Syed Ahtesham Ali
CONJUNCTION & ITS TYPES
Definition:
A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases, or
clauses.
Example:
a. Ali and Ahmed are friends.
b. She is tired but happy.
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Types of Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
3. Correlative Conjunctions
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1. Coordinating Conjunctions
(FANBOYS)
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
Function: Connects words or clauses of equal rank.
Examples:
a. He tried but failed.
b. Do you want tea or coffee?
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Rules for Coordinating Conjunctions:
Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction when joining two
independent clauses.
Example:
Correct: I wanted to go, but it started raining.
Incorrect: Incorrect: I wanted to go but it started raining.
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An independent clause always has:
a. A subject (who or what the sentence is about)
b. A predicate (what the subject does or is)
c. A complete meaning
Examples of Independent Clauses
I enjoy reading novels.
The sun rises in the east.
She cooked dinner for her family.
Ali plays football every evening.
They decided to travel to Karachi.
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2. Subordinating Conjunctions
They connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.
Common Words: although, because, if, unless, when, while,
since, as, though
Example:
I stayed home because it was raining.
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Function of Subordinating Conjunctions:
They show the relationship between clauses:
Cause: because, since
Time: when, before, after
Condition: if, unless
Contrast: although, though
Example:
Although he was tired, he kept working.
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Dependent Clause (Subordinate Clause):
A dependent clause (also called a subordinate clause) is a
group of words that has a subject and a verb, but does not
express a complete thought.
It depends on an independent clause to complete its meaning.
Examples:
When she arrived at school,
If you study hard,
Although he is tired,
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How to Identify?
Starts with a subordinating conjunction (because, although,
when, if, since, unless, while, before, after, etc.)
Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
Needs an independent clause to make sense.
Examples:
a. Because it was raining, we stayed indoors.
b. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
c. Although he is tired, he keeps working.
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
1. His winning the award was the highest attainment of his
career.
(A) desire
(B) entertainment
(C) achievement
(D)joy
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
2. Your mood seems very meditative this evening.
(A) gleeful
(B) thoughtful
(C) desperate
(D)stern
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
3. He was too obstinate to admit he had been wrong.
(A) stubborn
(B) frightened
(C) selfish
(D)cautious
Syed Ahtesham Ali
VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
4. I knew my father would discipline me for my actions.
(A) reward
(B) reprove
(C) congratulate
(D)punish
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
5. Samuel Morse’s painting ability has been obscured by his
other accomplishments.
(A) revealed
(B) hidden
(C) exposed
(D)popularized
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
6. The earth is usually represented by a sphere.
(A) cube
(B) globe
(C) block
(D)cylinder
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
7. He was able to mend the cup and saucer.
(A) wash
(B) repair
(C) decorate
(D)mold
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
8. The girl took a long hike on her first morning at camp.
(A) horseback ride
(B) walk
(C) bicycle ride
(D)swim
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
9. Before taking such a test, one had better brush up on his or
her vocabulary.
(A) outline
(B) translate
(C) revise
(D)review
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VOCABULARY BUILDER SERIES (Part 7)
SYNONYMS
[Link] is ridiculous to become angry about such an
insignificant matter.
(A) sinful
(B) tragic
(C) absurd
(D)unpardonable