Static Questions – Detailed Solutions & Methods
Static Questions – Detailed Solutions & Methods
Notes:
• Where the original question depends on a figure or missing values, the solution provides the method with
standard assumptions.
• IS references: IS 800:2007 (steel), IS 875 (Part 1–5) loads, IS 1893 (seismic), IS 456:2000 (RCC), IS 2062
(materials), IS 1367/3757 (bolts).
• Use γm0=1.10 for steel strength, γf as per load combinations (IS 800/875).
1) Degrees of freedom at portal–head beam connection
Rigid (moment-resisting) joint restrains relative rotation and translations: releases = none; transfers V, M, and
often axial. Simple shear connection releases moment (θ free) → transfers shear and minimal axial only. For
frame analysis: node DOF per joint in 2D = {Ux, Uy, θz}. Connection choice sets member end releases.
2) Wheels at A & B (capacity 270 kN)
Step 1: Compute reactions RA, RB from equilibrium (ΣV=0, ΣM=0). Step 2: Wheels at A = ceil(RA/270); at B
= ceil(RB/270). Check: provide at least two wheels for stability; consider impact factor if dynamic service.
3) Bolt grades
Property class per IS 1367: 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 8.8, 10.9, 12.9. Structural bolts: black bolts (4.6/8.8) and HSFG
bolts (8.8/10.9) to IS 3757. Design strengths per IS 800: f_ub (UTS), f_yb (yield) with γ_mb.
4) Yield vs Tensile (UTS)
Yield Fy: onset of plastic deformation. UTS Fu: maximum sustained stress before necking. For IS 2062
E250A: Fy=250 MPa, Fu≈410 MPa; Fy/Fu ratio governs ductility.
5) Conversions
1 in = 25.4 mm (exact). 1 tonne = 1000 kg ⇒ 9810 N. 100 N/mm² = (100×10^6 N/m²) = 1×10^8 N/m² = 1
kN/cm².
6) Counterweight for sheave tension 3500 kgf
Let rope tension T=3500 kgf. If CW hung by two legs of same rope over a sheave, CW is supported by 2T ⇒
CW ≈ 7000 kgf. If single fall, CW ≈ T. Include friction/efficiency η (take 0.95) if needed.
7) SFD/BMD method
1) Find reactions. 2) Plot shear: jump at point loads, linear between loads for UDL. 3) Plot moment: slope
equals shear; area under V-diagram gives M. Key values: Simply supported with point load P at mid → Vmax
= P/2; Mmax = P·L/4. For UDL w over L → Mmax = wL²/8.
8) Beam type & deflection
Simply supported: sagging (positive M) with max deflection at load/mid. Cantilever with end load: hogging
near fixed, tip deflection δ = PL³/(3EI).
9) Column splice bolt forces (N=1400 kN)
Axial share: N/n. If moment M due to eccentricity e, M=N·e. Bolt force from combined tension: Fi = N/n +
(M/Zb)·ri, where Zb=Σri², ri = bolt lever arm. Check Fi ≤ bolt tension design strength T_db and combined with
shear per IS 800 Cl. 10.4.7. Consider bearing plates for compression path.
10) Beam types
By support: simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous, propped. By statics: determinate/indeterminate.
By geometry: prismatic/non-prismatic, haunched. By material: steel, RCC, composite.
11) Bolts for 150 kN compression (T=90, V=50 kN)
If direct compression through faying surfaces, bolts mainly for positioning; otherwise check shear. Governing
bolt capacity = min(shear, bearing). Required n ≥ 150/50 = 3 if shear governs. Provide ≥4 bolts for symmetry;
check bearing with plate thickness and edge distances per IS 800 Table 19/20.
12) Guy force (30° to horizontal, top vertical load 1.5 t)
Resolve at joint: ΣFy=0 ⇒ T sin30 = 1.5 ⇒ T = 3.0 t. Horizontal reaction = T cos30. If multiple guys, divide
accordingly.
13) Output shaft diameter
Given P=90 kW at motor, gearbox 32:1 ⇒ output speed N_out ≈ 1500/32 ≈ 46.9 rpm. Torque T_out = 9550
P(kW) / N(rpm) ≈ 9550×90/46.9 ≈ 18,342 N·m. Allowable shear τ_allow choose (e.g., 0.30 σ_y = 105 MPa for
σ_y=350). Solid shaft: T = π τ d³ /16 ⇒ d = (16T/(π τ))^{1/3}. Include keys & shock factor k_t ≈ 1.5.
14) Shear vs moment connection sketches
Shear: flexible end plate / double-angle cleats on web only (rotation permitted). Moment: extended end plate
or flange plate welds transferring flange forces; web plate for shear.
15) Friction force
F = µN = 0.45×500 = 225 N (start). For motion (kinetic), use µ_k if given.
16) Rod force & diameter
For two 35 kN legs subtending angle θ at pulley pin, resultant on pin R = √(T²+T²−2T² cosθ)=2T sin(θ/2). Rod
axial P equals required reaction component along rod. Diameter: d = √(4P/(π σ_allow)). Use σ_allow=160
MPa.
17) Counterweight balance
Take moments about pivot: CW×(arm_CW) = W×(arm_W). With arms 17,500 and 6,250 mm: CW =
W×(17,500/6,250)=2.8 W ⇒ for W=10,000 kgf → CW=28,000 kgf.
18) Load to columns from chute
Material weight = ρV×g ≈ 2.2×1.5 t = 3.3 t (≈32.4 kN). Add chute self-weight. If 4 columns symmetric: ≈ total/4
each. Adjust for CG eccentricity if inclined.
19) Steel grades
IS 2062: E250 (A/B/C), E300, E350, E410, E450; IS 808 (sections). EN 10025: S235, S275, S355, S420,
S460. State yield and UTS ranges in interview.
20) Dimensioning of V, H, A zones
Compute using trigonometry; vertical dims use ∆y, horizontal use ∆x; aligned along the member axis.
Maintain consistency and no duplication of dims.
21) Force nature in members
Ropes/cables: tension only. Bracings: either tension or compression depending on load case. Hydraulic
cylinder: compression in push, tension in pull. Identify by free-body diagrams.
22) Volume of pile (frustum)
For frustum between widths b1 and b2 over height h: Area1=A1, Area2=A2; V = h/3 (A1 + A2 + √(A1A2)). If
prism along length L, use V = L × average cross-section. Insert numbers once section areas are known.
23) Kinematic pairs DOF
Lower pairs: revolute (1), prismatic (1), screw (1), cylindrical (2), spherical (3), planar (3 constrained → 3
DOF in plane).
24) Force F with equal bars
Let bars AO and BO form apex at O with included angle 2α; symmetrical load W below. Equilibrium at O: 2T
sinα = W; horizontal components cancel. Applied F relates via geometry; with equal bars, F = 2T cosα.
Combine to express F in W and α.
25) Mass for 40 kN spring tension
m = T/g = 40,000/9.81 ≈ 4,079 kg.
26) Beam SF/BM/reactions
General procedure with example: For simply supported beam with central P: RA=RB=P/2; V jumps ±P/2; M
parabola/triangle with Mmax=P L/4 at mid. Include UDL case formulas.
27) Rod stress check & bolted connection
σ = P/A. For IS 2062 E250A, take design stress ≈ 0.6Fy ≈ 150 MPa (service) or use limit states with γ_m0. If
σ ≤ 150 MPa → safe. Bolted end: choose bolt grade 8.8; design shear V_sb = (f_ub/√3γ_mb)A_sb; bearing
V_pb per IS 800 Cl. 10.3.4; edge/pitch as Table 19/20.
28) IS codes list
Steel: IS 800:2007. Concrete: IS 456:2000. Loads: IS 875 Part 1 (dead), Part 2 (live), Part 3 (wind), Part 4
(snow), Part 5 (special). Seismic: IS 1893 (Part 1) 2016+. Steel materials: IS 2062. Welding: IS 816/IS 814.
Bolts: IS 1367/IS 3757.
29) Connection sketches
Column splice: flange & web splice plates with bolts/welds; provide bearing plate if needed. Beam shear: fin
plate or double-angle cleats at web. Beam moment: extended end-plate or flange plates + web plate.
30) Rope pull for self-support
If single rope over pulley (no MECH advantage): Pull = W. If 2:1 system: Pull = W/2. Replace W with person’s
weight (likely 600 N, not 600 kN).
31) A and Z
Rectangle: A=bh; I_z = b h³/12; Z = I/c = b h²/6. Circle: A=πd²/4; I_z = π d■/64; Z = π d³/32.
32) Beam I250 check & shear connection (example)
Given span L and loads: 1) Factored w_u = 1.5w (DL+LL as applicable). 2) M_u = w_u L²/8; V_u = w_u L/2.
Section strength: M_rd = β_b Z_p f_y / γ_m0 (plastic) or Z_e f_y / γ_m0 (elastic). If M_u ≤ M_rd and V_u ≤
V_rd = V_p = (A_v f_y)/(√3 γ_m0), section OK. Connection: pick fin plate thickness t_p; bolts M16 8.8: design
in shear/bearing; welds as needed. Provide 2 rows min.
33) RCC beam design (IS 456, LSM)
Span: clear 6 m + bearing 0.25 m each → L_eff ≈ 6.5 m (assumption). Factored load w_u = 1.5×9.8 = 14.7
kN/m (+ self wt). Trial size b×D (e.g., 300×550 overall, d≈500): M_u = w_u L²/8; Ast = M_u/(0.87 f_y j d) with
j≈0.9. Shear: V_u = w_u L/2; τ_v = V_u/(b d) ≤ τ_c=0.61 MPa; add stirrups if needed. Detail: min Ast = 0.85
bt/f_y; bar curtailment, development length Ld= (φ σ_s)/(4 τ_bd). Provide drawing notes.