SCIENCE​

. Human Body Systems (Repeated every paper)

●​ Digestive System:
○​ Enzymes:
■​ Saliva → Ptyalin (amylase, acts on starch).
■​ Pepsin (stomach) → proteins → peptones.
■​ Bile (liver, stored in gall bladder) → emulsifies fats.
■​ Pancreatic juice: Trypsin (proteins), Amylase (carbs), Lipase (fats).
○​ Small intestine = major site of absorption.
●​ Respiratory System:
○​ Normal breathing rate: 12–16/min.
○​ Exchange of gases in alveoli by diffusion.
○​ Haemoglobin carries O₂ (1 Hb molecule = 4 O₂ molecules).
●​ Circulatory System:
○​ Heart: 4 chambers.
○​ Normal BP: 120/80 mmHg.
○​ Largest artery: Aorta; Largest vein: Vena Cava.
●​ Excretory System:
○​ Kidney → Nephron is functional unit.
○​ Removes urea, uric acid, salts, water.
○​ Hormone ADH regulates water balance.
●​ Nervous System:
○​ CNS = Brain + Spinal cord.
○​ Brain parts: Cerebrum (intelligence), Cerebellum (balance), Medulla (involuntary
actions).
○​ Reflex action → via spinal cord.
●​ Reproductive System:
○​ Male gamete: sperm (produced in testes).
○​ Female gamete: ovum (produced in ovary).
○​ Fertilization → fallopian tube.

2. Cell Biology (2–3 Qs)

●​ Cell Organelles:
○​ Nucleus → control center, contains DNA.
○​ Mitochondria → powerhouse, ATP.
○​ Ribosomes → protein synthesis.
○​ Lysosomes → suicidal bags.
○​ Golgi body → packaging & secretion.
●​ Cell Division:
○​ Mitosis → body cells, 2 identical cells.
○​ Meiosis → gametes, 4 haploid cells.
3. Plant Biology (2–3 Qs)
●​ Photosynthesis:
○​ Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (in presence of light & chlorophyll).
○​ Chlorophyll in chloroplast traps solar energy.
●​ Plant Tissues:
○​ Xylem → water transport.
○​ Phloem → food transport.
●​ Plant Hormones:
○​ Auxins → cell elongation.
○​ Gibberellins → stem elongation.
○​ Cytokinins → cell division.
○​ Abscisic Acid → dormancy.
●​ Reproduction in Plants:
○​ Asexual → budding, fragmentation.
○​ Sexual → flower (anther = male, ovary = female).

4. Genetics & Evolution (2–3 Qs)

●​ Mendel’s Laws:
○​ Law of segregation.
○​ Law of independent assortment.
●​ DNA & RNA:
○​ DNA = double helix (Watson & Crick).
○​ RNA → single-stranded, helps in protein synthesis.
●​ Sex determination in humans: XX = female, XY = male.
●​ Darwin’s Theory: Natural selection = survival of fittest.

5. Microorganisms & Diseases (3–4 Qs)

●​ Bacteria: TB, Typhoid, Cholera.
●​ Virus: AIDS (HIV), Influenza, COVID-19, Polio.
●​ Protozoa: Malaria (Plasmodium, female Anopheles mosquito), Amoebiasis.
●​ Fungi: Ringworm.
●​ Deficiency Diseases:
○​ Vit A → Night blindness.
○​ Vit B1 → Beri-Beri.
○​ Vit C → Scurvy.
○​ Vit D → Rickets.
○​ Iron → Anaemia.
○​ Iodine → Goitre.
6. Ecology & Environment (2–3 Qs)
●​ Food chain: Producer → Consumer → Decomposer.
●​ Pyramid of Energy: Always upright.
●​ Pollution:
○​ Air: CO₂, SO₂, NO₂.
○​ Water: sewage, heavy metals.
●​ Greenhouse Effect: Warming due to CO₂, CH₄.
●​ Conservation: Biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries.

7. Human Health & Biotechnology

●​ Vaccines: Provide artificial immunity.
●​ Genetic engineering: Recombinant DNA, cloning.
●​ Stem cells: Unspecialized cells with potential to develop into any cell.

Chemistry:

1. Atomic Structure & Periodic Table (2–3 Qs)

●​ Structure of Atom:
○​ Proton (+), Neutron (0), Electron (–).
○​ Atomic number (Z) = protons.
○​ Mass number (A) = protons + neutrons.
●​ Isotopes: Atoms with same Z but different A.
○​ Example: C-12, C-14.
●​ Bohr’s Model: Electrons revolve in shells (K, L, M…).
●​ Periodic Table:
○​ Groups = vertical (18), Periods = horizontal (7).
○​ Alkali metals → Group 1, very reactive.
○​ Halogens → Group 17, form salts.
○​ Noble gases → Group 18, inert.
○​ Periodic properties: Atomic size ↓ across period, ↑ down group; Ionization energy
opposite.

2. Chemical Bonding (2–3 Qs)

●​ Types of Bonds:
○​ Ionic bond → electron transfer (NaCl).
○​ Covalent bond → electron sharing (H₂, O₂).
○​ Metallic bond → “sea of electrons” (metals).
●​ Hydrogen bond: Weak bond, high BP in water.
 ●​ Important Compounds:
○​ H₂O, NH₃, CH₄ (tetrahedral).

3. States of Matter & Gas Laws (1–2 Qs)

●​ Boyle’s Law: P ∝ 1/V (at constant T).
●​ Charles’s Law: V ∝ T (at constant P).
●​ Avogadro’s Law: Equal volumes of gases have equal molecules at STP.
●​ Molar Volume: 1 mole gas at STP = 22.4 L.

4. Acids, Bases & Salts (2–3 Qs)

●​ Definitions:
○​ Acid (H⁺ donor), Base (OH⁻ donor).
○​ Neutralization → Acid + Base → Salt + Water.
●​ pH scale: <7 acidic, >7 basic, 7 neutral.
●​ Strong Acids: HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃.
●​ Strong Bases: NaOH, KOH.
●​ Salts:
○​ NaCl (common salt).
○​ Na₂CO₃ (washing soda).
○​ NaHCO₃ (baking soda).
○​ CaOCl₂ (bleaching powder).

5. Metals, Non-metals & Alloys (2–3 Qs)

●​ Metals: Good conductors, malleable, ductile.
●​ Non-metals: Poor conductors, brittle (e.g. S, P).
●​ Metalloids: B, Si, As.
●​ Alloys (Frequently Asked):
○​ Brass → Cu + Zn
○​ Bronze → Cu + Sn
○​ Steel → Fe + C
○​ Stainless Steel → Fe + C + Cr + Ni
○​ Duralumin → Al + Cu + Mg + Mn

6. Carbon & Organic Chemistry (2–3 Qs)

●​ Allotropes of Carbon: Diamond (hardest), Graphite (good conductor), Fullerene.
●​ Hydrocarbons:
 ○​ Alkanes (single bond, CnH2n+2) → methane, ethane.
○​ Alkenes (double bond, CnH2n) → ethene.
○​ Alkynes (triple bond, CnH2n-2) → ethyne.
●​ Important Compounds:
○​ CH₃OH → Methanol (poisonous).
○​ C₂H₅OH → Ethanol (alcohol).
○​ CH₃COOH → Acetic acid.
●​ Functional Groups: –OH (alcohol), –COOH (acid), –CHO (aldehyde).

7. Important Reactions
●​ Electrolysis of Water: 2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂.
●​ Rusting of Iron: 4Fe + 6H₂O + 3O₂ → 4Fe(OH)₃.
●​ Neutralization: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O.
●​ Fermentation: Glucose → Ethanol + CO₂.

8. Everyday Chemistry (Common NDA Qs)

●​ Softening of hard water: By Zeolite or Washing Soda.
●​ Cement: CaO + SiO₂ + Al₂O₃.
●​ Glass: Silica + Na₂CO₃ + CaCO₃.
●​ Dry Ice: Solid CO₂.
●​ Laughing Gas: N₂O.
●​ Ozone (O₃): Used as disinfectant.

PHYSICS:

1. Motion & Laws of Motion

Scalars vs Vectors

●​ Scalar: only magnitude (speed, masS, time, distance).

●​ Vector: magnitude + direction (velocity, displacement, force).

Equations of Motion (for constant acceleration)

●​ v = u + at
●​ s = ut + ½at²
●​ v² – u² = 2as

Newton’s Laws

1.​ Law of Inertia → A body continues in rest/uniform motion unless external force acts.
○​ Example: passengers jerk forward in a sudden stop.
 2.​ F = ma → Acceleration is proportional to force, inverse to mass.
○​ Example: pushing a car vs cycle.
3.​ Action–Reaction → Forces always come in equal and opposite pairs.
○​ Example: Rocket propulsion.

Momentum

●​ p = mv.
●​ Conservation: In absence of external force, total momentum is conserved.
●​ Example: Gun recoil.

🔑 NDA Tip: Questions often ask: “Which law explains rocket motion?” → Newton’s 3rd.

2. Work, Energy & Power

Work

●​ W = F × d × cosθ.
●​ No work done if force is perpendicular (e.g. centripetal force).

Energy

●​ Kinetic Energy (KE): ½mv².

●​ Potential Energy (PE): mgh.
●​ Total Energy Conservation: KE + PE = constant (e.g. pendulum).

Power

●​ P = Work / Time = F·v.

Law of Conservation of Energy

●​ Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed.

🔑 NDA Tip: Pendulum/free-fall KE–PE conversion questions are common.

3. Gravitation
●​ Newton’s Law of Gravitation:​
F = Gm₁m₂ / r².
●​ Acceleration due to gravity (g): 9.8 m/s² at Earth’s surface.
○​ Decreases with height & depth.
●​ Weight: W = mg.
○​ Zero weight in orbit → weightlessness.
●​ Escape Velocity:​
v = √(2gR). For Earth ≈ 11.2 km/s.
 ●​ Orbital Velocity:​
v = √(GM/R).

🔑 NDA Tip: They ask direct Qs like “Escape velocity on Earth?” → 11.2 km/s.

4. Oscillations & Waves

SHM (Simple Harmonic Motion)

●​ Restoring force F ∝ –x.

●​ Period of pendulum: T = 2π√(l/g).

Waves

●​ Wave speed: v = fλ.

●​ Types:
○​ Longitudinal (sound in air).
○​ Transverse (light, water ripples).

Sound

●​ Speed:
○​ Solids > Liquids > Gases.
○​ ~343 m/s in air (20°C).
●​ Properties: reflection (echo), refraction, diffraction, interference.

Doppler Effect

●​ Change in frequency when source or observer moves.

○​ Approaching → high pitch.
○​ Receding → low pitch.

🔑 NDA Tip: “Why can’t sound travel in space?” → Needs medium.

5. Heat & Thermodynamics

Heat vs Temperature

●​ Heat = energy transfer due to temperature difference.

●​ Temperature = degree of hotness.

Heat Transfer

●​ Conduction → solids.
●​ Convection → liquids, gases.
 ●​ Radiation → no medium needed.

Specific Heat

●​ Q = mcΔT.

Latent Heat

●​ Heat absorbed/released without temperature change.

●​ Example: melting of ice at 0°C.

Laws of Thermodynamics

1.​ 1st Law: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW (energy conservation).

2.​ 2nd Law: Heat flows hot → cold spontaneously.

🔑 NDA Tip: Calorimetry mixing questions (ice in water) are very common.

6. Light & Optics

Reflection

●​ Laws:
○​ Angle of incidence = angle of reflection.
●​ Plane mirror image: Virtual, erect, same size.

Refraction

●​ Snell’s Law: n₁sin i = n₂sin r.

●​ Refractive index: n = c/v.

Lens & Mirror Formula

●​ 1/f = 1/v – 1/u.

●​ Magnification: M = v/u.

Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

●​ When angle > critical angle, light reflects inside.

●​ Applications: Optical fibers, mirage.

Dispersion

●​ Splitting of light into spectrum (VIBGYOR).

🔑 NDA Tip: Qs often give object/image distance → solve with formula.

7. Electricity
Basics

●​ Current (I) = Q/t.

●​ Potential Difference (V) = W/Q.
●​ Resistance (R): opposition to current.

Ohm’s Law

●​ V = IR.

Resistance combinations

●​ Series: R = R₁ + R₂ + R₃…
●​ Parallel: 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …

Electric Power

●​ P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

🔑 NDA Tip: Expect circuit simplification problems.

8. Magnetism & Electromagnetism

●​ Earth behaves as a giant magnet.
●​ Magnetic field lines: N → S outside magnet.

Electromagnetism

●​ Current-carrying conductor produces magnetic field.

●​ Right-hand thumb rule: Thumb = current, curled fingers = field.

Electromagnetic Induction

●​ Faraday’s Law: Induced emf ∝ change in flux.

●​ Lenz’s Law: Induced current opposes the cause.

Fleming’s Rules

●​ Left hand → Motor.

●​ Right hand → Generator.

🔑 NDA Tip: They ask which rule applies to motor/generator.

9. Modern Physics
Photoelectric Effect

●​ Light ejects electrons from metal surface.

●​ Depends on frequency, not intensity.

Nuclear Physics

●​ Fission: Heavy nucleus splits (U-235 in reactors).

●​ Fusion: Light nuclei fuse (Sun).

Radioactivity

●​ α (Helium nucleus, least penetrating).

●​ β (electron, medium).
●​ γ (EM radiation, most penetrating).

Half-life (T½)

●​ Time taken for half nuclei to decay.

🔑 NDA Tip: “Which reaction powers the Sun?” → Fusion.

10. Units & Constants
●​ Force → Newton (N).
●​ Energy → Joule (J).
●​ Power → Watt (W).
●​ Pressure → Pascal (Pa).
●​ Work → Joule (J).

Constants

●​ g = 9.8 m/s².
●​ c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s.
●​ G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ Nm²/kg².
●​ h = 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ Js.
●​ Avogadro’s no. = 6.022 × 10²³.

🔑 NDA Tip: They often ask 1-mark factual Qs here.