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Understanding Database Normalization

The document discusses the concept of normalization in databases, emphasizing the importance of minimizing redundancy and ensuring data integrity. It outlines the different normal forms, starting from unnormalized form (ONF) to first (1NF), second (2NF), and third normal form (3NF), each with specific criteria to achieve atomicity and eliminate dependencies. Examples illustrate how to structure data to meet these normalization standards.

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Abdul Ahad
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13 views7 pages

Understanding Database Normalization

The document discusses the concept of normalization in databases, emphasizing the importance of minimizing redundancy and ensuring data integrity. It outlines the different normal forms, starting from unnormalized form (ONF) to first (1NF), second (2NF), and third normal form (3NF), each with specific criteria to achieve atomicity and eliminate dependencies. Examples illustrate how to structure data to meet these normalization standards.

Uploaded by

Abdul Ahad
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Normalization

Minimizing redundancy
Fewer problems and less time, minimizing the insertion, deletion and update

Unnormalised form
Without Normalization, it becomes difficult to handle and update the database, without facing
data loss. Insertion, Updating and Deletion

Data in unnormalised form (ONF) is a flat file. It will contain non-atomic data, repeating groups
of data and possibly redundant data. Non-atomic data is where a field contains more than one
item of data.
Atomic??

Atomic is a single value which can not to divide further

First normal form


First normal form states that, the domain of an attribute must include only atomic values.

Data in first normal form (INF) must satisfy the following criteria:
• All fields must contain atomic data
• There must be no repeating groups of data
• There must be a unique key.

Person
Person id First name Second name Phone#
1 Ahmad khan 123,
254,
547
2 hasssan ali 127
Normalization

Attribute

Person_ID First_name Second_name Phone #


Normalization

Phone

Phone id Phone# Person id


1 123 1
2 254 1
3 127 2

Second normal form

A table that is in first normal form (1NF) must meet addition criteria if it to qualify
for second normal form.

Second normal form states that it should meet all the rules for 1NF and there
must be no partial dependence of any of the columns on the primary key

St_ID Batch Name Email Phone Start_d Course Batch Batch faculty
_ID ate _size _time
1 2
2 2
Normalization

St_ID Name Email Phone


1
2

Batch Start_d Course Batch Batch faculty


_ID ate _size _time
2
2

St_ID Batch_ID
1 2
2 2
Normalization

Third normal form


Data in third normal form 3NF must have no non-key dependencies. This means that there
should be no fields that are dependent upon another field that is not a primary key. Therefore
primary keys and compound primary keys can be ignored

faculty_ID Name Dept Dept head


1 ali phy fahad
2 yahya bio ahmad
3 husnain eng ali

faculty_ID Name Dept


1 ali phy
2 yahya bio
3 husnain eng

Dept Dept head


phy fahad
bio ahmad
eng ali
Normalization
Normalization

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