FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev.

0 10-July-2020

101 (Calculus I)
Study Guide in Math 111 Module No._5_

STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO . 5

CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS DERIVATIVES AND DIFFERENTIAL

MODULE OVERVIEW

Differential and integration are used to tackle a variety of real-world situations in this module.
Derivatives are used to find the maximum and minimum values of specific functions, such as cost,
strength, the amount of material utilized in a building, profit, loss, etc.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

 Solve application problems using maxima and minima.
 Find the linearization of a function and use it to approximate values.
 Compute the differential of a function.
 Demonstrate the approximate error and percentage error by using differentials.

LEARNING CONTENTS (APPLICATION PROBLEMS USING MAXIMA AND MINIMA)

The process of finding maximum or minimum values is called optimization.

Steps in Solving Maxima and Minima Problems

1. Identify the constant.
2. Identify the variable to be maximized or minimized.
3. Express this variable in terms of the other relevant variable(s).
4. If the function shall consist of more than one variable, expressed it in terms of one variable
(if possible and practical) using the conditions in the problem.
5. Differentiate and equate to zero.

Example:
The area of a rectangular lot, expressed in terms of its length and width, may also be expressed in
terms of the cost of fencing. Find the value of x that will give a maximum value of A.
1. Identify the variable to be maximized or minimized.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴
2. Express this variable in terms of the other relevant variable(s)
𝐴 = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)
3. If the function shall consist of more than one variable, expressed it in terms of one variable
(if possible and practical) using the conditions in the problem.
𝐴 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
4. Differentiate and equate to zero
𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥

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Study Guide in Math 111

101 (Calculus I) Module No._5_

Sample Problems:
1. An oil refinery has a daily profit, P given by 𝑃 = 5𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2 where x is the number of barrels
of oil refined. Find the quantity of barrels that will give the maximum profit and how much
will be the maximum profit?

𝑃 = 5𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2
𝑑𝑃
The profit is a max (or min) if =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑃
= 5 − 0.1𝑥
𝑑𝑥

0 = 5 − 0.1𝑥
0.1 𝑥 = 5
5
𝑥=
0.1
𝒙 = 50 barrels of oil refined
Is it maximum?
𝑑2 𝑃 𝑑𝑃
= −0.10 from: = 5 − 0.1𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝑷
= −𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 < 0 for all x, therefore MAXIMUM
𝒅𝒙𝟐
When: 𝑥 = 50
𝑃 = 5𝑥 − 0.05𝑥 2
𝑃 = 5(50) − 0.05𝑥(50)2
𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓

If the company refines 50 barrels per day, the maximum profit of PhP125 is reached

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101 (Calculus I)
Study Guide in Math 111 Module No._5_

2. Determine the maximum area that can be enclosed with 950 meters of fence of a rectangular
storage area that is to be constructed along the side of a tall building. A security fence is required
along the remaining 3 sides of the area.

Area, 𝑨 = 𝒙𝒚
Perimeter, 𝑷 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚
950 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑦 = 950 − 2𝑥
𝑨 = 𝑥(950 − 2𝑥)
𝑨 = 950𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝐴
To maximize area, set =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴
= 950 − 4𝑥 from: 𝑨 = 950𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
0 = 950 − 4𝑥
4𝑥 = 950
𝒙 = 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟎𝒎
Is it maximum?
𝑑2 𝐴 𝑑𝐴
= −4 from: = 950 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝑷
= −𝟒 < 0 for all x, therefore MAXIMUM
𝒅𝒙𝟐

When: 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟎𝒎

𝑦 = 950 − 2𝑥
𝑦 = 950 − 2(237.5)
𝒚 = 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝒎
𝐴 = 950𝑥 − 2𝑥2
2
𝐴 = 950(237.50) − 2(237.50) = 225,625 – 112,812.5
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐, 𝟖𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟐

The Maximum area, A = 𝟏𝟏𝟐, 𝟖𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝟐 occurs when 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝟎𝒎 and 𝒚 =
𝟒𝟕𝟓𝒎

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Study Guide in Math 101

111 (Calculus I) Module No._5_

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

Present the solution for the following problems:

1. Prove that the area is maximum when the triangle is isosceles if the hypotenuse of the right
triangle is given below.

s
h

2. Find two non-negative numbers x and y whose sum is 500 and for which 𝑥 2 𝑦 is a
maximum.

3. Find the maximum area given the perimeter of an isosceles triangle is P in inches.

4. Find two numbers whose sum is 𝒂, if the product of the square of one by the cube of the
other is to be maximum

5. A rectangular field of given area is to be fenced off along the bank of a river. If no fence
is needed along the river, what is the shape of the rectangle requiring the least amount of
fencing?

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Study Guide in Math 111

101 (Calculus I) Module No._5_

LEARNING CONTENTS (LINEARIZATION OF A FUNCTION)

Another application of derivatives is the ability to approximate functions locally by linear functions.
The idea behind local linear approximation, also called tangent line approximation
or Linearization, is that to zoom in on a point on the graph and notice that the graph will looks
very similar to a line.

Let 𝑥 = 𝑎, then the point above is /𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)/

This means that the tangent line can be use, which rests in closeness to the curve around a
point, to approximate other values along the curve as long as it stays near the particular point.

Equation of the tangent line, 𝑳(𝒙), of a function, f(x), at 𝒙 = 𝒂 is written:

𝑳(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇′ (𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒂)

𝑳(𝒙) is a linearization of 𝒇(𝒙) near 𝒙 = 𝒂

Equation of the tangent line from previous lesson:

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) and if (𝒙𝟏, , 𝒚𝟏 ) and if 𝒎 = 𝒇′ (𝒂) then
′
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇 (𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒂)

Suggested Steps on How To Do Linear Approximation:

1. Find the point you want to zoom in on.
2. Calculate the slope at that point using derivatives.
3. Write the equation of the tangent line using point-slope form.
4. Evaluate the tangent line to estimate another nearby point.

Examples:
1. Find the linearization of the function, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 at 𝒂 = 𝟏 and use it to approximate
𝒇(𝟎. 𝟗).
Step 1: Find the point by substituting into the function to find 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇(𝟏) = 3(1)2 = 3
Step 2: Find the derivative 𝒇′ (𝒂)
𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒇′ (𝒂) = 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟔𝒙
Step 3: Substitute into the derivative to find 𝒇′ (𝒂)
𝒇′ (𝒂) = 𝒇′ (𝟏) = 6(1) = 𝟔
𝒎=𝟔

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Study Guide in Math 101

111 (Calculus I) Module No._5_

Step 4: Write the equation of the tangent line using the point-slope form
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝑦 − 3 = 6 (𝑥 − 1)

Step 5: Substitute 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟗 into the equation of tangent line

𝑦 − 3 = 6 (0.9 − 1)
𝒚 = 𝟐. 𝟒
𝝅
2. Find the linearization of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒙) at 𝒂 =
𝟐
𝑳(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇′ (𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒂)
𝝅 𝜋
𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝟎
𝟐 2
′ ′ 𝝅 𝜋
𝒇 (𝒂) = 𝒇 ( ) = − sin 𝑥 = − sin = −𝟏
𝟐 2
𝝅
𝒂=
𝟐
𝜋
𝐿(𝑥 ) = 0 + −1(𝑥 − )
𝝅
2
𝑳(𝒙) = −𝒙 +
𝟐

3. Find the linear approximation to the function, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 at the given point 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝑳(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇′ (𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒂)
𝒇(𝒂) = 𝒇(𝒙) = 2𝑥 = 23 = 𝟖
𝒇′(𝒂) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 . 𝑙𝑛 2
𝒇′ (𝟑) = 23 . 𝑙𝑛 2 = 𝟖. 𝒍𝒏𝟐
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝑦 − 8 = 8. 𝑙𝑛 2 (𝑥 − 3)
𝒚 = 𝟖 𝒍𝒏 𝟐 (𝒙) − 𝟐𝟒 𝒍𝒏 𝟐 + 𝟖
𝟑
4. Find the linearization of the function, , 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙 at 𝒂 = 𝟖 and use it to
approximate the number 𝟖. 𝟏
𝑳(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇′ (𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒂)
𝒇(𝒂) = 𝟑√𝒙
3
𝑓(8) = √8 = 𝟐 (𝟖, 𝟐)
𝟏
3
𝒇(𝒙) = √𝑥 = 𝒙𝟑
2
1 1 1
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝑥 −3 = 2 =
3 3( 3√𝑥 )2
3𝑥 3
1 1 𝟏
𝒇 ′ (𝟖 ) = = =
3( 3√8)2 3(4) 𝟏𝟐

𝟏
𝑳(𝒙) = 𝟐 + (𝒙 − 𝟖)
𝟏𝟐

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111 (Calculus I) Module No._5_

𝟑 1
√𝟖. 𝟏 ≈ 𝑳(𝟖. 𝟏) = 2 + 12
(8.1 − 8)
1
= 2+ (0.1)
12
1
= 2+ = 2.00833
120

𝟑
√𝟖. 𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟎
𝑳(𝟖. 𝟏) = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑𝟑
5. Use linear approximation to estimate √𝟒𝟑
𝑳(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇′ (𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒂)
Let:
𝟏
𝒇(𝒂) = √𝑎 = 𝒂 𝟐
a = 49
(NOTE: for “a” value, choose value close to the given to estimate the linear approximation, the
chosen value should have an exact value when it will be computed, say √𝟒𝟗 = 7)
𝟏
𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒂) = 𝒂− 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
=
𝟐√ 𝒂

𝟏 𝟏
𝒇′ (𝒂) = 𝟒𝟑− 𝟐
𝟐

𝑳(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒇′ (𝒂)(𝒙 − 𝒂)

𝟏
= √𝑎 +
𝟐√𝒂
(𝒙 − 𝒂)
Substitute a = 49
𝟏
= √𝟒𝟗 +
𝟐√𝟒𝟗
(𝒙 − 𝟒𝟗)
𝟏
= 𝟕+
𝟐(𝟕)
(𝒙 − 𝟒𝟗)
𝟏
= 𝟕+
𝟏𝟒
(𝒙 − 𝟒𝟗)
𝟏
= 𝟕+
𝟏𝟒
𝒙 − 𝟒𝟗
𝟏𝟒
𝟒𝟗 𝟏
𝟏𝟒
+
=
𝟏𝟒
𝒙
𝟏
𝑳(𝒙) = 𝟑. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟒 𝒙
𝟏
√𝟒𝟑 ≈ 𝑳(𝟒𝟑) = 𝟑. 𝟓 + 𝟏𝟒 (𝟒𝟑)
43
= 3.5 +
14
43
= 3.5 +
14
= 3.5 + 3.071
( )
𝑳 𝟒𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟕𝟏
√𝟒𝟗 = 𝟕
√𝟒𝟑 ≈ 𝑳(𝟒𝟑) = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟕𝟏

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Study Guide in Math 111

101 (Calculus I) Module No._5_

LEARNING CONTENTS (Approximate error & percentage error by using differentials)

Consider a 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒇 with an input that is a measured quantity. The exact value of the
measured quantity is 𝒂 and the measured value is 𝒂 + 𝒅𝒙.
𝒅𝒙 is the error in the measurement (an increase or decrease in x)
The error occurs in the calculated quantity, 𝒇(𝒙). This type of error is known as a
propagated error, given by 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒅𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒂).

Since all measurements is subject to some degree of mistake or error, the exact value of a
measured quantity is not known, the propagated error cannot be exactly calculated. Use
differentials to approximate the propagated error, 𝒚. If 𝒇 is a differentiable function at 𝒂, the
propagated error will be 𝒚 ≈ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒂)𝒅𝒙.

The exact value, 𝒂 is not known, use the measured value which is 𝒂 + 𝒅𝒙, and estimate
𝒚 ≈ 𝒅𝒚 ≈ 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒅𝒙)𝒅𝒙.
Approximation is a value given to a number which is close to, but not equal to, its true value.
Estimation is a value which has been found by judgment or prediction instead of carrying out a
more accurate measurement.

Relative Error. This refers to the amount of error a measurement contains when compared to the
actual measurement/value.
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅
RE =
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
Percentage Error. The relative error is expressed as a percentage.
𝑷𝑬 = 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Problems:
1. The edge of cube was found to be 30 cm with a possible error in measurement of 0.1 cm. Use
the differentials to estimate the maximum possible error, relative error, and percentage error
when computing: (a) the volume of the cube and (b) the surface area of the cube.

Given:
e = 30 cm (edge of cube)
Error = ± 0.1 cm

Required:
a) Volume of cube, V = e3
b) Surface area, A = 6e2

Solution:
a) Volume of cube, V = e3
𝒅𝑽
= 𝟑𝒆𝟐
𝒅𝒆
𝑑𝑉 = 3𝑒 2 𝑑𝑒
𝑑𝑉 = 3(30𝑐𝑚)2 (± 0.1 cm)
𝒅𝑽 = ± 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑

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101 (Calculus I)
Study Guide in Math 111 Module No._5_

Relative Error:
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅
RE =
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝒅𝑽 ± 270 𝑐𝑚3
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝑽 (30𝑐𝑚)3

Percentage Error:
𝑷𝑬 = 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝑬 = 0.01 𝑥 100 = 𝟏%

b) Surface area, A = 6e2

𝒅𝑨
= 𝟏𝟐𝒆
𝒅𝒆
𝑑𝐴 = 12𝑒 𝑑𝑒
𝑑𝐴 = 12(30𝑐𝑚) (± 0.1 cm)
𝒅𝑨 = ± 𝟑𝟔 𝒄𝒎𝟐
Relative Error:
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒅
RE =
𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝒅𝑨 ± 36 𝑐𝑚3
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕
𝑨 6(30𝑐𝑚)2

Percentage Error:
𝑷𝑬 = 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝑬 = 0.0067 𝑥 100 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕%

2. The diameter of a sphere is measured and found to be 3ft. with a maximum error of 0.1
inch. (a) Find the approximate maximum error in computing for the area and (b) what will
the maximum error in computing the volume of the sphere?

Given:
Diameter, D = 3 ft
Maximum Error = ± 0.1 inches

Solution:
a) Surface Area of Sphere, 𝑨 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝑫
But: 𝒓= 𝟐
𝑫
𝑨 = 𝟒𝝅 ( )𝟐
𝟐

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Study Guide in Math 111

101 (Calculus I) Module No._5_

𝟐
𝑨 = 𝝅𝑫
𝒅𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅𝑫 𝒅𝑫
𝟏 𝒇𝒕
𝒅𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅(𝟑𝒇𝒕) (± 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐱 )
𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
𝒅𝑨 = ± 0.157 𝒇𝒕𝟐
𝟒
b) Maximum Error in computing volume, 𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟑
𝟑
𝟒 𝟑
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓
𝟑
But: 𝒓 = 𝑫𝟐
𝟒 𝑫
𝑽 = 𝝅( )𝟑
𝟑 𝟐
𝝅
𝑽 = (𝑫 )𝟑
𝟔
𝝅 𝟐
𝒅𝑽 = 𝑫 𝒅𝑫
𝟐
𝝅 𝟏 𝒇𝒕
𝒅𝑽 = (𝟑𝒇𝒕)𝟐 (± 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬 𝐱 )
𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
𝟑
𝒅𝑽 = ±𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝒇𝒕

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

Find the linear approximation of the following functions:

𝝅
1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 at 𝒙 =
𝟒
2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑√𝒙 at 𝒂 = −𝟖 and use it to approximate the number −𝟖. 𝟏
3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 at 𝒙 = 𝟓

Use linear approximation to estimate the root of the following:

𝟒
4. 𝟑𝟓

6. 𝟏𝟕

7. 𝟐𝟕

Solve the following using linear approximation

7. Marinella wants to fence a play area. She has 12.20 meters of fencing, and she wants to fence
off a rectangular area next to her house. The house will be one side of the play area, so that
side needs no fencing. In order for her to have adequate space, the area needs to be at least
1.5 by 1.5 meters in length and width. Find the largest area she could have? Is there a smallest
area she could have if she wants to use all 12.20 meters fencing?

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 10

 FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020

Study Guide in Math 101

111 (Calculus I) Module No._5_

8. The volume of a rectangular storage container with an open top is 10m 3. The length of its base
is twice the width. The cost of the materials for the base is PhP 150 per square meter. The side
materials cost PhP 110 per square meter. Compute for the cost of the material for the cheapest
container.

9. MK wants to build a rectangular field along a river with an area of 12657m 2. Find the dimensions
of the field that will require the least amount of fencing.

10. What is the point on the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5 that is closest to the origin

REFERENCES

Text Book:
Ayres, F. and Mendelson, E. 1990. Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Differential and Integral Calculus. 3rd Edition. McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. USA.

E-book:
Feliciano, F. T. and Uy, F. B. 1983. Differential and Integral Calculus.

Online Reading Material:

Applied Maximum and Minimum Problems. Retrieved from:
[Link]

Linear Approximations and Differentials. Retrieved from:

[Link]

Linearization of a function at a point

[Link]
[Link]

Optimization Problems. Retrieved from.

[Link]

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 11