1 Reviewing number concepts

The highest common factor (HCF)

ke highest common factor of two or more numbers is the highest number that is a factor of all
the given numbers.

Worked example 4
Find the HCF of 8 and 24.

F8 = 1, 2, 4, 8 List the factors of each number.

F24 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 Underline factors that appear in both sets.
HCF = 8 Pick out the highest underlined factor (HCF).

Exercise 1.6 1 Find the HCF of each pair of numbers.

FAST FORWARD (a) 3 and 6 (b) 24 and 16 (c) 15 and 40 (d) 42 and 70
You will learn how to find HCFs (e) 32 and 36 (f) 26 and 36 (g) 22 and 44 (h) 42 and 48
by using prime factors later in the 2 Find the HCF of each group of numbers.
chapter. X (a) 3, 9 and 15 (b) 36, 63 and 84 (c) 22, 33 and 121
3 Not including the factor provided, lnd two numbers that have:
(a) an HCF of 2 (b) an HCF of 6
4 What is the HCF of two dijerent prime numbers? Give a reason for your answer.

Living maths
Word problems involving HCF
usually involve splitting things into 5 Simeon has two lengths of rope. One piece is 72 metres long and the other is 90 metres long.
smaller pieces or arranging things He wants to cut both lengths of rope into the longest pieces of equal length possible. How
in equal groups or rows. long should the pieces be?

6 Ms Sanchez has 40 canvases and 100 tubes of paint to give to the students in her art group.
What is the largest number of students she can have if she gives each student an equal
number of canvasses and an equal number of tubes of paint?

7 Indira has 300 blue beads, 750 red beads and 900 silver beads. She threads these beads to
make wire bracelets. Each bracelet must have the same number and colour of beads. What
is the maximum number of bracelets she can make with these beads?

1.3 Prime numbers

Prime numbers have exactly two factors: one and the number itself.
Composite numbers have more than two factors.
ke number 1 has only one factor so it is not prime and it is not composite.

Finding prime numbers

Over 2000 years ago, a Greek mathematician called Eratosthenes made a simple tool for sorting
out prime numbers. kis tool is called the ‘Sieve of Eratosthenes’ and the lgure on page 7 shows
how it works for prime numbers up to 100.

6 Unit 1: Number
 1 Reviewing number concepts

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cross out 1, it is not prime.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Circle 2, then cross out other

multiples of 2.
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Circle 3, then cross out other
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 multiples of 3.
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Circle the next available number
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 then cross out all its multiples.
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Repeat until all the numbers in
the table are either circled or
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 crossed out.
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 The circled numbers are the
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 primes.

Other mathematicians over the years have developed ways of lnding larger and larger prime
You should try to memorise numbers. Until 1955, the largest known prime number had less than 1000 digits. Since the
which numbers between 1 and
100 are prime.
1970s and the invention of more and more powerful computers, more and more prime numbers
have been found. ke graph below shows the number of digits in the largest known primes
since 1955.

Number of digits in largest known prime number

against year found
100 000 000

10 000 000

1 000 000

Number
100 000
of digits

10 000

1000

100
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
Year

Today anyone can join the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search. kis project links thousands
of home computers to search continuously for larger and larger prime numbers while the
computer processors have spare capacity.

Exercise 1.7 1 Which is the only even prime number?

FAST FORWARD 2 How many odd prime numbers are there less than 50?
A good knowledge of primes can
3 (a) List the composite numbers greater than four, but less than 30.
help when factorising quadratics in
chapter 10. X (b) Try to write each composite number on your list as the sum of two prime numbers.
For example: 6 = 3 + 3 and 8 = 3 + 5.
4 Twin primes are pairs of prime numbers that dijer by two. List the twin prime pairs up to 100.

Unit 1: Number 7
1 Reviewing number concepts

5 Is 149 a prime number? Explain how you decided.

6 Super-prime numbers are prime numbers that stay prime each time you remove a digit
Tip (starting with the units). So, 59 is a super-prime because when you remove 9 you are lem with 5,
Whilst super-prime which is also prime. 239 is also a super-prime because when you remove 9 you are lem with 23
numbers are interesting, which is prime, and when you remove 3 you are lem with 2 which is prime.
they are not on the (a) Find two three-digit super-prime numbers less than 400.
syllabus. (b) Can you lnd a four-digit super-prime number less than 3000?
(c) Sondra’s telephone number is the prime number 987-6413. Is her phone number a
super-prime?

Prime factors
Prime factors are the factors of a number that are also prime numbers.
Remember a product is the answer
to a multiplication. So if you write a Every composite whole number can be broken down and written as the product of its prime factors.
number as the product of its prime You can do this using tree diagrams or using division. Both methods are shown in worked example 5.
factors you are writing it using
multiplication signs like this:
12 = 2 × 2 × 3. Worked example
p 5
Write the following numbers as the product of prime factors.
(a) 36 (b) 48
Using a factor tree

36 48 Write the number as two

factors.
If a factor is a prime
4 12 number, circle it.
3 12
If a factor is a composite
number, split it into two
factors.
4 2 2 3 4
3
Prime numbers only have two Keep splitting until you end
factors: 1 and the number itself. up with two primes.
As 1 is not a prime number, do
not include it when expressing Write the primes in
a number as a product of prime 2 2 2 2 ascending order with ×
factors. signs.
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

Using division
2 36 2 48 Divide by the smallest
2 18 2 24 prime number that will go
3 9 into the number exactly.
2 12
3 3 Continue dividing, using
1 2 6
the smallest prime number
3 3 that will go into your new
36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
1 answer each time.
48 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 Stop when you reach 1.
Choose the method that works Write the prime factors in
best for you and stick to it. Always ascending order with ×
show your method when using
prime factors. signs.

8 Unit 1: Number
 1 Reviewing number concepts

Exercise 1.8 1 Express the following numbers as the product of prime factors.
(a) 30 (b) 24 (c) 100 (d) 225 (e) 360
When you write your number as
a product of primes, group all (f) 504 (g) 650 (h) 1125 (i) 756 (j) 9240
occurrences of the same prime
number together.

Using prime factors to find the HCF and LCM

FAST FORWARD When you are working with larger numbers you can determine the HCF or LCM by expressing
You can also use prime factors to each number as a product of its prime factors.
find the square and cube roots
of numbers if you don’t have a
calculator. You will deal with this in Worked example
p 6
more detail on page 11. X
Find the HCF of 168 and 180.

168 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 First express each number as a product of prime

180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 factors. Use tree diagrams or division to do this.
2 × 2 × 3 = 12 Underline the factors common to both numbers.
HCF = 12 Multiply these out to find the HCF.

Worked example
p 7
Find the LCM of 72 and 120.

72 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 First express each number as a product of prime

120 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 factors. Use tree diagrams or division to do this.
2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 360 Underline the largest set of multiples of each factor.
LCM = 360 List these and multiply them out to find the LCM.

Exercise 1.9 1 Find the HCF of these numbers by means of prime factors.
(a) 48 and 108 (b) 120 and 216 (c) 72 and 90 (d) 52 and 78
(e) 100 and 125 (f) 154 and 88 (g) 546 and 624 (h) 95 and 120
2 Use prime factorisation to determine the LCM of:
(a) 54 and 60 (b) 54 and 72 (c) 60 and 72 (d) 48 and 60
(e) 120 and 180 (f) 95 and 150 (g) 54 and 90 (h) 90 and 120
3 Determine both the HCF and LCM of the following numbers.
(a) 72 and 108 (b) 25 and 200 (c) 95 and 120 (d) 84 and 60

Living maths
4 A radio station runs a phone-in competition for listeners. Every 30th caller gets a free airtime
Word problems involving LCM voucher and every 120th caller gets a free mobile phone. How many listeners must phone in
usually include repeating events.
You may be asked how many before one receives both an airtime voucher and a free phone?
items you need to ‘have enough’
or when something will happen 5 Lee runs round a track in 12 minutes. James runs round the same track in 18 minutes. If they
again at the same time. start in the same place, at the same time, how many minutes will pass before they both cross
the start line together again?

Unit 1: Number 9
1 Reviewing number concepts

Divisibility tests to find factors easily

Sometimes you want to know if a smaller number will divide into a larger one with no
remainder. In other words, is the larger number divisible by the smaller one?
kese simple divisibility tests are useful for working this out:
Tip A number is exactly divisible by:
Divisibility tests are not
part of the syllabus. key 2 if it ends with 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8 (in other words is even)
are just useful to know 3 if the sum of its digits is a multiple of 3 (can be divided by 3)
when you work with 4 if the last two digits can be divided by 4
factors and prime numbers.
5 if it ends with 0 or 5
6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3
8 if the last three digits are divisible by 8
9 if the sum of the digits is a multiple of 9 (can be divided by 9)
10 if the number ends in 0.
kere is no simple test for divisibility by 7, although multiples of 7 do have some interesting
properties that you can investigate on the internet.

Exercise 1.10 23 65 92 10 104 70 500 21 64 798 1223

1 Look at the box of numbers above. Which of these numbers are:

(a) divisible by 5? (b) divisible by 8? (c) divisible by 3?
2 Say whether the following are true or false.
(a) 625 is divisible by 5 (b) 88 is divisible by 3
(c) 640 is divisible by 6 (d) 346 is divisible by 4
(e) 476 is divisible by 8 (f) 2340 is divisible by 9
(g) 2890 is divisible by 6 (h) 4562 is divisible by 3
(i) 40 090 is divisible by 5 (j) 123 456 is divisible by 9
3 Can $34.07 be divided equally among:
(a) two people? (b) three people? (c) nine people?
4 A stadium has 202 008 seats. Can these be divided equally into:
(a) lve blocks? (b) six blocks? (c) nine blocks?
5 (a) If a number is divisible by 12, what other numbers must it be divisible by?
(b) If a number is divisible by 36, what other numbers must it be divisible by?
(c) How could you test if a number is divisible by 12, 15 or 24?

1.4 Powers and roots

REWIND
Square numbers and square roots
In section 1.1 you learned that the
product obtained when an integer
A number is squared when it is multiplied by itself. For example, the square of 5 is 5 × 5 = 25. ke
is multiplied by itself is a square
symbol for squared is 2. So, 5 × 5 can also be written as 52.
number. W ke square root of a number is the number that was multiplied by itself to get the square
number. ke symbol for square root is . You know that 25 = 52, so 25 = 5.

Cube numbers and cube roots

A number is cubed when it is multiplied by itself and then multiplied by itself again. For example,
the cube of 2 is 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. ke symbol for cubed is 3. So 2 × 2 × 2 can also be written as 23.

10 Unit 1: Number
 1 Reviewing number concepts

ke cube root of a number is the number that was multiplied by itself to get the cube number.
ke symbol for cube root is 3 . You know that 8 = 23, so 3 8 = 2.

2 2

a) Square numbers can be arranged to form a b) Cube numbers can be arranged to form a solid
square shape. Uis is 22. cube shape. Uis is 23.

Finding powers and roots

You can use your calculator to square or cube numbers quickly using the x2 and x3 keys
Not all calculators have exactly the
or the x ◻ key. Use the or 3 keys to lnd the roots. If you don’t have a calculator, you
same buttons. x◻ xy and
∧ all mean the same thing on
can use the product of prime factors method to lnd square and cube roots of numbers. Both
methods are shown in the worked examples below.
different calculators.

Worked example 8
Use your calculator to find:
(a) 132 (b) 53 (c) 324 (d) 3
512

(a) 132 = 169 Enter 1 3 x2 =

(b) 53 = 125 Enter 5 x3 = . If you do not have a x3 button then enter

5 x ◻
3 = ; for this key you have to enter the power.

(c) 324 = 18 Enter 3 2 4 =

(d) 3
512 = 8 Enter 3 5 1 2 =

Worked example 9
If you do not have a calculator, you can write the integer as a product of primes and group the prime factors into pairs or
threes. Look again at parts (c) and (d) of worked example 8:

(c) 324 (d) 3

512

(c) Group the factors into pairs, and write down the square root of each pair.
324 = 2 2 × 3 3 × 3 3
2 3 3
2 × 3 × 3 = 18 Multiply the roots together to give you the square root of 324.
324 = 18

(d) Group the factors into threes, and write the cube root of each threesome.
512 = 2 2 
 
 2×2 2
 2×2
 2 
 2
2 2 2
2×2×2=8 Multiply together to get the cube root of 512.
3
512 = 8

Unit 1: Number 11
1 Reviewing number concepts

Exercise 1.11 1 Calculate:

(a) 32 (b) 72 (c) 112 (d) 122 (e) 212
(f) 192 (g) 322 (h) 1002 (i) 142 (j) 682

2 Calculate:
(a) 13 (b) 33 (c) 43 (d) 63 (e) 93
(f) 103 (g) 1003 (h) 183 (i) 303 (j) 2003

3 Find a value of x to make each of these statements true.

Learn the squares of all integers
between 1 and 20 inclusive. (a) x × x = 25 (b) x × x × x = 8 (c) x × x = 121
You will need to recognise (d) x × x × x = 729 (e) x × x = 324 (f) x × x = 400
these quickly. (g) x × x × x = 8000 (h) x × x = 225 (i) x × x × x = 1
(j) x = 9 (k) 1 = x (l) x = 81
(m) 3 x = 2 (n) 3
x =1 (o) 3
64 = x

4 Use a calculator to lnd the following roots.

(a) 9 (b) 64 (c) 1 (d) 4 (e) 100
(f) 0 (g) 81 (h) 400 (i) 1296 (j) 1764
(k) 3 8 (l) 3
1 (m) 3 27 (n) 3
64 (o) 3 1000
(p) 3 216 (q) 3
512 (r) 3 729 (s) 3
1728 (t) 3 5832

5 Use the product of prime factors given below to lnd the square root of each number.
Show your working.
(a) 324 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 (b) 225 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
(c) 784 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7 (d) 2025 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
(e) 19 600 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 (f) 250 000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5

6 Use the product of prime factors to lnd the cube root of each number. Show your working.
(a) 27 = 3 × 3 × 3 (b) 729 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
(c) 2197 = 13 × 13 × 13 (d) 1000 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5
(e) 15 625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
(f) 32 768 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2

7 Calculate:
Brackets act as grouping symbols.
Work out any calculations inside (a) ( )2 (b) ( )2 (c) ( 3 )3 (d) ( 3 )3
brackets before doing the (e) 9 16 (f) 9 16 (g) 36 + 64 (h) 36 + 64
calculations outside the brackets.
(i) 100 − 36 (j) 100 − 36 (k) 25 × 4 (l) 25 × 4
Root signs work in the same way
36 36
as a bracket. If you have 25 + 9 , (m) 9 4 (n) 9 4 (o) (p)
you must add 25 and 9 before 4 4
finding the root.
8 Find the length of the edge of a cube with a volume of:
(a) 1000 cm3 (b) 19 683 cm3 (c) 68 921 mm3 (d) 64 000 cm3

9 If the symbol * means ‘add the square of the lrst number to the cube of the second
number’, calculate:
(a) 2 * 3 (b) 3 * 2 (c) 1 * 4 (d) 4 * 1 (e) 2 * 4
(f) 4 * 2 (g) 1 * 9 (h) 9 * 1 (i) 5 * 2 (j) 2 * 5

12 Unit 1: Number
 1 Reviewing number concepts

1.5 Working with directed numbers

Once a direction is chosen to be
positive, the opposite direction is
taken to be negative. So:
• if up is positive, down is negative
• if right is positive, left is negative
• ifnegative
north is positive, south is

• ifnegative.
above 0 is positive, below 0 is

A negative sign is used to indicate that values are less than zero. For example, on a thermometer, on a bank
statement or in an elevator.

When you use numbers to represent real-life situations like temperatures, altitude, depth below
sea level, prolt or loss and directions (on a grid), you sometimes need to use the negative sign to
indicate the direction of the number. For example, a temperature of three degrees below
zero can be shown as −3 °C. Numbers like these, which have direction, are called directed
numbers. So if a point 25 m above sea level is at +25 m, then a point 25 m below sea level is
at −25 m.

Exercise 1.12 1 Express each of these situations using a directed number.

(a) a prolt of $100 (b) 25 km below sea level
(c) a drop of 10 marks (d) a gain of 2 kg
(e) a loss of 1.5 kg (f) 8000 m above sea level
(g) a temperature of 10 °C below zero (h) a fall of 24 m
(i) a debt of $2000 (j) an increase of $250
(k) a time two hours behind GMT (l) a height of 400 m
(m) a bank balance of $450.00

Comparing and ordering directed numbers

FAST FORWARD In mathematics, directed numbers are also known as integers. You can represent the set of
You will use similar number lines integers on a number line like this:
when solving linear inequalities in
chapter 14. X –10 –9 –8 –7 – 6 –5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ue further to the right a number is on the number line, the greater its value.

Exercise 1.13 1 Copy the numbers and lll in < or > to make a true statement.
(a) 2F8 (b) 4F9 (c) 12 F 3
It is important that you understand
how to work with directed numbers
(d) 6F 4 (e) −7 F 4 (f) −2 F 4
early in your IGCSE course. Many (g) −2 F −11 (h) −12 F −20 (i) −8 F 0
topics depend upon them! (j) −2 F 2 (k) −12 F −4 (l) −32 F −3
(m) 0F 3 (n) −3 F 11 (o) 12 F −89
2 Arrange each set of numbers in ascending order.
(a) −8, 7, 10, −1, −12 (b) 4, −3, −4, −10, 9, −8
(c) −11, −5, −7, 7, 0, −12 (d) −94, −50, −83, −90, 0

Unit 1: Number 13
1 Reviewing number concepts

Living maths
3 Study the temperature graph carefully.

10

4
Temperature (°C)
2

–2

–4
Sunday M T W T F S Sunday M T W T F S Sunday
14 21 28
Day of the week
(a) What was the temperature on Sunday 14 January?
(b) By how much did the temperature drop from Sunday 14 to Monday 15?
(c) What was the lowest temperature recorded?
The difference between the highest (d) What is the dijerence between the highest and lowest temperatures?
and lowest temperature is also
called the range of temperatures.
(e) On Monday 29 January the temperature changed by −12 degrees. What was the
temperature on that day?
4 Matt has a bank balance of $45.50. He deposits $15.00 and then withdraws $32.00. What is
his new balance?

5 Mr Singh’s bank account is $420 overdrawn.

(a) Express this as a directed number.
(b) How much money will he need to deposit to get his account to have a balance of $500?
(c) He deposits $200. What will his new balance be?
6 A diver 27 m below the surface of the water rises 16 m. At what depth is she then?

7 On a cold day in New York, the temperature at 6 a.m. was −5 °C. By noon, the temperature
had risen to 8 °C. By 7 p.m. the temperature had dropped by 11 °C from its value at noon.
What was the temperature at 7 p.m.?

8 Local time in Abu Dhabi is four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. Local time in
Rio de Janeiro is three hours behind Greenwich Mean Time.
(a) If it is 4 p.m. at Greenwich, what time is it in Abu Dhabi?
(b) If it is 3 a.m. in Greenwich, what time is it in Rio de Janiero?
(c) If it is 3 p.m. in Rio de Janeiro, what time is it in Abu Dhabi?
(d) If it is 8 a.m. in Abu Dhabi, what time is it in Rio de Janeiro?

1.6 Order of operations

At this level of mathematics you are expected to do more complicated calculations involving
more than one operation (+, −, × and ÷). When you are carrying out more complicated
calculations you have to follow a sequence of rules so that there is no confusion about what
operations you should do lrst. ke rules governing the order of operations are:
• complete operations in grouping symbols lrst (see page 15)
• do division and multiplication next, working from lem to right
• do addition and subtractions last, working from lem to right.

14 Unit 1: Number
 1 Reviewing number concepts

Many people use the letters BODMAS to remember the order of operations. ke letters stand for:

Brackets
f (Sometimes, ‘I’ for ‘indices’ is used instead of ‘O’ for ‘of ’)

ivide ultiply

dd ubtract
BODMAS indicates that indices (powers) are considered amer brackets but before all other
operations.

Grouping symbols
ke most common grouping symbols in mathematics are brackets. Here are some examples of
the dijerent kinds of brackets used in mathematics:
(4 + 9) × (10 ÷ 2)
[2(4 + 9) − 4(3) − 12]
{2 − [4(2 − 7) − 4(3 + 8)] − 2 × 8}
When you have more than one set of brackets in a calculation, you work out the innermost set lrst.
Other symbols used to group operations are:
5 12
• fraction bars, e.g.
3 8
• root signs, such as square roots and cube roots, e.g. 9 16
• powers, e.g. 52 or 43

Worked example 10
Simplify:
(a) 7 × (3 + 4) (b) (10 − 4) × (4 + 9) (c) 45 − [20 × (4 − 3)]

(a) 7 × 7 = 49 (b) 6 × 13 = 78 (c) 45 − [20 × 1] = 45 − 20

= 25

Worked example
p 11
Calculate:
(a) 3 + 82 (b) 4 28 (c) 36 ÷ 4 + 100 − 36
17 − 9
(a) 3 (8 × 8 ) (b) ( ) ( ) (c) 36 ÷ 4 + 100 − 36
= 3 64 = 32 ÷ 8 = 9 64
= 67 =4 =3 8
= 11

Unit 1: Number 15
1 Reviewing number concepts

Exercise 1.14 1 Calculate. Show the steps in your working.

(a) (4 + 7) × 3 (b) (20 − 4) ÷ 4 (c) 50 ÷ (20 + 5) (d) 6 × (2 + 9)
(e) (4 + 7) × 4 (f) (100 − 40) × 3 (g) 16 + (25 ÷ 5) (h) 19 − (12 + 2)
(i) 40 ÷ (12 − 4) (j) 100 ÷ (4 + 16) (k) 121 ÷ (33 ÷ 3) (l) 15 × (15 − 15)
2 Calculate:
(a) (4 + 8) × (16 − 7) (b) (12 − 4) × (6 + 3) (c) (9 + 4) − (4 + 6)
(d) (33 + 17) ÷ (10 − 5) (e) (4 × 2) + (8 × 3) (f) (9 × 7) ÷ (27 − 20)
(g) (105 − 85) ÷ (16 ÷ 4) (h) (12 + 13) ÷ 52 (i) (56 − 62) × (4 + 3)
3 Simplify. Remember to work from the innermost grouping symbols to the outermost.
A bracket ‘type’ is always twinned
with another bracket of the (a) 4 + [12 − (8 − 5)] (b) 6 + [2 − (2 × 0)]
same type/shape. This helps (c) 8 + [60 − (2 + 8)] (d) 200 − [(4 + 12) − (6 + 2)]
mathematicians to understand (e) 200{100 − [4 × (2 + 8)]} (f) {6 + [5 × (2 + 30)]} × 10
the order of calculations even (g) [(30 + 12) − (7 + 9)] × 10 (h) 6 × [(20 ÷ 4) − (6 − 3) + 2]
more easily.
(i) 1000 − [6 × (4 + 20) − 4 × (3 + 0)]
4 Calculate:
(a) 6 + 72 (b) 29 − 23 (c) 8 × 42
31 − 10 100 − 40
(d) 20 − 4 ÷ 2 (e) (f)
14 − 7 5 4
(g) 100 − 36 (h) 8 8 (i) 90 − 9
5 Insert brackets into the following calculations to make them true.
(a) 3 × 4 + 6 = 30 (b) 25 − 15 × 9 = 90 (c) 40 − 10 × 3 = 90
(d) 14 − 9 × 2 = 10 (e) 12 + 3 ÷ 5 = 3 (f) 19 − 9 × 15 = 150
(g) 10 + 10 ÷ 6 − 2 = 5 (h) 3 + 8 × 15 − 9 = 66 (i) 9 − 4 × 7 + 2 = 45
(j) 10 − 4 × 5 = 30 (k) 6÷3+3×5=5 (l) 15 − 6 ÷ 2 = 12
(m) 1 + 4 × 20 ÷ 5 = 20 (n) 8 + 5 − 3 × 2 = 20 (o) 36 ÷ 3 × 3 − 3 = 6
(p) 3×4−2÷6=1 (q) 40 ÷ 4 + 1 = 11 (r) 6 + 2 × 8 + 2 = 24

FAST FORWARD Working in the correct order

You will apply the order of operation Now that you know what to do with grouping symbols, you are going to apply the rules for order
rules to fractions, decimals and of operations to perform calculations with numbers.
algebraic expressions as you
progress through the course. X

Exercise 1.15 1 Simplify. Show the steps in your working.

(a) 5 × 10 + 3 (b) 5 × (10 + 3) (c) 2 + 10 × 3
(d) (2 + 10) × 3 (e) 23 + 7 × 2 (f) 6 × 2 ÷ (3 + 3)
15 − 5 16 − 4
(g) (h) (17 + 1 ) ÷ 9 + 2 (i)
2 5 4 1
(j) 17 + 3 × 21 (k) 48 − (2 + 3) × 2 (l) 12 × 4 − 4 × 8
(m) 15 + 30 ÷ 3 + 6 (n) 20 − 6 ÷ 3 + 3 (o) 10 − 4 × 2 ÷ 2
2 Simplify:
(a) 18 − 4 × 2 − 3 (b) 14 − (21 ÷ 3) (c) 24 ÷ 8 × (6 − 5)
(d) 42 ÷ 6 − 3 − 4 (e) 5 + 36 ÷ 6 − 8 (f) (8 + 3) × (30 ÷ 3) ÷ 11
3 State whether the following are true or false.
(a) (1 + 4) × 20 + 5 = 1 + (4 × 20) + 5 (b) 6 × (4 + 2) × 3 > (6 × 4) ÷ 2 × 3
(c) 8 + (5 − 3) × 2 < 8 + 5 − (3 × 2) (d) 100 + 10 ÷ 10 > (100 + 10) ÷ 10

16 Unit 1: Number
 1 Reviewing number concepts

4 Place the given numbers in the correct spaces to make a correct number sentence.
(a) 0, 2, 5, 10 F F F F
(b) 9, 11, 13, 18 F F F F
(c) 1, 3, 8, 14, 16 F F−F F=F
(d) 4, 5, 6, 9, 12 (F F) − (F F) = F

In this section you will use your

Using your calculator
calculator to perform operations A calculator with algebraic logic will apply the rules for order of operations automatically. So, if
in the correct order. However, you you enter 2 + 3 × 4, your calculator will do the multiplication lrst and give you an answer of 14.
will need to remember the order (Check that your calculator does this!).
of operations rules and apply them
throughout the book as you do When the calculation contains brackets you must enter these to make sure your calculator does
more complicated examples using the grouped sections lrst.
your calculator.

Experiment with your calculator by

Worked example 12
making several calculations with
Use a calculator to find:
and without brackets. For example:
3 × 2 + 6 and 3 × (2 + 6). Do you (a) 3 + 2 × 9 (b) (3 + 8) × 4 (c) (3 × 8 − 4) − (2 × 5 + 1)
understand why these are different?
(a) 21 Enter 3 + 2 × 9 =
Your calculator might only have one (b) 44 Enter ( 3 + 8 ) × 4 =
type of bracket ( and ) . (c) 9 Enter ( 3 × 8 − 4 ) −
If there are two different shaped ( 2 × 5 + 1 ) =
brackets in the calculation (such as
[4 × (2 – 3)], enter the calculator
bracket symbol for each type.

Exercise 1.16 1 Use a calculator to lnd the correct answer.

(a) 10 − 4 × 5 (b) 12 + 6 ÷ 7 − 4
Some calculators have two ‘−’
(c) 3 + 4 × 5 − 10 (d) 18 ÷ 3 × 5 − 3 + 2
buttons: − and (−) . The (e) 5 − 3 × 8 − 6 ÷ 2 (f) 7+3÷4+1
first means ‘subtract’ and is used to (g) (1 + 4) × 20 ÷ 5 (h) 36 ÷ 6 × (3 − 3)
subtract one number from another.
(i) (8 + 8) − 6 × 2 (j) 100 − 30 × (4 − 3)
The second means ‘make negative’.
Experiment with the buttons and (k) 24 ÷ (7 + 5) × 6 (l) [(60 − 40) − (53 − 43)] × 2
make sure that your calculator is (m) [(12 + 6) ÷ 9] × 4 (n) [100 ÷ (4 + 16)] × 3
doing what you expect it to do! (o) 4 × [25 ÷ (12 − 7)]
2 Use your calculator to check whether the following answers are correct.
If the answer is incorrect, work out the correct answer.
(a) 12 × 4 + 76 = 124 (b) 8 + 75 × 8 = 698
(c) 12 × 18 − 4 × 23 = 124 (d) (16 ÷ 4) × (7 + 3 × 4) = 76
(e) (82 − 36) × (2 + 6) = 16 (f) (3 × 7 − 4) − (4 + 6 ÷ 2) = 12
3 Each * represents a missing operation. Work out what it is.
The more effectively you are able to
use your calculator, the faster and (a) 12 * (28 * 24) = 3 (b) 84 * 10 * 8 = 4
more accurate your calculations are (c) 3 * 7(0.7 * 1.3) = 17 (d) 23 * 11 * 22 * 11 = 11
likely to be. If you have difficulty (e) 40 * 5 * (7 * 5) = 4 (f) 9 * 15 * (3 * 2) = 12
with this you will find advice and
practice exercises on the CD-ROM. 4 Calculate:
7 16 52 4 2 32
(a) (b) (c)
2 7 −1
3 2
1 6 − 12
2 2
5 4 × 10 − 25

Unit 1: Number 17
1 Reviewing number concepts

62 11 32 3 32 5+6
(d) (e) (f)
2(17 2 4) 2 81 4 5

36 − 3 16 −30 + [18 ÷ (3 12) 24]

(g) (h)
15 − 32 3 5 8 − 32
5 Use a calculator to lnd the answer.
0.345 12.32 × 0.0378 16 × 0.087 19.23 × 0.087
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1.34 4.2 7 16 + 8 05 22 5.098 2.452 1.032
FAST FORWARD 6 Use your calculator to evaluate.
In this chapter you are only dealing
with square and cube numbers, (a) 64 × 125 (b) 23 32 × 6
and the roots of square and cube (c) 3 82 192 (d) 412 − 362
numbers. When you work with 3
1.453 − 00.13
132
(e) 3.22 1.17
1 173 (f)
indices and standard form in
chapter 5, you will need to apply 1 1 1 1 (h) 3 2.752 − 12 × 1 73
(g) + +
these skills and use your calculator 4 4 4 4
effectively to solve problems
involving any powers or roots. X

1.7 Rounding numbers

In many calculations, particularly with decimals, you will not need to lnd an exact answer.
Instead, you will be asked to give an answer to a stated level of accuracy. For example,
you may be asked to give an answer correct to 2 decimal places, or an answer correct to 3
signilcant lgures.
To round a number to a given decimal place you look at the value of the digit to the right of the
speciled place. If it is 5 or greater, you round up; if it less than 5, you round down.

Worked example 13
Round 64.839906 to:
(a) the nearest whole number (b) 1 decimal place (c) 3 decimal places

(a) 64.839906 4 is in the units place.

64.839906 The next digit is 8, so you will round up to get 5.
= 65 (to nearest whole number) To the nearest whole number.

(b) 64.839906 8 is in the first decimal place.

64.839906 The next digit is 3, so the 8 will remain unchanged.
= 64.8 (1dp) Correct to 1 decimal place.

(c) 64.839906 9 is in the third decimal place.

64.839906 The next digit is 9, so you need to round up.
When you round 9 up, you get 10, so carry one to the previous digit and write 0 in
the place of the 9.
= 64.840 (3dp) Correct to 3 decimal places.

18 Unit 1: Number
 1 Reviewing number concepts

To round to 3 signilcant lgures, lnd the third signilcant digit and look at the value of the
The first significant digit of a number digit to the right of it. If it is 5 or greater, add one to the third signilcant digit and lose all of the
is the first non-zero digit, when
reading from left to right. The next
other digits to the right. If it is less than 5, leave the third signilcant digit unchanged and lose
digit is the second significant digit, all the other digits to the right as before. To round to a dijerent number of signilcant lgures,
the next the third significant and so use the same method but lnd the appropriate signilcant digit to start with: the fourth for 4sf,
on. All zeros after the first significant the seventh for 7sf etc. If you are rounding to a whole number, write the appropriate number of
digit are considered significant. zeros amer the last signilcant digit as place holders to keep the number the same size.

Worked example 14
Round:
(a) 1.076 to 3 significant figures (b) 0.00736 to 1 significant figure

(a) 1.076 The third significant figure is the 7. The next digit is 6, so round 7 up to get 8.
= 1.08 (3sf) Correct to 3 significant figures.

(b) 0.00736 The first significant figure is the 7. The next digit is 3, so 7 will not change.
= 0.007 (1sf) Correct to 1 significant figure.

Exercise 1.17 1 Round each number to 2 decimal places.

(a) 3.185 (b) 0.064 (c) 38.3456 (d) 2.149 (e) 0.999
Remember, the first significant (f) 0.0456 (g) 0.005 (h) 41.567 (i) 8.299 (j) 0.4236
digit in a number is the first non- (k) 0.062 (l) 0.009 (m) 3.016 (n) 12.0164 (o) 15.11579
zero digit, reading from left to
right. Once you have read past the 2 Express each number correct to:
first non-zero digit, all zeros then
become significant. (i) 4 signilcant lgures (ii) 3 signilcant lgures (iii) 1 signilcant lgure
(a) 4512 (b) 12 305 (c) 65 238 (d) 320.55
FAST FORWARD
(e) 25.716 (f) 0.000765 (g) 1.0087 (h) 7.34876
(i) 0.00998 (j) 0.02814 (k) 31.0077 (l) 0.0064735
You will use rounding to a given
number of decimal places and
3 Change 2 5 to a decimal using your calculator. Express the answer correct to:
significant figures in almost all 9
of your work this year. You will (a) 3 decimal places (b) 2 decimal places (c) 1 decimal place
also apply these skills to estimate (d) 3 signilcant lgures (e) 2 signilcant lgures (f) 1 signilcant lgure
answers. This is dealt with in more
detail in chapter 5. X

Unit 1: Number 19
1 Reviewing number concepts

Summary
Do you know the following?
Are you able to . . . ?
• Numbers can be classiled as natural numbers, integers,
• identify natural numbers, integers, square numbers and
prime numbers and square numbers.
prime numbers
• When you multiply an integer by itself you get a square
• lnd multiples and factors of numbers and identify the
number (x2). If you multiply it by itself again you get a
LCM and HCF
cube number (x3).
• ke number you multiply to get a square is called the • write numbers as products of their prime factors using
division and factor trees
square root and the number you multiply to get a cube
is called the cube root. ke symbol for square root is . • calculate squares, square roots, cubes and cube roots of
ke symbol for cube root is 3 . numbers
• A multiple is obtained by multiplying a number by a • work with integers used in real-life situations
natural number. ke LCM of two or more numbers is • apply the basic rules for operating with numbers
the lowest multiple found in all the sets of multiples. • perform basic calculations using mental methods and
• A factor of a number divides into it exactly. ke HCF of with a calculator.
two or more numbers is the highest factor found in all
the sets of factors.
• Prime numbers have only two factors, 1 and the number
itself. ke number 1 is not a prime number.
• A prime factor is a number that is both a factor and a
prime number.
• All natural numbers that are not prime can be expressed
as a product of prime factors.
• Integers are also called directed numbers. ke sign of
an integer (− or +) indicates whether its value is above
or below 0.
• Mathematicians apply a standard set of rules to decide
the order in which operations must be carried out.
Operations in grouping symbols are worked out lrst,
then division and multiplication, then addition and
subtraction.

20 Unit 1: Number