NEW BALDWIN INTERNATIONAL

SENOIR RESIDENTIAL
SCHOOL,[Link]-
560049
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC: TRANSFORMERS
SESSION-2025-26

NAME OF THE STUDENT:ISHAN S

REGISTRATION NUMBER:
XII CBSE
NEW BALDWIN INTERNATIONAL
RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled

“TRANSFORMERS “ is a bona fide record of work
done by ISHAN S , in partial fulfilment for the award
of GRADE XII during the academic year 2025–26 of

Central Board of Secondary Education.

Date:

Registration No:

Signature of Internal Signature of External Signature of

Examiner Examiner Principal

____ ____ ____

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my immense gratitude to
our Management, Principal [Link].S mam
and Vice Principal Dr. Mamtha Singh mam, as
well as our Physics HOD [Link] mam who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic “TRANSFORMERS”.

Under the Guidance of [Link] mam

chemistry PGT, I would also like to thank my
Parents who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
Lastly, I would like to thank my Friends who have
mo5vated me and helped me out to complete
this project before the timeline.
 INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AIM
3. APPARATUS
4. THEORY
5. PROCEDURE
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7. OBSERVATION
8. RESULT
9. INFERENCE
10. SOURCES OF ERROR
11. PRECAUTION
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a passive electrical device that plays an
indispensable role in modern electrical power systems. It is the
fundamental component that enables the efficient transmission and
distribution of electrical energy over vast distances, making large-scale
power grids economically and practically viable. Without the
transformer, the reliable supply of alternating current (AC) electricity to
homes, businesses, and industries as we know it would be impossible.
This project will explore the principles, construction, and applications
of the transformer. At its heart, the transformer is remarkably simple,
consisting of two separate coils of wire (the primary and secondary
windings) wrapped around a shared magnetic core. Crucially, the
transformer operates only with Alternating Current (AC) because it
relies on the core concept of electromagnetic induction, specifically
mutual induction, which requires a constantly changing magnetic field.
We will delve into how this device efficiently changes AC voltage levels.
By stepping up the voltage for long-distance transmission, the
transformer dramatically reduces the current (I). According to the
power loss formula (Ploss​=I2R), minimizing the current is the most
effective way to minimize the energy lost as heat in the power lines.
Conversely, the device efficiently steps voltage down for safe use by
consumers. The transformer, therefore, serves as the essential, elegant,
and efficient link between power generation and end-use consumption
 AIM
The primary aim of this project is to construct a
simple model of an alternating current (AC)
transformer, experimentally investigate its
fundamental working principle, and verify the
quantitative relationship between the number of
coil turns and the resulting change in voltage.
 APPARATUS
Soft iron core
Two copper wire coils
6V AC power supply
Voltmeter (AC).
Ammeter (AC).
Load resistor.
Connecting wires.
Switch.
 THEORY
The operation of a transformer is a beautiful
demonstration of electromagnetism, rooted
primarily in the discovery of Michael Faraday
and his law of induction. A transformer is an
electrical device that transfers electrical energy
between two or more circuits through
electromagnetic induction, usually stepping
voltage up or down while maintaining the same
frequency.
Mutual Induction is the process by which the
primary coil's changing magnetic field induces
a voltage in the separate secondary coil.
Laminated Iron Core: The primary and
secondary coils are wound around a closed loop
of soft iron, known as the core. The core is
made of thin sheets (laminations) stacked
together.
 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction

The fundamental principle governing the transformer is Faraday's Law

of Electromagnetic Induction. This law states that a changing magnetic
flux through a closed circuit induces an electromotive force (EMF) or
voltage in that circuit.
Mathematically, the induced EMF (E) in a coil with N turns is
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux (ΦB​) through it:
E= -NdΦ
dt
Where:
E is the induced voltage (EMF).
N is the number of turns in the coil.
dΦB​/dt is the rate of change of magnetic flux.
The negative sign is due to Lenz’s Law, which states that the induced
current will flow in a direction that opposes the change in flux that
created it.

The Transformer Equation

Assuming an ideal transformer (100% efficient, with no

losses), the voltage induced per turn is the same in both the
primary and secondary coils. This leads to the fundamental
Transformer Equation:
Vs​Vp​​=Ns​Np​​
Where:
Vp​and Vs​are the primary (input) and secondary (output)
voltages.
Np​and Ns​are the number of turns in the primary and
secondary coils.
 PROCEDURE
Prepare the Coils:
Wind about 100 turns of copper wire onto one side of the iron core —
this will be your primary coil.
Wind about 50 turns of wire on the other side of the iron core — this
is your secondary coil.
Ensure the coils are insulated and not touching each other directly.

Connect the Primary Coil:

Attach the ends of the primary coil to the AC power source
Connect the Voltmeter:
Attach a voltmeter or multimeter to the secondary coil to measure the
output voltage.

Complete the Setup:

Ensure that the iron core connects both coils magnetically. This
provides a path for the magnetic field
Double-check all connections and insulation for safety.

Power On:
Switch on the AC source and observe the voltage on the secondary
coil using the voltmeter.

Record Observations:
Note the input voltage and output voltage.
Try changing the number of turns in the secondary coil (e.g., increase
to 75 or 100 turns) and observe how the output voltage changes.
 TABULAR COLUMN
Relation Between Primary and Secondary
Voltage

Number Number
Primary Secondar
of Turns of Turns
Voltage y Voltage
S. No. in in V₂ / V₁ N₂ / N₁ % Error
(V₁) (in (V₂) (in
Primary Secondar
volts) volts)
(N₁) y (N₂)

1 2 1 200 100 0.5 0.5 0

2 3 1.5 200 100 0.5 0.5 0

3 4 2 200 100 0.5 0.5 0

4 5 2.5 200 100 0.5 0.5 0

5 6 3 200 100 0.5 0.5 0

Circuit Diagram
 OBSERVATION
During the experiment and construction of the transformer, the
following observations were made:

1. Magnetic Coupling
When alternating current (AC) was supplied to the primary coil, a
varying magnetic field was generated around it. This varying
magnetic field successfully induced a voltage in the secondary coil,
confirming electromagnetic induction.

2. Voltage Transformation
* When the number of turns in the secondary coil was **greater**
than the primary coil, the output voltage increased (Step-Up
Transformer).
* When the number of turns in the secondary coil was **lesser**
than the primary coil, the output voltage decreased (Step-Down
Transformer).

3. Effect of Turns Ratio

* The voltage output was directly proportional to the turns ratio (
\left(\frac{N_s}{N_p}\right) ).
* A 2:1 ratio in primary to secondary turn6s resulted in
approximately half the input voltage at the output
 RESULT
* When the number of turns in the secondary coil is
more than the primary coil, the transformer steps up
the voltage.
* When the number of turns in the secondary coil is
less than the primary coil, the transformer steps
down the voltage.
* The experimental results confirm the transformer
equation
 INFERENCE
* Transformers do not work with direct current
(DC), as they require a changing magnetic field (AC
supply).
* The energy input (neglecting losses) equals the
energy output: ( [Link] = [Link] ).
* Transformers are efficient devices (efficiency >
95%) when used with proper design and materials.
 SOURCES OF ERROR
* Resistance of the copper wires may introduce
power loss.
* Core may not be perfectly laminated, causing
eddy current losses.
* Imperfect magnetic coupling between coils due
to improper winding or core design.
* Fluctuations in input voltage.
* Instrumental errors in voltmeter and ammeter
readings.
 PRECAUTION
* Use only AC supply for operating the transformer.
* Do not connect high voltage without proper
insulation and safety.
* Ensure coils are tightly wound and insulated.
* Core should be made of laminated iron to reduce
eddy currents.
* Use appropriate meters for AC current and voltage.
* Check all connections before switching on the
power.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alexander, C. K., & Sadiku, M. N. O. (2017).
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (6th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education.

Hughes, E. (2016). Electrical and Electronic

Technology (12th ed.). Pearson Education
Limited.