Introduction
Definition: Network Theory
Theory: A set of Principles or Ideas are used to perform an activity ( In this
context activity is to study and analysis of a Networks).
Network ( Electrical ): Interconnection or combination of electrical
Network
elements is called an electrical network, generally network.
Network Theory: Set of principles or ideas are used to study the behaviour
of electrical networks.
Circuit and Network:
Network- Open loop or Closed Loop
Circuit- Closed Loop Network/Circuit
All circuits are networks but all networks are not circuits
Introduction…
Electrical Elements
Electrical Elements
Passive Active
Elements Elements
Independent
Resistors Capacitors Inductors sources Dependent sources
Ideal Practical VCVS VCIS ICVS ICIS
Voltage Current voltage current
Introduction…
Network Theory (19EC33)
Basic principles
1. Current: Rate of change of Charge is called current, it is denoted as “I” and unit is Amperes.
𝑑𝑄
𝐼=
𝑑𝑡
1. Voltage: Rate of change of Flux is called Voltage, it is denoted as “V” and unit is volts.
𝑑Ø
𝑉=
𝑑𝑡
1. Power: Product of Voltage and Current is called Power, it is denoted as “P” and unit is watts.
𝑃 = 𝑉×𝐼
Branch: A Path of element is connecting between two nodes is called Branch.
Node: Two or more elements connected at a Point/Junction is called as a Node.
Ohm’s law: Ohm’s law states that the voltage across an element is directly proportional to the current flowing
through that element.
𝑖. 𝑒., 𝑉𝛼 𝐼
Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru
Introduction… R
Passive Elements
1. Resistor[R]: Circuit Symbol
• A resistor opposes the flow of electric current.
• Resistors dissipate energy in the form of heat.
• Resistors exhibit negative temperature effects.
• Obeys ohm’s Law
VαI, V=R I ohms.
Where, R is the Proportionality constant called Resistance measured in Ohms,Resistors are in Series
V is the Voltage and I is the Current.
• If Resistors are connected in Series. 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑛 𝑅𝑖
𝑖=1
• If Resistors are connected in Parallel.
1
= 𝑛 1
𝑅 𝑒𝑞 𝑖=1 𝑅𝑖
𝑉
2
Resistors are in Parallel
• Power 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑥𝐼 ⇒ ⇒ 𝐼2𝑅 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑅
Introduction…
Resistors are connected in Star form. Resistors are connected in Delta form.
• Star to Delta conversion
𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅 3+𝑅1 𝑅3 𝑅1𝑅2+𝑅2𝑅3+𝑅1𝑅3 𝑅1 𝑅2 +𝑅2 𝑅3 +𝑅1 𝑅3
𝑅𝑎 = ; 𝑅𝑏 = ; 𝑅𝑐 = .
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
• Delta to Star conversion
𝑅𝑏𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑅𝑏
𝑅1 = ; 𝑅2 = ; 𝑅3 = .
𝑅𝑎+𝑅𝑏+𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎+𝑅𝑏+𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑎+𝑅𝑏+𝑅𝑐
Introduction…
2. Capacitor [C]:
• Capacitors stores energy in the form of Electrostatic Field.
• 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 C
1 dv t
• v(t)= 𝑖 𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡; i t = C .
𝐶 dt
• 𝐸 = 1 𝐶𝑉 2 Joules.
2 Circuit Symbol
1
• 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝑛 ; If the Capacitors are connected in Series.
𝑖=1 1/𝐶𝑖
• 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖 ; If the Capacitors are connected in Parallel.
• Star to delta and delta to star conversion is applicable to capacitors, only if it
is in Reactance form.
1
• Capacitive Reactance 𝑋𝐶 = Ohms.
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
Introduction…
3. Inductor [L]:
• Inductors stores energy in the form of Electro Magnetic Field.
• 𝜑 = 𝐿𝐼
L
1
• v(t)= L di t
; i t = 𝑣 𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡.
dt 𝐿
• 𝐸 = 1 𝐿𝐼 2 Joules. Circuit Symbol
2
• 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝐿𝑖 ; If the Inductors are connected in Series.
1
• 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝑛 ; If the Inductors are connected in Parallel.
𝑖=1 1/𝐿𝑖
• Star to delta and delta to star conversion applicable to Inductors also, only if
it is in Reactance form.
• Inductive Reactance, 𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 Ohms.
Basic Concepts……
Independent Ideal Sources
Sources which maintains a constant value and does not affected by any other quantity
1. Ideal Voltage Source
Source which maintains a constant voltage, and its is independent of the current drawn from it. These
sources are having zero internal Impedance/Resistance.
2. Ideal Current Source
Source which maintains a constant current, and its is independent of the terminal voltage. These sources
are having Infinite internal Impedance/Resistance.
Ideal Voltage Source Ideal Current Source
Network Theory (19EC33)
Basic Concepts…
Independent Practical Sources
Sources having some internal resistance or impedance are
called practical sources.
1. Practical Voltage Source
Practical Voltage Source
Due to internal impedance or resistance voltage drop takes
place and it causes terminal voltage to reduce.
𝑉𝐴𝐵 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑟
2. Practical Current Source
Current drop takes place.
𝑽𝑨𝑩
𝑰𝑨𝑩 = 𝑰 −
𝒓
Practical Current Source
Dept. of ECE, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru
Circuit Simplification
Simplification
• Ideal Voltage sources in series- Can be replaced by a
single voltage source.
• Equivalent voltage is the sum or difference of
individual voltages source values.
Circuit Simplification
Simplification
• Ideal Current sources in parallel – Can be replaced by
a single current source.
• Equivalent current is the sum or difference of
individual current source values.
Circuit Simplification
Simplification
• Ideal Voltage Sources in Parallel and Ideal current
sources in Series
Source Transformation
Source Transformation
• It is a process of converting practical voltage source into practical current source.
• Used for circuit/ network simplifications
• Not applicable to ideal sources.
Voltage source to current source
Current source to Voltage source
𝑉
𝐼= 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
𝑅
Source Transformation
Key Points
1. Source Transformation is applicable to Practical sources only.
2. Ignore the resistors that are connected across ideal voltage sources.
3. Ignore the resistors that are connected in series with ideal Current sources.
4. While converting practical current source into practical voltage source, polarity of voltage source is
always positive terminal at the arrow head and negative terminal at the other side.
5. While converting practical voltage source into practical current source, polarity of current source i.e.,
arrow head of current source must be indicated at the positive terminal of the voltage source.
Source Transformation
Procedure to simplify the electrical networks/Circuits
1. Identify the load element, remove the load element and name the load terminals as A and B or X and
Y etc.
2. Reduce the ideal voltage sources, that are connected in series.
3. Reduce the ideal current sources, that are connected in parallel.
4. Apply Source transformation.
5. Apply Source shifting.
6. Repeat the steps 2 to 5 until simplified form is obtained between the load terminals.
7. Connect the load element and find the load current or load voltage or power delivered or absorbed by
the load element.
Examples
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Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
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Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
3. Obtain the single practical current source between the terminals A and B
Examples
3. Obtain the single practical current source between the terminals A and B
Examples
3. Obtain the single practical current source between the terminals A and B
Examples
3. Obtain the single practical current source between the terminals A and B
Examples
4. Practice Problem
Source Transformation
Key Points
1. Source Transformation is applicable to Practical sources only.
2. Ignore the resistors that are connected across ideal voltage sources.
3. Ignore the resistors that are connected in series with ideal Current sources.
4. While converting practical current source into practical voltage source, polarity of voltage
source is always positive terminal at the arrow head and negative terminal at the other side.
5. While converting practical voltage source into practical current source, polarity of current source i.e.,
arrow head of current source must be indicated at the positive terminal of the voltage source.
Source Transformation
Procedure to simplify the electrical networks/Circuits
1. Identify the load element, remove the load element and name the load terminals as A and B or X and
Y etc.
2. Reduce the ideal voltage sources, that are connected in series.
3. Reduce the ideal current sources, that are connected in parallel.
4. Apply Source transformation.
5. Apply Source shifting.
6. Repeat the steps 2 to 5 until simplified form is obtained between the load terminals.
7. Connect the load element and find the load current or load voltage or power delivered or absorbed by
the load element.
Examples
3. Obtain the single practical current source between the terminals A and B
NOTE: 5 Ohms
resistor is
connected across
the voltage
source, hence 5
Ohm resistor is
redundant. We can
ignore for the
analysis.
Examples
4. Find the current through 10 Ohm resistor for the circuit shown in figure using source
transformation.
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
Current Division Formula
𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰𝒕 , 𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰𝒕
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
Examples
5. Simplify the network shown in figure.
Source Shifting
Voltage Source Shifting
Source Shifting
Current Source Shifting
Examples
5. Simplify the network shown in figure.
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples
6. Find the Current IL in the circuit shown in figure.
Identify the load element and remove it,
then name the load terminals
Examples
Apply Voltage source shifting for 10
Convert voltage sources[(10 V, 5 Ω) , (5 V, 10 Ω) ] into
V source
current sources
Examples
Combine Voltage sources (8.33 V , 18 V)
Combine Current sources (1A , 0.5A)
and Series Resistors (6 Ω, 3.33Ω)
and parallel Resistors (5 Ω, 10 Ω)
Examples
Re-arranging the elements Convert voltage sources[(10 V, 10 Ω) ,
(26.33 V, 9.33 Ω) ] into current sources
Combine Current sources (1A , 2.82 A)
and parallel Resistors (9.33 Ω, 10 Ω)
Examples
Connect the load element across AB
Apply current division formula
𝟒. 𝟖𝟐
𝑰𝑳 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟐
𝟒. 𝟖𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎
𝑰𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝑨
Star to delta and delta to start conversion
Delta to Star Conversion Formula
Delta to Start Conversion
𝑹𝟏𝑹𝟑
𝑹𝑨 =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
𝑹𝟏𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝑩 =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
𝑹𝟐𝑹𝟑
𝑹𝑪 =
𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
NOTE: Denominator is common
Network Theory (19EC33)
Star to delta Conversion Formula
Examples
Star to Delta Conversion
𝑹𝑨𝑹𝑩 + 𝑹𝑩𝑹𝑪 + 𝑹𝑪𝑹𝑨
𝑹𝟏 =
𝑹𝑪
𝑹𝑨𝑹𝑩 + 𝑹𝑩𝑹𝑪 + 𝑹𝑪𝑹𝑨
𝑹𝟐 =
𝑹𝑨
𝑹𝑨𝑹𝑩 + 𝑹𝑩𝑹𝑪 + 𝑹𝑪𝑹𝑨
𝑹𝟑 =
𝑹𝑩
NOTE: Numerator is common
NOTE: Star to delta and delta to start conversion applicable to
Capacitors and Inductors also, but should be in reactance format.
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
7. Convert the given network into equivalent star network
𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝑹𝟏 = ⇒ 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝜴
𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟓
𝑹𝟐 = ⇒ 𝟓𝜴
𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓
𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟓
𝑹𝟑 = ⇒ 𝟐. 𝟓 𝜴
𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
8. Convert the given network into equivalent Delta network
1.67𝑥2.5 + 2.5𝑥5 + 5𝑥1.67
𝑅31 = ⇒𝟓𝜴
5
1.67𝑥2.5 + 2.5𝑥5 + 5𝑥1.67
𝑅12 = ⇒ 𝟏𝟎 𝜴
2.5
1.67𝑥2.5 + 2.5𝑥5 + 5𝑥1.67
𝑅23 = ⇒ 𝟏𝟓 𝜴
1.67
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
9. Find the equivalent resistance between the terminals A and B
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
Combine the Series connected resistors
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
𝑹𝑨𝑩 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟗 𝜴
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
10. Find the equivalent resistance between the terminals A and B
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
11. Find the equivalent resistance between the terminals A and B
Network Theory (19EC33)
Examples
Examples:
Obtaining the relationship between control variables and mesh currents
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒊) 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒊𝒊) 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒊𝒗)
𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹(−𝑰𝟏) 𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹(𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏) 𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹(𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐)
Examples:
Obtaining the relationship between control variables and mesh currents
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒊) 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒊𝒊) 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆(𝒊𝒗)
𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹𝑰𝟏 𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹(−𝑰𝟏) 𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹(𝑰𝟐 − 𝑰𝟏) 𝑽𝒙 = 𝑹(𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐)