MOUNT CARMEL SCHOOL OF INFANTA

POB. 38, INFANTA, QUEZON

Basic
Calculus
Teacher:
Ms. Agnes M. Grajo
Week 2
 Competencies
❑Compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and
trigonometric functions using table of
values and graphs of the functions.
sin 𝑡
❑Evaluate limits involving the expressions ,
𝑡
1−cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
, using table of values.
𝑡 𝑡
Limits of Exponential,
Logarithmic, and
Trigonometric
Functions
 Limit of Trigonometric
Functions
To evaluate limits of trigonometric functions,
we shall use the graphical method. Let us
recall the graphs and properties of the sine,
cosine, and tangent functions since the
secant, cosecant, and cotangent functions
are defined in their terms.
Find the limits of the following:
sin(𝑡)
a. lim 𝑡
𝑡→0
1 −cos 𝑡
b. lim 𝑡
𝑡→0
𝑡
𝑒 −1
c. lim 𝑡
𝑡→0
Solution:
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒕)
A. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝟏𝟖𝟎◦
Note that 1 radian =
𝝅
𝟏𝟖𝟎◦
Sin(1.5 x )÷ 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟗𝟕
𝝅
𝟏𝟖𝟎◦
Sin(0.8 x )÷ 𝟎. 𝟖 = 𝟎.896695
𝝅
𝟏𝟖𝟎◦
Sin(0.5x )÷ 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟓𝟏
𝝅
 TABLE 1
r(radians -1.5 -0.8 -0.5 -0.2 -0.08 -0.03 -0.01 -0.001
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 0.664997 0.896695 0.958851 0.993347 0.998934 0.999850 0.999983 0.999999
𝒕

TABLE 2
r(radians 1.5 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.001
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 0.664997 0.896695 0.958851 0.993347 0.998934 0.999850 0.999983 0.999999
𝒕

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒕)
∴𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
Solution:
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒕)
A. 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
𝟏𝟖𝟎◦
Note that 1 radian =
𝝅
𝟏𝟖𝟎◦
[1-cos(1.5 x )]÷ 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟖
𝝅
𝟏𝟖𝟎◦
[1-cos(0.5 x )]÷ 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟑𝟓
𝝅
𝟏𝟖𝟎◦
[1-cos(0.2x )]÷ 𝟎. 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟗𝟔𝟔𝟕
𝝅
 TABLE 1
r(radians -1.5 -0.5 -0.2 -0.08 -0.03 -0.01 -0.001
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 -0.619508 -0.244835 -0.099667 -0.039979 -0.014999 -0.005 -0.0005
𝒕

TABLE 2
r(radians 1.5 0.5 0.2 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.001
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 0.619508 0.244835 0.099667 0.039979 0.014999 0.005 0.0005
𝒕

𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒕)
∴𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒕→𝟎 𝒕
 𝑒 𝑡 −1
Solution 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒕→𝟎 𝑡
𝑒 −1.5 −1
= = 0.51791
−1.5
𝑒 −0.5 −1
= =0.78694
−0.5
𝑒 −0.2 −1
= =0.90635
−0.2
 TABLE 1
r(radians -1.5 -0.8 -0.5 -0.2 -0.08 -0.03 -0.01 -0.001
𝑒𝑡 − 1 0.51791 0.68834 0.78694 0.90635 0.96105 0.98515 0.99502 0.99950
𝑡

TABLE 2
r(radians 1.5 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.001
𝑒𝑡 − 1 2.3211 1.0411 1.0254 1.0101 1.0411 1.0152 1.0050 1.0005
𝑡

𝑒 𝑡 −1
∴𝐥𝐢𝐦 =1
𝒕→𝟎 𝑡
Limits of Exponential
Formula:
1. If b ›1 2. If 0 ‹ b ‹ 1
𝒙
𝒙
a. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃 = +∞ a. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃 = 𝟎
𝒙→+∞ 𝒙→+∞
𝒙 𝒙
b. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃 = 𝟎
𝒙→−∞
b. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃 = +∞
𝒙→−∞
Limits of Exponential functions is a
function in which the exponent of the
expression is variable. It is of the form
𝒙
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒃
Where:
b = any real number such that b › 0 and
b ≠ 1, and
X = any real number.
The limits of exponential functions can be
computed using table of values and graphs.
Example 1
consider the exponential function below.
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒃𝒙
Compute 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 using table of values and graph.
𝒙 →+∞

Solution
Construct the table of values. Since x →+∞, let x take on
the number -3, -1, 0, 1,3,5,7, and 9. then,
find the corresponding values of f(x).
X -3 -1 0 1 3 5 7 9
f(x) 0.125 0.5 1 2 8 32 128 512
The graph passes through the point (0,1).
The graph increases without bound as x
approaches positive infinity. Notice that
in the table of values, as the value of x
increases, the value of f(x) increases too.
This means as x→ +∞, 2 approaches +∞.
𝑥

lim 2 𝑥 =+∞
𝑥 →+∞
 Example 2
Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐𝒙 using a table of values and a
𝒙 →−∞
graph.
Solution:
Let x take on the values 2, 1, 0, -1 and so on.
Find the corresponding values of f(x).
 X 2 1 0 -1 -3 -5 -7 -9
f(x) 4 2 1 0.5 0.125 0.03125 0.00781 0.00195
The graph passes through the point (0,1). It is
asymptotic to the x-axis as x approaching
negative infinity. The table of values and the
graph show that as x approaches negative
infinity, the function approaches 0.

𝑥
lim 2 = 0
𝑥 →−∞
 Example 3
𝟏 𝒙
Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡.
𝒙→+∞ 𝟐

Solution
Let x take on the values
-2, -1, 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.
Find the corresponding values of f(x).
 X -2 -1 0 1 3 5 7 9
f(x) 4 2 1 0.5 0.125 0.03125 0.00781 0.00195
The graph passes through the point (0,1). The
graph is asymptotic to the x-axis as x
approaching positive infinity. It can be seen in
the table as well as in the graph that as x →+∞, the
1 𝑥
function 𝑓 𝑥 = ( ) approaches 0.
2

𝟏 𝒙
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) =0
𝒙→+∞ 𝟐
 Example 4
𝟏 𝒙
Find 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) using table of values
𝒙→−∞ 𝟐
and a graph.
Solution:
Since x →-∞, let x take on values that are approaching
negative infinity such as 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -3, and so on.
Compute the corresponding values of f(x).
X 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -7
f(x) 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 128
The graph passes through point (0,1). The
graph increases without bound as x
approaches negative infinity. In the table of value
s, as the value of x decreases, the
value of f(x) increases. This means that as
x →-∞, the function approaches positive
infinity. 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )𝒙 = +∞
𝒙→−∞ 𝟐
Limits of Exponential
Summary:
1. If b ›1
2. If 0 ‹ b ‹ 1
𝒙
𝒙
a. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃 = +∞ a. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃 = 𝟎
𝒙→+∞ 𝒙→+∞
𝒙
𝒙
b. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃 = 𝟎 b. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃 = +∞
𝒙→−∞ 𝒙→−∞
Let’s try this:
1. If b ›1 2. If 0 ‹ b ‹ 1
𝑥 𝟏 𝒙
❑ lim 6 =? ❑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) =?
𝑥 →+∞ 𝒙→+∞ 𝟓
𝑥 𝟏 𝒙
❑ lim 6 = +∞ ❑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = 𝟎
𝑥 →+∞ 𝒙→+∞ 𝟓
 Let’s try this:
1. If b ›1 2. If 0 ‹ b ‹ 1
𝑥 𝟏 𝒙
❑ lim 6 =? ❑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) =?
𝑥 →−∞ 𝒙→−∞ 𝟓
𝑥 𝟏 𝒙
❑ lim 6 = 0 ❑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( ) = +∞
𝑥 →−∞ 𝒙→−∞ 𝟓
 Limits of Logarithmic Functions
Exponential functions of the form
𝑥
y = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏 were graphed in the previous
𝑥
section. The inverse of 𝑦 = 𝑏 which is
𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑏 is also a function. For b › 0 and b ≠ 1
, the logarithmic function y = log 𝑏 𝑥
𝑦
is equivalent to 𝑥 = 𝑏 .
Example
Express the following in logarithmic form.

2
Solutions:
1.8 = 64 1. log 8 64 = 2
2. 36 = 62
2. log 6 36 = 2
1 1
3. 25 = 5
2 3. log 25 5 =
2
Formula:
1. lim log 𝑏 𝑥 = ∞; 𝑏 > 0
𝑥→∞
2. lim+ log 𝑏 𝑥 = −∞; 𝑏 > 0
𝑥→0
3. lim ln 𝑥 = ∞
𝑥→∞
4. lim+ ln(𝑥) = −∞
𝑥→0
Let’s try this!
Remember that 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 is
𝑦
equivalent to 𝑥 = 2 .
To construct a table of values for
𝑦
𝑦 = log 2 𝑥, use 𝑥 = 2 . Choose
values for y and calculate the
corresponding values of x.
Let y take on the values -3, -1, 0, 1, 3, 5,7 and so on.
Compute the corresponding values of x.
X 0.125 0.5 1 2 8 32 128 512
f(x) -3 -1 0 1 3 5 7 9

𝒚
𝒙=𝟐 lim log 2 𝑥 = +∞
𝑥→∞
Let y take on the values 9,7,5,3,1 and so on. Compute the
corresponding values of x.
X 512 128 32 8 2 1 0.5 0.125 0.03125 0.007812
f(x) 9 7 5 3 1 0 -1 -3 -5 -7

𝒚
𝒙=𝟐 lim+ log 2 𝑥 = −∞
𝑥→0
Notice that if the graphs of 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 and y = log 2 𝑥 are
symmetrical about y=x. Hence, the graphs of 𝒚 = 𝒃𝒙
and the graph of y = log 𝑏 𝑥 are symmetric about y = x.
 The same thing is true with the graphs of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
and ln(x). The symbol ln(x) is used for natural
logarithms.
ln 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥
❑ Table 1 for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
X -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 0.13534 0.367879 1 2.71828 7.38906 20.08554 54.5982

❑ Table 2 for log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ln(𝑥)

4. lim ln(4𝑥) = -∞
𝑥→∞

𝑥→0+
Takeaways:
• Table of values track how a function’s output approaches a
specific number as the unput approaches a limit.
• Graphs provide a visual representation of the function’s behavior,
confirming numerical trends showing continuity or asymptotic
tendencies.
• Limits help describe how functions behave near critical points
and form the foundation for calculus concepts like derivatives.
• Using both numerical and graphical methods ensures a robust
understanding of the function's behavior.
• Understanding limits numerically and graphically allows us to
predict and explain the behavior of functions in mathematical and
practical contexts.
 Applications:
• These foundational limits are used to
compute derivatives of trigonometric and
exponential functions.
• Real-world applications include modeling
population growth, wave motion, and
compound interest.
Thanks !