INTELLI G ENCE

INTELLIGENCE
• Intelligence came from Latin word intelligere “to understand”

• Intelligence is a key construct employed to know how individual differ from one another.

• It also provides an understanding of how people adapt their behaviour according to the
environment which they live.

• Intelligence is the ability of an individual to cope with this environment .

• Intelligence characterizes the whole behaviour of an individual and is sum of her/his abilities which
are quantitatively differentiable.
DEFINITIONS OF INTELLIGENCE
• Intelligence is the ability to judge well, reason well and act well (Binet).

• Intelligence is the global or aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act

purposefully, and to deal effectively with her/his environment (Wechsler).

• Intelligence is the capacity to learn and adjust to relatively new and changing conditions
(Wagnon).

• Intelligence is the ability to adapt, to shape and select environment to accomplish one’s goals
and those of one’s society and culture (Sternberg).
NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE
• It is an innate mental ability which grows and influenced by the environment.

• It shows the capacity to adapt to a new or changed situation quickly and correctly.

• It is the ability to carry on higher mental processes such as reasoning, criticism, rational
and judgement.

• It shows the capacity to observe the relationship and absurdities.

• It implies the capacity to learn and solve difficult tasks and problems.
 TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE
1. CONCRETE/MECHANICAL INTELLIGENCE
- is applicable for using machines, tools and instruments.
EX. Mechanics, engineers are concrete intelligent.

2. SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
- is the ability to understand social situations and act wisely in human relationship.
- socially intelligent people know the art of winning friends and influence them.
EX. Leaders, ministers, salesmen, and diplomats are socially intelligent.

3. ABSTRACT and GENERAL INTELLIGENCE

- it is the ability to respond to words, numbers, and letters etc.
- it is required from study of books literature.
EX. Teachers, lawyers, doctors and philosophers
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
• First called social intelligence

• The ability to perceive, understand, and regulate emotions.

• Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ.

• It is basis of the empathy for others , self awareness, and social skills e.g. eye contact, flexibility
and cooperation.

• It helps in building the therapeutic relationship with patient.

 INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ)
• The abbreviation “IQ” was coined by the psychologist William Stern.

• The idea of intelligence quotient was utilized first in 1916 by Binnet and Simon test.

• Binnet and Simon used mental age to distinguish “bright” from “dull” children.

• IQ is the ratio between the metal age and chronological age.

IQ = MA/CA 1 x 100

Ex. A 6 years old boy with the mental age of 4.

IQ = 4/6 x 100 = 66.6
CLASSIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL
ACCORDING TO IQ
• The individual, those who perform more than
average of their age have IQ more than 100.

• And those perform less than average of their

age have IQ less than 100.
 MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
• According to Howard Gardner there are eight types of intelligence.

• The theory of multiple intelligences differentiates human intelligence into specific ‘modalities’,
rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability.

• Howard Gardner proposed this model in his 1983 book Frames of Mind: Theory of Multiple
Intelligences
GARDNER’S MULTIPLE
INTELLIGENCES
• Visual/Spatial
• Verbal/Linguistic
• Logical/Mathematical
• Bodily/Kinesthetic
• Musical/Rhythic
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Natural
LINGUISTIC INTELLIGENCE
• It’s the ability to use the words effectively
when writing or speaking.

• It can improve reading the best authors of the

language and having a dictionary near when
reading

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Political or religious leaders, poets or writes
LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL
INTELLIGENCE
• It is the ability to make quickly calculations, formulate
and verify hypothesis and use the scientific method.

• It can improve solving abstract problems, doing

mental calculations and with numeric games, among
other.

PROFESSIONAL PROFILE:
Scientist, Engineer, Mathematician
SPATIAL OR VISUAL INTELLIGENCE
• It is the abilities to present his ideas visually, create mental
images, perceive visual details, draw and make sketches.

• It can improve artistic activities, mental maps, visuals,

metaphor etc.

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Artist, Photographer, Architect, Designer, among other.
MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE
• It’s the ability to listen, sing, play
instruments as well as analyze
sound in general.

• It can improve singing, playing

instruments, listening to music,
attending concerts, etc.

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Singer, composer, musical critic, among
other.
BODILY KINESTHETIC
INTELLIGENCE
• It’s the ability to do activities that require strength,
speed, flexibility, hand eye coordination and balance.

• It can improve with manual activities, theater, dance,

relaxation and sports.

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Sculptor, surgeon, actor, model, dancer, sportsman,
among other.
INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE
• It’s the ability to set goals, evaluate skills and
personal disadvantages and control own
thinking.

• It can improve with individualized instruction,

self-esteem activities, newspaper writing,
individual projects and meditation.

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Mature individuals who are self-aware.
INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE
• It’s the ability to work with people, help people
identify and overcome problems.

• It can improve with cooperative learning, tutorials,

board games and theater materials.

PROFESSIONAL PROFILES:
Administrator, Psychologist, teacher, therapist,
attorney
FACTORS AFFECTING
INTELLIGENCE
 Heredity and environment.

 Age

 Health and Physical Development

 Culture

 Social and Economic Conditions

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
UNI OR ONE FACTOR THEORY
- Some psychologists believe intelligence is a basic ability that affects
performance on all cognitively oriented tasks. Will do well in computing
mathematical problems, analyzing poetry, taking history essay
examinations, and solving riddles
 THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
 TWO FACTOR THEORY:
- Two factor theory was developed by Charles Spearman (father of factor analysis) in 1927.
- Intellectual abilities were comprised of two factors: one general ability or common ability known as ‘G’ factor
and the other a group of specific abilities known as ‘S’ factor.
- ‘G’ factor is universal inborn ability. Greater ‘G’ in an individual leads to greater success in life.
- ‘S’ factor is acquired from the environment. It varies from activity to activity in the same individual.
- These specific abilities maybe represented as: S1, S2, S3 etc.

According to this theory:

An individual’s total intelligence (A) is the sum of the general factor (G) and all his specific abilities (S). These
can be expressed as: A=G+S1+S2+S3+…..
G FACTOR VS. S FACTOR
GROUP FACTOR OR MULTIFACTOR
THEORY
• This theory was advocated by LL Thurstone in 1938

• This theory rejected General Intelligence.

• This theory considers intelligence a combination of numerous separate factors.

• Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone’s theory focus on

seven primary mental abilities.
THURSTONE 7 FACTORS
1. The Verbal Factor (V) – found in tests involving Verbal Comprehension.
2. The Spatial Factor (S) – ability to imagine an object in space.
3. The Number Factor (N) – ability to do Numerical Calculations rapidly and accurately.
4. Memory Factor (M) – involving ability to memorize quickly.
5. The Reasoning Factor (R) – found in tasks that require a subject to discover a rule or
principle involved in a series or groups of letters.
6. The Perceptual Factor (P) – ability to perceive objects accurately.
7. The Problem solving Factor (PS) – ability to solve problems independently.

Based on these factors Thurstone constructed a new test of intelligence known as: “Test of
Primary Mental Abilities” (PMA).
STERNBERG’S TRIACHARIC THEORY
Three aspects of intelligence:

Componential:
• Analytical thinking “book smart”

Experiential Thinking:
• Creative thinking and characterizes the person who can separate elements of
experience and combine them insightfully.

Contextual:
• “street smart” one who know how to play the game and can successfully
manipulate environment.
ANY QUESTIONS
???
THANK YOU!!!