INDEX(B2:D10, 4, 2)

➡ Returns the value from the 4th row and 2nd column of the selected
range.

🧮 6. MATCH()

Purpose: Returns the position (index) of a value within a range.

Syntax:

=MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])

Example:

=MATCH(“Ram”, A2:A10, 0)

➡ Returns the position of “Ram” in the list (e.g., 3 if found in 3rd

cell).

🔗 7. INDEX + MATCH (Powerful Combination)

Purpose: Performs a more flexible lookup than VLOOKUP or

HLOOKUP.

Formula:

=INDEX(C2:C10, MATCH(“Ram”, A2:A10, 0))

➡ Finds “Ram” in A2:A10, then returns the corresponding value

from C2:C10.

✅ More accurate and faster than VLOOKUP.

📍 8. CHOOSE()

Purpose: Returns a value from a list based on an index number.

Syntax:

=CHOOSE(index_num, value1, [value2], …)

Example:
=CHOOSE(2, “Red”, “Blue”, “Green”)

➡ Returns “Blue” because it’s the 2nd choice.

📇 9. ROW()

Purpose: Returns the row number of a reference.

Formula:

=ROW(A5)

Result: 5

📐 10. COLUMN()

Purpose: Returns the column number of a reference.

Formula:

=COLUMN(C3)

Result: 3

📦 11. ROWS()

Purpose: Returns the number of rows in a range.

Formula:

=ROWS(A1:A10)

Result: 10

📦 12. COLUMNS()

Purpose: Returns the number of columns in a range.

Formula:

=COLUMNS(A1:D1)

Result: 4

📍 13. ADDRESS()

Purpose: Returns the cell address (as text) based on a row and
column number.
Syntax:

=ADDRESS(row_num, column_num, [abs_num], [a1], [sheet_text])

Example:

=ADDRESS(3, 2)

Result: $B$3

🧭 14. INDIRECT()

Purpose: Returns the reference specified by a text string.

Formula:

=INDIRECT(“A”&5)

➡ Acts as =A5

Result: Returns value of cell A5

📌 15. OFFSET()

Purpose: Returns a cell or range offset from a given cell or range.

Syntax:

=OFFSET(reference, rows, cols, [height], [width])

Example:

=OFFSET(A1, 2, 1)

➡ Refers to cell B3 (2 rows down, 1 column right).

🗂️16. TRANSPOSE()

Purpose: Converts rows to columns and vice versa.

Formula:

=TRANSPOSE(A1:B3)

➡ Turns vertical data into horizontal.

📍 17. FORMULATEXT()

Purpose: Shows the formula used in a specific cell.

Formula:
=FORMULATEXT(B5)

➡ Displays the exact formula written in B5.

📘 18. HYPERLINK()

Purpose: Creates a clickable hyperlink to a file, web page, or

location in the workbook.

Syntax:

=HYPERLINK(link_location, [friendly_name])

Example:

=HYPERLINK([Link] “Open Google”)

➡ Creates clickable link text “Open Google”.

🧭 19. AREAS()

Purpose: Returns the number of ranges in a reference.

Formula:

=AREAS((A1:A3, B1:B3))

Result: 2

🧾 20. GETPIVOTDATA()

Purpose: Extracts data stored in a PivotTable report.

Syntax:

=GETPIVOTDATA(data_field, pivot_table, [field1, item1], …)

Example:

=GETPIVOTDATA(“Sales”, $A$3, “Region”, “East”)

➡ Returns total sales for “East” region from PivotTable.

Text And logical

TEXT FUNCTIONS in Excel

These functions help you work with text, words, and characters in
cells.
 1. LEFT()

Purpose: Extracts characters from the left side of text.

Syntax:

=LEFT(text, [num_chars])

Example:

=LEFT(“TallyERP9”, 5) → Result: Tally

2. RIGHT()

Purpose: Extracts characters from the right side of text.

Syntax:

=RIGHT(text, [num_chars])

Example:

=RIGHT(“TallyERP9”, 3) → Result: RP9

3. MID()

Purpose: Extracts text from the middle of a string.

Syntax:

=MID(text, start_num, num_chars)

Example:

=MID(“TallyERP9”, 3, 4) → Result: llyE

4. LEN()

Purpose: Counts the number of characters in a text.

Syntax:

=LEN(text)

Example:

=LEN(“Excel”) → Result: 5

5. FIND()
Purpose: Finds the position of one text inside another (case-
sensitive).

Syntax:

=FIND(find_text, within_text, [start_num])

Example:

=FIND(“E”, “TallyERP9”) → Result: 6

6. SEARCH()

Purpose: Like FIND, but not case-sensitive.

Syntax:

=SEARCH(find_text, within_text, [start_num])

Example:

=SEARCH(“e”, “TallyERP9”) → Result: 6

7. CONCAT() / CONCATENATE()

Purpose: Joins multiple text strings together.

Syntax:

=CONCATENATE(text1, text2, …) or =CONCAT(text1, text2, …)

Example:

=CONCATENATE(“Tally”, “ “, “ERP9”) → Result: Tally ERP9

8. TEXTJOIN()

Purpose: Joins text with a delimiter (like comma or space).

Syntax:

=TEXTJOIN(delimiter, ignore_empty, text1, text2, …)

Example:

=TEXTJOIN(“, “, TRUE, “Ram”, “Shyam”, “Mohan”) → Result: Ram,

Shyam, Mohan

9. UPPER()

Purpose: Converts text to uppercase.

Example:

=UPPER(“tally”) → Result: TALLY

10. LOWER()

Purpose: Converts text to lowercase.

Example:

=LOWER(“TALLY”) → Result: tally

11. PROPER()

Purpose: Converts text to proper case (first letter capital).

Example:

=PROPER(“tally erp”) → Result: Tally Erp

12. TRIM()

Purpose: Removes extra spaces from text.

Example:

=TRIM(“ Tally ERP 9 “) → Result: Tally ERP 9

13. SUBSTITUTE()

Purpose: Replaces specific text with another text.

Syntax:

=SUBSTITUTE(text, old_text, new_text, [instance_num])

Example:

=SUBSTITUTE(“TallyERP9”, “ERP9”, “Prime”) → Result: TallyPrime

 14. REPLACE()

Purpose: Replaces text at a specific position.

Syntax:

=REPLACE(old_text, start_num, num_chars, new_text)

Example:

=REPLACE(“Excel”, 2, 3, “MP”) → Result: EMPl

15. TEXT()

Purpose: Converts a number to text in a specific format.

Syntax:

=TEXT(value, format_text)

Example:

=TEXT(TODAY(), “dd-mmm-yyyy”) → Result: 09-Oct-2025

16. VALUE()

Purpose: Converts text that looks like a number into an actual

number.

Example:

=VALUE(“500”) → Result: 500

17. EXACT()

Purpose: Checks if two text strings are exactly the same (case-
sensitive).

Example:
=EXACT(“Excel”, “excel”) → Result: FALSE

18. REPT()

Purpose: Repeats text a specified number of times.

Example:

=REPT(“*”, 5) → Result: *****

19. TEXTSPLIT() (Newer Excel versions)

Purpose: Splits text into columns or rows using a delimiter.

Example:

=TEXTSPLIT(“Ram,Shyam,Mohan”, “,”)

→ Result: Ram | Shyam | Mohan (in separate cells)

⚙️LOGICAL FUNCTIONS in Excel

These formulas help you test conditions and make decisions.

1. IF()

Purpose: Returns one value if condition is TRUE, another if FALSE.

Syntax:

=IF(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)

Example:

=IF(A1>50, “Pass”, “Fail”)

➡ If A1=60 → Result: Pass

2. AND()

Purpose: Returns TRUE if all conditions are TRUE.

Syntax:

=AND(condition1, condition2, …)

Example:
=AND(A1>50, B1>50)

➡ If both A1 & B1 > 50 → TRUE

3. OR()

Purpose: Returns TRUE if any one of the conditions is TRUE.

Syntax:

=OR(condition1, condition2, …)

Example:

=OR(A1>50, B1>50)

➡ If either A1 or B1 > 50 → TRUE

4. NOT()

Purpose: Reverses the logical value.

Syntax:

=NOT(logical)

Example:

=NOT(A1>50)

➡ If A1>50 is TRUE → Result: FALSE

5. IFERROR()

Purpose: Returns a custom value if a formula results in an error.

Syntax:

=IFERROR(value, value_if_error)

Example:

=IFERROR(A1/B1, “Error in division”)

➡ If B1=0 → Result: “Error in division”

6. IFNA()
Purpose: Similar to IFERROR, but only catches #N/A errors.

Example:

=IFNA(VLOOKUP(A1, B1:C10, 2, FALSE), “Not Found”)

➡ If not found, returns “Not Found”

7. XOR()

Purpose: Returns TRUE if only one of the conditions is TRUE.

Example:

=XOR(A1>50, B1>50)

➡ TRUE if exactly one is TRUE.

8. IFS()

Purpose: Checks multiple conditions (no need for nested Ifs).

Syntax:

=IFS(condition1, value1, condition2, value2, …)

Example:

=IFS(A1>=80,”A”, A1>=60,”B”, A1>=40,”C”, A1<40,”Fail”)

9. SWITCH()

Purpose: Compares a value to a list of options and returns a match.

Syntax:

=SWITCH(expression, value1, result1, [value2, result2], …)

Example:

=SWITCH(A1, 1, “Sunday”, 2, “Monday”, 3, “Tuesday”)

10. TRUE() and FALSE()

Purpose: Return logical TRUE or FALSE constants.

Example:
=TRUE() → TRUE

=FALSE() → FALSE