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Understanding Derivatives and Tangents

The document outlines the concept of derivatives in calculus, specifically relating them to the slope of tangent lines at given points on a function's graph. It explains the process of differentiation using the delta method and provides examples of finding derivatives for specific functions. The document also includes a brief activity for practice on finding derivatives using the same method.

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32 views15 pages

Understanding Derivatives and Tangents

The document outlines the concept of derivatives in calculus, specifically relating them to the slope of tangent lines at given points on a function's graph. It explains the process of differentiation using the delta method and provides examples of finding derivatives for specific functions. The document also includes a brief activity for practice on finding derivatives using the same method.

Uploaded by

Demo Raynera
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Basic Calculus

Teacher:
Ms. Agnes M. Grajo
Week 4
❑Illustrate the tangent line to the graph
of a function at a given point
❑Applies the definition of the derivative
of a function at a number
❑Relate the derivative of a function to
the slope of a tangent line
The derivative of
a function and
the slope of the
Tangent line
In coordinate geometry, the slope of
non-vertical line is defined as the ratio of
the vertical change to the corresponding
horizontal change, that is, it is the
quotient of the change in y and the
change in x. It can also be defined as the tang
ent of its angle of inclination θ.
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 ∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
a. Slope = = =
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 ∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
b. tan θ = = =
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
Where :
∆x = increment of x
(is read as delta x)
∆y = increment of y
(is read as delta y)
Consider line L tangent
to the curve at point P
below.
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 ∆𝒚
a. Slope = =
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ∆𝒙
𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
=
(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒙
𝒇(𝒙+∆𝒙)−𝒇(𝒙)
Slope =
∆𝒙
Let the limit of the right side be denoted by
𝑑𝑦
𝑎𝑠 ∆𝑥 → 𝜃.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∆𝒚 𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥)
= . = lim
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝒙 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

This can also be written as follows.


1 ∆𝒚 𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥)
a. 𝑦 = lim = lim
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
∆𝒚 𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥)
b. Dxy= lim = lim
∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
This limit is so important that it is given a
name. It is called derivative. The derivative of a
function y = f(x) is defined as follows:
𝒅𝒚 𝑓 𝑥+∆𝑥 −𝑓(𝑥)
= lim
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

The process of finding the derivative of a function is


called differentiation.
Delta Method
Step 1. In the given Step 2. find ∆y by subtracting
equation, replace x the given equation from the
with x+∆x and y with equation obtained in step 1.
y+∆y and simplify. Simplify.

Step 3. divide both sides


of the equation obtained Step 4. Find the limit
in step 2 by ∆x. Simplify. as ∆x →0.
Example 1:
𝟐
Find the derivatives of 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
Step 1.
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 4(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)2 + 15
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 4 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2 + 15
𝑦 + ∆𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥∆𝑥 + 4∆𝑥 2 + 15
Step 2. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 15
∆𝑦 8𝑥∆𝑥+4∆𝑥 2
Step 3. =
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
∆𝑦
= 8𝑥 + 4∆𝑥
∆𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦
Step 4. = lim = lim (8𝑥 + 4𝑥∆𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0
𝑑𝑦
= 𝟖𝒙
𝑑𝑥
Example 2:
Find the derivatives of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟖

Step 1. 𝒚 + ∆𝒚 = (𝒙 + ∆𝒙)𝟐 − 𝟓 𝒙 + ∆𝒙 + 𝟖
𝒚 + ∆𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙∆𝒙 + (∆𝒙)𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟓∆𝒙 + 𝟖
𝒚 + ∆𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙∆𝒙 + ∆𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟓∆𝒙 + 𝟖
Step 2. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 - 5x +8
∆𝒚 𝟐𝒙∆𝒙+∆𝒙𝟐 −𝟓∆𝒙
Step 3. =
∆𝒙 ∆𝒙
∆𝒚
= 𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝟓
∆𝒙
𝒅𝒚 ∆𝒚
Step 4. = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐𝒙 + ∆𝒙 − 𝟓)
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓
𝒅𝒙
Activity
Find the derivatives of the following
using delta method.

𝟐
1. 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎

𝟐
2. 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒
Thank
You!

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