Course Title: Introduction to Internet of Things (IOT)

Course Code: 22ETC15H/25H CIE Marks 50

Course Type SEE Marks 50
(Theory / Practical ETC Total Marks 100
/ Integrated)
Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P: S) 02:00:02:00 Exam Hours 03
Total Hours of Pedagogy 40 hours Credits 03
Teaching Department NT/Chem/Phys/Any QP setting NT/Chem/Phy
Engg. Branch s
Module-1 (8 hours of pedagogy)
Basics of Networking: Introduction, Network Types, Layered network models, Functional blocks of
IOT ecosystem, Applications of IoT devices
Emergence of IoT: Introduction, Evolution of IoT, Enabling IoT and the Complex
Interdependence ofTechnologies, IoT Networking Components
Module-2 (8 hours of pedagogy)
IoT Sensing and Actuation: Introduction, Sensors, Sensor Characteristics, Sensorial Deviations,
Sensing Types, Sensing Considerations, Actuators, Actuator Types, Actuator Characteristics.
Module-3 (8 hours of pedagogy)
IoT Processing Topologies and Types: Data Format, Importance of Processing in IoT, Processing
Topologies, IoT Device Design and Selection Considerations, Processing Offloading.
Module-4 (8 hours of pedagogy)
ASSOCIATED IOT TECHNOLOGIES
Cloud Computing: Introduction, Virtualization, Cloud Models, Service-Level Agreement in Cloud
Computing, Cloud Implementation, Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service., Introduction to Embedded
system and application(ARDUINO board)
IOT CASE STUDIES
Agricultural IoT – Introduction and Case Studies
Module-5 (8 hours of pedagogy)
IOT CASE STUDIES AND FUTURE TRENDS
Vehicular IoT – Introduction of Vehicular IoT, Healthcare IoT, Home automation, Smart energy
consumption and AI trained IoT devices – Case studies and IoT Analytics
 Module-1
Basics of Networking
Introduction
Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics
embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst
each other or with respect to the external environment. It is network of interconnected
computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and
receive data.
Main components used in IoT:
● Low-power embedded systems
● Sensors
● Control Units.
● Cloud computing
● Availability of big data
● Networking connection
Working with IoT Devices:
● Collect and Transmit Data.
● Actuate device based on triggers produced by sensors or processing devices : .
● Receive Information.
● Communication Assistance

a) Basics of Networking: Introduction, Network Types, Layered network models, functional

blocks of IOT ecosystem, Applications of IoT devices
b) Emergence of IoT: Introduction, Evolution of IoT, Enabling IoT and the Complex
Interdependence of Technologies, IoT Networking Components
Networking refers to the linking of computers and communication network devices which
interconnect through a network and are separated by unique device identifiers
The data transferred between host may be text, images or videos which are typically in the
form of binary bit streams
⮚ Network Types:
Computer networks are classified according to various parameters:
1) Type of connection,
2) Physical topology, and
3) Reach of the network
These classifications are helpful in deciding the requirements of a network setup and provide
insights into the appropriate selection of a network type for the setup.
1) Connection types
Depending on the way a host communicates with other hosts, computer networks are of two
types
(a) Point-to-point and
(b) Point-to-multipoint.
(a ) Point-to-point:
Point-to-point connections are used to establish direct connections between two hosts. Day-
to-day systems such as a remote control for an air conditioner or television is a point to point
connection, where the connection has the whole channel dedicated to it only. These networks
were designed to work over duplex links and are functional for both synchronous as well as
asynchronous systems.

(b) Point-to-multipoint:
In a point-to-multipoint connection, more than two hosts share the same link. This type of
configuration is similar to the one-to-many connection type. Point-to-multipoint connections
find popular use in wireless networks and IP telephony. The channel is shared between the
various hosts either spatially or temporally. Each of the spectral and temporal sharing
approaches has various schemes and protocols for channel sharing in point-to-multipoint
networks.

2) Physical topology :
Depending on the physical manner in which communication paths between the hosts are
connected, computer networks can have the following four broad topologies
(a) Star,
(b) Mesh,
(c) Bus, and
(d) Ring.
(a) Star:
In a star topology, every host has a point-to-point link to a central controller or hub. The hosts
cannot communicate with one another directly; they can only do so through the central hub.
The hub acts as the network traffic exchange. For large-scale systems, the hub, essentially, has
to be a powerful server to handle all the simultaneous traffic flowing through it. However, as
there are fewer links (only one link per host), this topology is cheaper and easier to set up. The
main advantages of the star topology are easy installation and the ease of fault identification
within the network. If the central hub remains uncompromised, link failures between a host
and the hub do not have a big effect on the network, except for the host that is affected.
However, the main disadvantage of this topology is the danger of a single point of failure. If
the hub fails, the whole network fails.
(b) Mesh:
In a mesh topology, every host is connected to every other host using a dedicated link (in a
point-to-point manner). This implies that for n hosts in a mesh, there are a total of n(n−1)/2
dedicated full duplex links between the hosts. This massive number of links makes the mesh
topology expensive. However, it offers certain specific advantages over other topologies.
Advantages of this type:
(1) The robustness and resilience of the system. Even if a link is down or broken, the network
is still fully functional as there remain other pathways for the traffic to flow through.
(2) The security and privacy of the traffic as the data is only seen by the intended recipients
and not by all members of the network.
(3) The reduced data load on a single host, as every host in this network takes care of its traffic
load.
However, owing to the complexities in forming physical connections between devices and the
cost of establishing these links, mesh networks are used very selectively, such as in backbone
networks.

(c) Bus:
A bus topology follows the point-to-multipoint connection. A backbone cable or bus serves as
the primary traffic pathway between the hosts. The hosts are connected to the main bus
employing drop lines or taps. The main advantage of this topology is the ease of installation.
However, there is a restriction on the length of the bus and the number of hosts that can be
simultaneously connected to the bus due to signal loss over the extended bus. The bus
topology has a simple cabling procedure in which a single bus (backbone cable) can be used
for an organization. Multiple drop lines and taps can be used to connect various hosts to the
bus, making installation very easy and cheap. However, the main drawback of this topology
is the difficulty in fault localization within the network.
(d) Ring:
A ring topology works on the principle of a point-to-point connection. Here, each host is
configured to have a dedicated point-to-point connection with its two immediate neighboring
hosts on either side of it through repeaters at each host. The repetition of this system forms a
ring. The repeaters at each host capture the incoming signal intended for other hosts,
regenerates the bit stream, and passes it onto the next repeater. Fault identification and set up
of the ring topology is quite simple and straightforward. However, the main disadvantage of
this system is the high probability of a single point of failure. If even one repeater fails, the
whole network goes down.

Comparison of different types of Topology:

3) Network reachability:
Computer networks are divided into four broad categories based on

Topology Feature Advantage Disadvantage

Single point of failure;

Point to Cheap ; ease of installation; ease
Star traffic visible to network
Point of fault identification
entitles

Resilient against single point of

Point to
Mesh failures ; scalable; traffic privacy Costly; complex connections
Point
and security ensured

Length of backbone cable

Point to limited; number of hosts
Bus Ease of installation ; cheap
Multipoint limited; hard to localize
faults

Point to Ease of installation; Cheap; ease Prone to single point of

Ring
Point of fault identification failure
Network reachability: personal area networks, local area networks, wide area networks, and
metropolitan area networks.

(i) Personal Area Networks (PAN): PANs, as the name suggests, are mostly restricted to
individual usage. A good example of PANs may be connected wireless headphones,
wireless speakers, laptops, smartphones, wireless keyboards, wireless mouse, and
printers within a house. Generally, PANs are wireless networks, which make use of low-
range and low-power technologies such as Bluetooth. The reachability of PANs lies in the
range of a few centimeters to a few meters.
(ii) Local Area Networks (LAN): A LAN is a collection of hosts linked to a single network
through wired or wireless connections. However, LANs are restricted to buildings,
organizations, or campuses. Typically, a few leased lines connected to the Internet provide
web access to the whole organization or a campus; the lines are further redistributed to
multiple hosts within the LAN enabling hosts. The hosts are much more in number than
the actual direct lines to the Internet to access the web from within the organization. This
also allows the organization to define various access control policies for web access within
its hierarchy. Typically, the present-day data access rates within the LANs range from 100
Mbps to 1000 Mbps, with very high fault-tolerance levels. Commonly used network
components in a LAN are servers, hubs, routers, switches, terminals, and computers.
(iii) Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): The reachability of a MAN lies between that of a
LAN and a WAN. Typically, MANs connect various organizations or buildings within a
given geographic location or city. An excellent example of a MAN is an Internet service
provider (ISP) supplying Internet connectivity to various organizations within a city. As
MANs are costly, they may not be owned by individuals or even single organizations.
Typical networking devices/components in MANs are modems and cables. MANs tend
to have moderate fault tolerance levels.
(iv) Wide Area Networks (WAN): WANs typically connect diverse geographic locations.
However, they are restricted within the boundaries of a state or country. The data rate of
WANs is in the order of a fraction of LAN’s data rate. Typically, WANs connecting two
LANs or MANs may use public switched telephone networks (PSTNs) or satellite-based
links. Due to the long transmission ranges, WANs tend to have more errors and noise
 during transmission and are very costly to maintain. The fault tolerance of WANs are also
generally low
⮚ Layered Network Models
Two of the most commonly accepted and used traditional layered network models are the
open systems interconnection developed by the International Organization of Standardization
(ISO-OSI) reference model and the Internet protocol suite.
OSI Model: The ISO-OSI model is a conceptual framework that partitions any networked
communication device into seven layers of abstraction, each performing distinct tasks based
on the underlying technology and internal structure of the hosts.
These seven layers, from bottom-up, are as follows:
1) Physical layer,
2) Data link layer,
3) Network layer,
4) Transport layer,
5) Session layer,
6) Presentation layer, and
7) Application layer.
The major highlights of each of these layers are explained in this section.
(i) Physical Layer:
This is a media layer and is also referred to as layer 1 of the OSI model. The physical layer is
responsible for taking care of the electrical and mechanical operations of the host at the actual
physical level. These operations include or deal with issues relating to signal generation,
signal transfer, voltages, the layout of cables, physical port layout, line impedances, and signal
loss. This layer is responsible for the topological layout of the network (star, mesh, bus, or
ring), communication mode (simplex, duplex, full duplex), and bit rate control operations.
The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as a symbol.
(ii) Data Link Layer:
This is a media layer and layer 2 of the OSI model. The data link layer is mainly concerned
with the establishment and termination of the connection between two hosts, and the
detection and correction of errors during communication between two or more connected
hosts. IEEE 802 divides the OSI layer 2 further into two sub-layers [2]: Medium access control
(MAC) and logical link control (LLC). MAC is responsible for access control and permissions
for connecting networked devices; whereas LLC is mainly tasked with error checking, flow
control, and frame synchronization. The protocol data unit associated with this layer is
referred to as a frame.
(iii) Network Layer:
This layer is a media layer and layer 3 of the OSI model. It provides a means of routing data
to various hosts connected to different networks through logical paths called virtual circuits.
These logical paths may pass through other intermediate hosts (nodes) before reaching the
actual destination host. The primary tasks of this layer include addressing, sequencing of
packets, congestion control, and error handling, and Internetworking. The protocol data unit
associated with this layer is referred to as a packet.
(iv) Transport Layer:
This is layer 4 of the OSI model and is a host layer. The transport layer is tasked with end-to-
end error recovery and flow control to achieve a transparent transfer of data between hosts.
This layer is responsible for keeping track of acknowledgments during variable-length data
transfer between hosts. In case of loss of data, or when no acknowledgment is received, the
transport layer ensures that the particular erroneous data segment is re-sent to the receiving
host. The protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as a segment or datagram.
(v) Session Layer:
This is the OSI model’s layer 5 and is a host layer. It is responsible for establishing, controlling,
and terminating of communication between networked hosts. The session layer sees full
utilization during operations such as remote procedure calls and remote sessions. The
protocol data unit associated with this layer is referred to as data.
(vi) Presentation Layer:
This layer is a host layer and layer 6 of the OSI model. It is mainly responsible for data
format conversions and encryption tasks such that the syntactic compatibility of the data is
maintained across the network, for which it is also referred to as the syntax layer. The protocol
data unit associated with this layer is referred to as data.
(vii) Application Layer:
This is layer 6 of the OSI model and is a host layer. It is directly accessible by an end-user
through software APIs (application program interfaces) and terminals. Applications such as
file transfers, FTP (file transfer protocol), e-mails, and other such operations are initiated from
this layer. The application layer deals with user authentication, identification of
communication hosts, quality of service, and privacy. The protocol data unit associated with
this layer is referred to as data.
 Fig: Networked communication between two hosts following the OSI model.
TCP/IP model:
Internet protocol suite The Internet protocol suite is yet another conceptual framework that
provides levels of abstraction for ease of understanding and development of communication
and networked systems on the Internet. However, the Internet protocol suite predates the OSI
model and provides only four levels of abstraction: 1) Link layer, 2) Internet layer, 3) transport
layer, and 4) application layer. The TCP/IP protocol suite comprises the following four layers:
(i) Link Layer:
The first and base layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite is also known as the network interface
layer. This layer is synonymous with the collective physical and data link layer of the OSI
model. It enables the transmission of TCP/IP packets over the physical medium.
According to its design principles, the link layer is independent of the medium in use,
frame format, and network access, enabling it to be used with a wide range of technologies
such as the Ethernet, wireless LAN, and the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM).
(ii) Internet Layer:
Layer 2 of the TCP/IP protocol suite is somewhat synonymous to the network layer of the
OSI model. It is responsible for addressing, address translation, data packaging, data
disassembly and assembly, routing, and packet delivery tracking operations. Some core
protocols associated with this layer are address resolution protocol (ARP), Internet
protocol (IP), Internet control message protocol (ICMP), and Internet group management
protocol (IGMP). Traditionally, this layer was built upon IPv4, which is gradually shifting
to IPv6, enabling the accommodation of a much more significant number of addresses and
security measures.
(iii) Transport Layer:
Layer 3 of the TCP/IP protocol suite is functionally synonymous with the transport layer of
the OSI model. This layer is tasked with the functions of error control, flow control,
congestion control, segmentation, and addressing in an end-to-end manner; it is also
 independent of the underlying network. Transmission control protocol (TCP) and user
datagram protocol (UDP) are the core protocols upon which this layer is built, which in
turn enables it to have the choice of providing connection-oriented or connectionless
services between two or more hosts or networked devices. Basics of Networking 15
(iv) Application Layer:
Layer 4, of the TCP/IP protocol suite are synonymous with the collective functionalities of
the OSI model’s session, presentation, and application layers. This layer enables an end-
user to access the services of the underlying layers and defines the protocols for the
transfer of data. Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), file transfer protocol (FTP), simple
mail transfer protocol (SMTP), domain name system (DNS), routing information protocol
(RIP), and simple network management protocol (SNMP) are some of the core protocols
associated with this layer.

Definition of IOT- The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these
objects to collect and exchange data
⮚ Functional blocks of IOT ecosystem:
Basic building blocks of IoT system include –sensors, processors, gateways, applications. Each
of these nodes has to have their own characteristics in order to form a useful IoT system

Sensors:
These form the front end of the IoT devices. These are the so called “Things” of the system.
Their main purpose is to collect data from its surrounding (sensors) or give out data to its
surrounding (actuators). These have to be uniquely identifiable devices with a unique IP
address so that they can be easily identifiable over a large network. These have to be active in
nature which means that they should be able to collect real time data. These can either work
on their own (autonomous in nature) or can be made to work by the user depending on their
needs (user controlled). Examples of sensors are: gas sensor, water quality sensor, moisture
sensor etc.
Processors:
Processors are the brain of the IoT system. Their main function is to process the data captured
by the sensors and process them so as to extract the valuable data from the enormous amount
of raw data collected. In a word, we can say that it gives intelligence to the data. Processors
mostly work on real-time basis and can be easily controlled by applications. These are also
responsible for securing the data – that is performing encryption and decryption of data.
Embedded hardware devices, microcontroller etc are the ones that process the data because
they have processors attached to it.
Gateways:
Gateways are responsible for routing the processed data and send it to proper locations for its
(data) proper utilization. In other words, we can say that gateway helps in to and fro
communication of the data. It provides network connectivity to the data. Network
connectivity is essential for any IoT system to communicate. LAN, WAN, PAN etc are
examples of network gateways.
Applications:
Applications form another end of an IoT system. Applications are essential for proper
utilization of all the data collected. Examples of applications are: home automation apps,
security systems, industrial control hub etc.
HOW IOT WORKS
First, it acquires information with respect to basic resources (names, addresses and so on) and
related attributes of objects by means of automatic identification and perception technologies
such as RFID, wireless sensor and satellite positioning, in other words the sensors, RFID tags
and all other uniquely identifiable objects or "things" acquire real- time information (data)
with the virtue of a central hub like smart phones.
Second, by virtue of many kinds of communications technologies, it integrates object-related
information into the information network and realizes the intelligent indexing and integration
of the information related to masses of objects by resorting to fundamental resource services
(similar to the resolution, addressing and discovery of the internet).
Finally, utilizing intelligent computing technologies such as cloud computing, fuzzy
recognition, data mining and semantic analysis, it analyzes and processes the information
related to masses of objects so as to eventually realize intelligent decision and control in the
physical world.
⮚ Applications of IoT devices:
1). Smart Homes
One of the best and the most practical applications of IoT, smart homes really take both,
convenience and home security, to the next level. Though there are different levels at which
IoT is applied for smart homes, the best is the one that blends intelligent utility systems and
entertainment together. For instance, electricity meter with an IoT device giving you insights
into your everyday water usage, Automatic Illumination Systems, Advanced Locking
Systems, and Connected Surveillance Systems all fit into this concept of smart homes. As IoT
evolves, It can be sure that most of the devices will become smarter, enabling enhanced home
security.
2). Self-driven Cars.
The cars use several sensors and embedded systems connected to the Cloud and the internet
to keep generating data and sending them to the Cloud for informed decision-making through
Machine Learning. Though it will take a few more years for the technology to evolve
completely and for countries to amend laws and policies, what we’re witnessing right now is
one of the best applications of IoT.
3). Farming:
Farming is one sector that will benefit the most from the Internet of Things. With so many
developments happening on tools farmers can use for agriculture, the future is sure
promising. Tools are being developed for Drip Irrigation, understanding crop patterns, Water
Distribution, drones for Farm Surveillance, and more. These will allow farmers to come up
with a more productive yield and take care of the concerns better.
4) Smart Grids:
One of the many useful IoT examples, a smart grid, is a holistic solution that applies an
extensive range of Information Technology resources that enable existing and new gridlines
to reduce electricity waste and cost. A future smart grid improves the efficiency, reliability,
and economics of electricity.
5) Industrial Internet
The Industrial Internet of Things consists of interconnected sensors, instruments, and other
devices connected with computers’ industrial applications like manufacturing, energy
management, etc. While still being unpopular in comparison to IoT wearables and other uses,
market researchers like Gartner, Cisco, etc., believe the industrial internet to have the highest
overall potential.
6) Traffic Management
Car traffic management in large cities can be greatly improved with the help of the Internet of
Things (IoT). The Internet of Things helps us stay informed and improves traffic monitoring
by allowing us to use our mobile phones as sensors to collect and share data from our vehicles
through apps like Waze or Google Maps. This feeds and improves the data on the various
routes to the same destination, distance, and estimated arrival time.
Analysis of traffic patterns over a long period is another IoT application. It provides an idea
of what might happen during peak hours. Commuters will be better prepared to avoid traffic
and delays by being made aware of possible alternatives.
7) Water/ Waste Management
Many cities are adopting water recycling using water treatment units. Using an IoT
application, you can see how much wastewater is being produced, how much is being
consumed in a specific area, and how waste production is changing over time.
We can effectively deal with this problem using Internet of Things applications and smart
sensor technology. With a smart waste management system, authorities will be able to predict
how much waste will be generated in a specific location, how to properly process it, when to
clear it, and how to analyze data for future planning, among other things.
An overview of waste generated in every neighborhood and how much waste is generated
over time can be easily assessed using analytics solutions. This data will be used to plan the
city’s expansion and upgrade projects. Smart analytics solutions can be used to manage waste
collection and treatment fleets, as well as to predict future trends.

Emergence of IoT
Introduction
The modern-day advent of network-connected devices has given rise to the popular paradigm
of the Internet of Things (IoT). Each second, the present-day Internet allows massively
heterogeneous traffic through it. This network traffic consists of images, videos, music,
speech, text, numbers, binary codes, machine status, banking messages, data from sensors and
actuators, healthcare data, data from vehicles, home automation system status and control
messages, military communications, and many more. This huge variety of data is generated
from a massive number of connected devices, which may be directly connected to the Internet
or connected through gateway devices. According to statistics from the Information Handling
Services , the total number of connected devices globally is estimated to be around 25 billion.
This figure is projected to triple within a short span of 5 years by the year 2025. Figure shows
the global trend and projection for connected devices worldwide.
One of the best examples of this explosion is the evolution of smartphones. In the late 1990’s,
cellular technology was still expensive and which could be afforded only by a select few
Moreover, these particular devices had only the basic features of voice calling, text messaging,
and sharing of low-quality multimedia. Within the next 10 years, cellular technology had
become common and easily affordable. With time, the features of these devices evolved, and
the dependence of various applications and services on these gadgets on packet-based
Internet accesses started rapidly increasing. The present-day mobile phones (commonly
referred to as smartphones) are more or less Internet-based. The range of applications on these
gadgets such as messaging, video calling, e-mails, games, music streaming, video streaming,
and others are solely dependent on network provider allocated Internet access or WiFi. The
original Internet intended for sending simple messages is now connected with all sorts of
“Things”. These things can be legacy devices, modern-day computers, sensors, actuators,
household appliances, toys, clothes, shoes, vehicles, cameras, and anything which may benefit
a product by increasing its scientific value, accuracy, or even its cosmetic value

Evolution of IoT
The sequence of technical developments toward the emergence of IoT are described in brief:

ATM: ATMs or automated teller machines are cash distribution machines, which are linked
to a user’s bank account. ATMs dispense cash upon verification of the identity of a user and
their account through a specially coded card. The central concept behind ATMs was the
availability of financial transactions even when banks were closed beyond their regular work
hours. These ATMs were ubiquitous money dispensers. The first ATM became operational
and connected online for the first time in 1974.
Web: World Wide Web is a global information sharing and communication platform. The
Web became operational for the first time in 1991. Since then, it has been massively responsible
for the many revolutions in the field of computing and communication.
Smart Meters: The earliest smart meter was a power meter, which became operational in early
2000. These power meters were capable of communicating remotely with the power grid.
They enabled remote monitoring of subscribers’ power usage and eased the process of billing
and power allocation from grids
Digital Locks: Digital locks can be considered as one of the earlier attempts at connected
home-automation systems. Present-day digital locks are so robust that smartphones can be
used to control them. Operations such as locking and unlocking doors, changing key codes,
including new members in the access lists, can be easily performed, and that too remotely
using smartphones
Connected Healthcare: Here, healthcare devices connect to hospitals, doctors, and relatives
to alert them of medical emergencies and take preventive measures. The devices may be
simple wearable appliances, monitoring just the heart rate and pulse of the wearer, as well as
regular medical devices and monitors in hospitals. The connected nature of these systems
makes the availability of medical records and test results much faster, cheaper, and convenient
for both patients as well as hospital authorities.
Connected Vehicles: Connected vehicles may communicate to the Internet or with other
vehicles, or even with sensors and actuators contained within it. These vehicles self-diagnose
themselves and alert owners about system failures.
Smart Cities: This is a city-wide implementation of smart sensing, monitoring, and actuation
systems. The city-wide infrastructure communicating amongst themselves enables unified
and synchronized operations and information dissemination. Some of the facilities which may
benefit are parking, transportation, and others.
Smart Dust: These are microscopic computers. Smaller than a grain of sand each, they can be
used in numerous beneficial ways, where regular computers cannot operate. For example,
smart dust can be sprayed to measure chemicals in the soil or even to diagnose problems in
the human body.
Smart Factories: These factories can monitor plant processes, assembly lines, distribution
lines, and manage factory floors all on their own. The reduction in mishaps due to human
errors in judgment or unoptimized processes is drastically reduced
UAVs: UAVs or unmanned aerial vehicles have emerged as robust publicdomain solutions
tasked with applications ranging from agriculture, surveys, surveillance, deliveries, stock
maintenance, asset management, and other tasks.
Interdependencies of IoT
Figure shows the various technological interdependencies of IoT with other domains and
networking paradigms such as M2M, CPS, the Internet of environment (IoE), the Internet of
people (IoP), and Industry 4.0.
(i) M2M: The M2M or the machine-to-machine paradigm signifies a system of connected
machines and devices, which can talk amongst themselves without human intervention.
The communication between the machines can be for updates on machine status (stocks,
health, power status, and others), collaborative task completion, overall knowledge of the
systems and the environment, and others
(ii) CPS: The CPS or the cyber physical system paradigm insinuates a closed control loop—
from sensing, processing, and finally to actuation—using a feedback mechanism. CPS
helps in maintaining the state of an environment through the feedback control loop, which
ensures that until the desired state is attained, the system keeps on actuating and sensing.
Humans have a simple supervisory role in CPS-based systems; most of the ground-level
operations are automated.
(iii) IoE: The IoE paradigm is mainly concerned with minimizing and even reversing the ill-
effects of the permeation of Internet-based technologies on the environment [3]. The major
focus areas of this paradigm include smart and sustainable farming, sustainable and
energy-efficient habitats, enhancing the energy efficiency of systems and processes, and
others. In brief, we can safely assume that any aspect of IoT that concerns and affects the
environment, falls under the purview of IoE
(iv) Industry 4.0: Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution
pertaining to digitization in the manufacturing industry. The previous revolutions
chronologically dealt with mechanization, mass production, and the industrial revolution,
respectively. This paradigm strongly puts forward the concept of smart factories, where
machines talk to one another without much human involvement based on a framework of
CPS and IoT. The digitization and connectedness in Industry 4.0 translate to better
resource and workforce management, optimization of production time and resources, and
better upkeep and lifetimes of industrial systems.
(v) IoP: IoP is a new technological movement on the Internet which aims to decentralize
online social interactions, payments, transactions, and other tasks while maintaining
confidentiality and privacy of its user’s data. A famous site for IoP states that as the
introduction of the Bitcoin has severely limited the power of banks and governments, the
acceptance of IoP will limit the power of corporations, governments, and their spy
agencies [4].
IoT versus M2M
M2M network comprises of machines which have embedded hardware modules for sensing,
actuation and communication. The major difference between IoT and M2M is that M2M is
used to make the connection between multiple devices whereas IoT is used to make
connections of devices for internet

M2M IOT
Machine to machine Internet of things
It is about direct machine to machine It is about sensor automation and
communication internet platform
It supports point to point
It supports cloud based communication
communication
Device not necessary relay on internet Device necessary relay on internet
Machine normally communicates with Many user can access at a time over
single machines at a time internet
It uses non IP based protocols, eg
It uses IP based protocols, eg, http, DPS
zigbee, bluetooth, mobiles
It is less scalable It is less scalable
It communicates through cellular or It communicates through standard
wired network based IP network
Data collected is shared with other
Data collected is not shared with other
applications which improves end user
applications
experience

IoT versus CPS

CPS consists of a collection of computing devices that communicate with each other and
interact with the physical world via sensors and actuators in a feedback loop. Cyber-physical
Systems are a collection of physical and computer components connected together in a
network
Some of the most exciting and advanced innovations today are cyber-physical Systems.
Examples include autonomous cars, quad-copters, smart grid, robotic systems, industrial
control systems, smart lighting systems, and more.
The difference between CPS and IoT is that CPS is focused on the interaction between physical
and cyber systems, while IoT is focused on connecting physical objects to the Internet
IoT versus WOT

Cyber - Physical System IoT

A system that combines physics with cyber A catch all term or the growing number of
components , potentially networked and physical devices around the world that are
tightly interconnected connected to the internet ad each other

It seamlessly integrates computation , Comprises things or objects that have unique

networking and physical processes identities and are connected to the internet

Sensors and actuators work in the feedback It is purely automation meaning no human
loop using human intervention assistance is required

IoT limitations :
When you want to integrate devices from various manufacturer into a single application or
system, you face difficulty during effective together communication of all connected things.
It is challenging to build a single communication platform which acts seamlessly with many
Things trying to communicate with one another in different ways. Many developers tried to
develop completely new platforms of communication where all devices can communicate
effectively, however, this is time - consuming.

IoT WoT

IoT is network of things , which are anything WoT is web network created for proper
that can be connected in some form to the handling and using the potential of IoT
internet platforms to provide better future

IoT is hardware layer to connect everything to WoT is software layer to connect everything to
the internet the web

IoT deals with sensors, actuators, computation WoT deals with protocols and web servers. All
and communication interface. From a box of those applications for IoT devices make up the
oranges to an RFID tag, to a smart city and to WoT
everything in between, all these digitally
augmented objects make up the IoT

There is different protocol for each and every WoT makes it easy by using single protocol for
IoT devices multiple IoT devices

IoT platforms are hard to program due to Due to common Api’s to handle the protocol
multiple protocols WoT programming is easier

IoT standards and prototypes are not public. WoT is free for everyone and can be accessed
They are privately funded and not publicly anywhere and anytime
accessible . Insecure data transmission

IoT is tightly coupled between the applications whereas WoT in application layer ids loosely
and networks coupled
Web of Things (WoT) :
The web is an already established system that can allow all Thing to communicate with each
other. The web may be used as a type of application where all Things can communicate
together in the most efficient manner. “The Web of Things (WoT) is a term used to describe
approaches, software architectural styles and programming patterns that allow real-world
objects to be a part of the world.”
Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies
IoT is a paradigm built upon complex interdependencies of technologies which occur at
various planes of this paradigm. Regarding Figure we can divide the IoT paradigm into four
planes:
1) services
2) local connectivity
3) global connectivity, and
4) processing

1) The services offered in this layer are a combination of things and lowpower connectivity.
The things may be wearables, computers, smartphones, household appliances, smart glasses,
factory 86 Introduction to Internet of Things machinery, vending machines, vehicles, UAVs,
robots, and other such contraptions (which may even be just a sensor).
The immediate low-power connectivity, which is responsible for connecting the things in local
implementation, may be legacy protocols such as WiFi, Ethernet, or cellular. In contrast,
modern-day technologies are mainly wireless and often programmable such as Zigbee, RFID,
Bluetooth, 6LoWPAN, LoRA, DASH, Insteon, and others
2) The local connectivity is responsible for distributing Internet access to multiple local IoT
deployments. This distribution may be on the basis of the physical placement of the things,
on the basis of the application domains, or even on the basis of providers of services.
Services such as address management, device management, security, sleep scheduling, and
others fall within the scope of this plane
3) Global connectivity plays a significant role in enabling IoT in the real sense by allowing
for worldwide implementations and connectivity between things, users, controllers, and
applications.
This plane also falls under the purview of IoT management as it decides how and when to
store data, when to process it, when to forward it, and in which form to forward it. The Web,
data-centers, remote servers, Cloud, and others make up this plane
4) The final plane of processing can be considered as a top-up of the basic IoT networking
framework. The continuous rise in the usefulness and penetration of IoT in various
application areas such as industries, transportation, healthcare, and others is the result of this
plane
The various sub-domains of this plane include intelligence,
a) conversion
b)l earning
c) cognition
d) algorithms
e) visualization
f) analysis
IoT Networking Components
IoT network, into six types:
1) IoT node
2) IoT router
3) IoT LAN
4) IoT WAN
5) IoT gateway
6) IoT proxy