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Essential Integration Formulas Guide

This document provides a comprehensive overview of integral calculus, including basic integration formulas, methods such as substitution and partial fractions, and the fundamental theorems of calculus. It covers various types of integrals, their properties, and applications in mathematics and science. Mastery of these concepts is essential for solving complex integration problems.

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9 views5 pages

Essential Integration Formulas Guide

This document provides a comprehensive overview of integral calculus, including basic integration formulas, methods such as substitution and partial fractions, and the fundamental theorems of calculus. It covers various types of integrals, their properties, and applications in mathematics and science. Mastery of these concepts is essential for solving complex integration problems.

Uploaded by

ra4749675
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1 INTREGRALS IMPORTANT FORMULAS

Integrals: Comprehensive Study Notes


Introduction
Integration (Antidifferentiation): Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
Instead of differentiating a function, we are given the derivative of a function and asked to
find its primitive, i.e., the original function. Such a process is called integration or
antidifferentiation.
Example: y = ∫ f(x) dx

1. Basic Integration Formulas


Derivatives and Their Corresponding Integrals
Derivatives Integrals (Antiderivatives)
d/dx (xⁿ) = nx^(n-1) ∫ xⁿ dx = x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C, where n ≠ -1
d/dx (x) = 1 ∫ dx = x + C
d/dx (sin x) = cos x ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
d/dx (cos x) = -sin x ∫ sin x dx = -cos x + C
d/dx (tan x) = sec² x ∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
d/dx (cot x) = -cosec² x ∫ cosec² x dx = -cot x + C
d/dx (sec x) = sec x tan x ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
d/dx (cosec x) = -cosec x cot x ∫ cosec x cot x dx = -cosec x + C
d/dx (sin⁻¹ x) = 1/√(1-x²) ∫ dx/√(1-x²) = sin⁻¹ x + C
d/dx (cos⁻¹ x) = -1/√(1-x²) ∫ dx/√(1-x²) = -cos⁻¹ x + C
d/dx (tan⁻¹ x) = 1/(1+x²) ∫ dx/(1+x²) = tan⁻¹ x + C
d/dx (cot⁻¹ x) = -1/(1+x²) ∫ dx/(1+x²) = -cot⁻¹ x + C
d/dx (sec⁻¹ x) = 1/(x√(x²-1)) ∫ dx/(x√(x²-1)) = sec⁻¹ x + C
d/dx (cosec⁻¹ x) = -1/(x√(x²-1)) ∫ dx/(x√(x²-1)) = -cosec⁻¹ x + C
d/dx (eˣ) = eˣ ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C
d/dx (log x) = 1/x ∫ 1/x dx = log
d/dx (aˣ) = aˣ log a ∫ aˣ dx = aˣ/log a + C

2. Integration by Substitution Method


Basic Formulas

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2 INTREGRALS IMPORTANT FORMULAS

• ∫ tan x dx = log |sec x| + C


• ∫ cot x dx = log |sin x| + C
• ∫ sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x| + C
• ∫ cosec x dx = log |cosec x - cot x| + C

3. Integrals of Particular Functions


Standard Results
1. ∫ dx/(x² - a²) = (1/2a) log|(x - a)/(x + a)| + C

2. ∫ dx/(a² - x²) = (1/2a) log|(a + x)/(a - x)| + C

3. ∫ dx/(x² + a²) = (1/a) tan⁻¹(x/a) + C

4. ∫ dx/(x² - a²) = sin⁻¹(x/a) + C (when a² > x²)

5. ∫ dx/√(x² + a²) = log|x + √(x² + a²)| + C

6. ∫ dx/√(x² - a²) = log|x + √(x² - a²)| + C

4. Integration of Quadratic Expressions


Finding Integrals of Type: ∫ dx/(ax² + bx + c)
Method: We write ax² + bx + c = a[(x + b/2a)² + (c/a - b²/4a²)] = a[(x + b/2a)² + k²]
Now: put x + b/2a = t ⟹ dx = dt and c/a - b²/4a² = k²
The integral becomes: (1/a) ∫ dt/(t² + k²)

5. Integration of Type: ∫ (px + q)/(ax² + bx + c) dx


Where p, q, a, b, c are constants:
To find real numbers A, B such that:
px + q = A d/dx(ax² + bx + c) + B = A(2ax + b) + B

6. Integration by Partial Fractions


Forms of Rational Functions and Their Partial Fractions
Form of Rational Function Form of Partial Function
(px + q)/((x - a)(x - b)), where a ≠ b A/(x - a) + B/(x - b)

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3 INTREGRALS IMPORTANT FORMULAS

(px + q)/(x - a)² A/(x - a) + B/(x - a)²


(px + qx + r)/((x - a)(x - b)(x - c)) A/(x - a) + B/(x - b) + C/(x
- c)
(px + qx + r)/((x - a)²(x - b)) A/(x - a) + B/(x - a)² +
C/(x - b)
(px + qx + r)/((x - a)(x² + bx + c)), where x² + bx + c cannot be A/(x - a) + (Bx + c)/(x² +
factored further bx + c)

7. Integration by Parts
Formula: ∫ f(x)g’(x) dx = f(x)g(x) - ∫ f’(x)g(x) dx
Alternative Form: ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du

8. Integrals of Specific Types


Type: ∫ eˣ [f(x) + f’(x)] dx = eˣ f(x) + C

Standard Results for Square Root Terms


7. ∫ √(x² - a²) dx = (x/2)√(x² - a²) - (a²/2)log|x + √(x² - a²)| + C

8. ∫ √(x² + a²) dx = (x/2)√(x² + a²) + (a²/2)log|x + √(x² + a²)| + C

9. ∫ √(a² - x²) dx = (x/2)√(a² - x²) + (a²/2)sin⁻¹(x/a) + C

9. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus


Area Function
A(x) = ∫ᵃˣ f(t) dt (Area under the curve from a to x)

First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus


Theorem 1: Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] and let A(x) be the
area function. Then A’(x) = f(x) for all x ∈ (a, b).

Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus


Theorem 2: If f be a continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and F be an
antiderivative of f, then:
∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx = [F(x)]ᵃᵇ = F(b) - F(a)

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4 INTREGRALS IMPORTANT FORMULAS

10. Definite Integrals


Definition
If F(x) is the integral of f(x) over the interval [a, b], i.e., ∫ f(x) dx = F(x), then the definite
integral of f(x) over the interval [a, b] is denoted by ∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx and is defined as:
∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a) (Upper limit - Lower limit)

Definite Integral as the Limit of a Sum


∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx = lim(h→0) [f(a) + f(a+h) + … + f(a+(n-1)h)]
OR
∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx = (b - a) lim(n→∞) (1/n)[f(a) + f(a+h) + … + f(a+(n-1)h)]
where h = (b - a)/n as n → ∞

11. Properties of Definite Integrals


Key Properties
P₁: ∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx = -∫ᵇᵃ f(x) dx
P₂: ∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx = ∫ᵃᶜ f(x) dx + ∫ᶜᵇ f(x) dx
P₃: ∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx = ∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx + ∫ᶜᵇ f(2a - x) dx
P₄: ∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx = 2∫ᵃ^((a+b)/2) f(x) dx, if f(2a - x) = f(x)
P₅(i): ∫⁰ᵃ f(x) dx = 2∫⁰ᵃ f(x) dx, if f(x) is an even function, i.e., f(-x) = f(x)
P₅(ii): ∫₋ₐᵃ f(x) dx = 0, if f(x) is an odd function, i.e., f(-x) = -f(x)

Summary
This comprehensive guide covers all essential concepts of integration including:
• Basic integration formulas and antiderivatives
• Integration by substitution method
• Integration of particular and quadratic functions
• Partial fraction decomposition
• Integration by parts
• The fundamental theorems of calculus
• Definite integrals and their properties
• Applications of definite integrals as limits of sums

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5 INTREGRALS IMPORTANT FORMULAS

Mastering these concepts and techniques is essential for solving complex integration
problems and understanding the applications of calculus in various fields of mathematics
and science.

Common questions

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The first fundamental theorem of calculus states that if f is continuous on [a, b], the derivative of the area function A(x) = ∫ᵃˣ f(t) dt is equal to the function f(x). The second theorem asserts that if F is an antiderivative of f on [a, b], then ∫ᵃᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a), effectively connecting integration to the computation of area under the curve from a to b .

Definite integrals can be approximated as the limit of a sum by dividing the interval [a, b] into n subintervals, calculating the sum of function values at sample points within these subintervals, and letting the number of subintervals (n) approach infinity. This process, which defines integration in terms of limits, approximates the area under the curve of the function .

To derive ∫ dx/√(x² + a²), recognize it can be solved by recognizing it relates to an inverse hyperbolic form. The integral resolves to log|x + √(x² + a²)| + C after simplifying, because the derivative of log|x + √(x² + a²)| involves [1/√(x² + a²)], confirming the original integral .

Integration by partial fractions is significant for breaking down complex rational functions into simpler fractions that can be easily integrated. For example, integrating (px + q)/((x - a)(x - b)) involves expressing it as A/(x - a) + B/(x - b) and then integrating each part separately, simplifying the integration process .

Integration, or antidifferentiation, is the inverse process of differentiation. While differentiation involves finding the derivative of a function, integration involves finding the original function given its derivative. Essentially, it reverses the operation performed by differentiation .

The integration by substitution method involves rewriting ax² + bx + c as a[(x + b/2a)² + k²], where k² = c/a - b²/4a². By setting x + b/2a = t, the problem reduces to evaluating (1/a) ∫ dt/(t² + k²), which simplifies the integral .

Properties such as symmetry can simplify integration. For example, if a function is even (f(-x) = f(x)), ∫₋ₐᵃ f(x) dx is twice the integral from 0 to a. If the function is odd (f(-x) = -f(x)), the integral from -a to a is 0. These properties reduce the complexity and computational effort needed to evaluate certain integrals .

Integrals involving trigonometric functions exploit basic integration rules, such as ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C. This employs the fact that the derivative of sin x is cos x, effectively reversing the differentiation process to find the primitive function .

Integration by parts involves decomposing the integral of a product of two functions, ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du. For example, to integrate ∫ x eˣ dx, choose u = x (whose derivative is 1) and dv = eˣ dx (whose integral is eˣ), yielding x eˣ - ∫ eˣ dx = x eˣ - eˣ + C .

Solving ∫ (px + q)/(ax² + bx + c) dx is complex due to the rational expression. The resolution involves expressing px + q in terms of A(2ax + b) + B, matching coefficients to simplify the integral into parts. This strategic decomposition enables integrating each part separately, reducing complexity .

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