If 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 then

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛𝜋 = ( − + − + ⋯) − ( − + − +⋯)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝜋 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−3 𝑛−4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛𝜋 = ( − + − +⋯)−( − + − +⋯)
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−3 𝑛−4
𝜋
⇒ = Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛)
sin 𝑛𝜋
𝜋
Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) =
sin 𝑛𝜋
Chapter Ix
Length of curves
Length of curves for Cartesian equation:

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑦 2
2 √
= sec 𝜓 = √1 + tan 𝜓 = 1 + ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Chapter x
Area and volume of curves and surface of revolution
𝑥2 𝑦2
Problem 1: Find the area of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 between the major and minor axes
Solution:
 Y

X
a

Area of the ellipse

𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
𝐴 = 4 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝑎
𝜋
Put 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0; 𝑥 → 𝑎, 𝜃 → 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2𝑏 2 2
𝐴 = 4∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃𝑎 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 4 ∫ 𝑎𝑏 cos 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎𝑏 ∫ (1 − cos 2𝜃 )𝑑𝜃
0 𝑎 0 0
𝜋
sin 2𝜃 2 𝜋
= 2𝑎𝑏 [𝜃 − ] = 2𝑎𝑏 ∙ = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
2 0 2
Problem 2: Find the area of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 bounded by 𝑥 = 4
Solution:

X=4
X

Area of the bounded region

4 4
1⁄ 2 3 4 8 3 64
𝐴 = 2 ∫ √4𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4√𝑎 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 4√𝑎 ∙ [𝑥 2 ] = √𝑎 ∙ 42 = √𝑎
0 0 3 0 3 3
Problem 3: Find the area of the loop of the curve 𝑥𝑦 2 + (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) = 0
Solution:

If 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −𝑎, −2𝑎 implies that the curve cut x axis at points 𝑥 = −𝑎, −2𝑎
The area of the loop is
−𝑎 −𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 (𝑥 + 2𝑎)
𝐴 = 2∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ √− 𝑑𝑥
−2𝑎 −2𝑎 𝑥
Put 𝑥 + 2𝑎 = 𝑧, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧; 𝑥 → −2𝑎, 𝑧 → 0; 𝑥 → −𝑎, 𝑧 → 𝑎
𝑎
𝑧
𝐴 = 2 ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑧)√ 𝑑𝑧
0 2𝑎 − 𝑧
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜋
Putting 𝑧 = 2𝑎 sin2 2 , 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑎 sin 2 cos 2 𝑑𝜃; 𝑧 → 0, 𝜃 → 0; 𝑧 → 𝑎, 𝜃 → 2
𝜋 𝜃 𝜋
2 sin 2 𝜃 𝜃 2
𝐴 = 2 ∫ 𝑎cos 𝜃 2𝑎 sin cos 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎2 ∫ cos 𝜃 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜃 2 2
0 cos 2 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2
= 2𝑎 ∫ (cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎 ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 2𝑎 ∫ cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 2 sin 2𝜃 2
= 2𝑎2 [sin 𝜃 ]02
− 𝑎2 ∫ (1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎2 − 𝑎2 [𝜃 + ]
0 2 0
2 2
𝜋 𝑎2
= 2𝑎 − 𝑎 = (4 − 𝜋)
2 2
Problem 4: Find the area above the x axis included between the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 and the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥
Solution:

The points of intersection of the curves are (0,0) and (𝑎, ±𝑎)
The required area is
𝑎 𝑎
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (√2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − √𝑎𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0
2 𝜋
Putting 𝑥 = 2𝑎 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃; 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0; 𝑥 → 𝑎, 𝜃 → 4
𝜋
𝑎 1
4
𝐴 = ∫ (√4𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 − 4𝑎2 sin4 𝜃 4𝑎 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ √𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋
4 2 3 𝑎
= 2𝑎2 ∫ 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − √𝑎 [𝑥 2 ]
0 3 0
𝜋
4 2 3
= 𝑎 ∫ 2 sin2 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − √𝑎𝑎2
2
0 3
𝜋 𝜋
4 2 sin 4𝜃 4 2 2
= 𝑎2 ∫ (1 − cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 [𝜃 − ] − 𝑎
0 3 4 0 3
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 ( − )
4 3 4 3
Problem 5: Find the area bounded by the cardioide 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃)
Solution:
The curve is symmetric about the initial line then the required area is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1
𝐴 = 2 ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑎2 (1 − cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎2 ∫ (1 − 2cos 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0 2 0 0

2[ 𝜋
𝑎 2 𝜋
2
𝑎2 sin 2𝜃 𝜋
= 𝑎 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 ]0 + ∫ (1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 𝜋 + [𝜃 + ]
2 0 2 2 0
𝑎2 𝜋 3𝑎2 𝜋
= 𝑎2 𝜋 + =
2 2

The solid of revolution, the axis of revolution is x axis:

Let a curve 𝐿𝑀 whose Cartesian equation is given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be rotated about the 𝑥 axis and form
a solid of revolution, let us consider the portion 𝐿𝐿′𝑀′𝑀 of this solid bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑥1 and 𝑥 =
𝑥2 . Consider a circular slices 𝑃𝑃′ with coordinates 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑃′(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦).
The volume of the slices with thickness ∆𝑥 is 𝜋𝑦 2 ∆𝑥
Hence total volume of the solid bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑥1 and 𝑥 = 𝑥2 is
 𝑥2
𝑉 = lim ∑ 𝜋𝑦 ∆𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
2
∆𝑥→0 𝑥1
Again the area of the slices is 2𝜋𝑦∆𝑠
Hence total surface area of the solid bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑥1 and 𝑥 = 𝑥2 is
𝑠2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = lim ∑ 2𝜋𝑦∆𝑠 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦√1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
∆𝑠→0 𝑠1 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥
Similarly if the axis of revolution is y axis:
𝑦2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1

𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑑𝑦
Problem 6: Find the volume and area of the curved surface of a paraboloid of revolution form by
revolving the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 about the 𝑥 axis bounded by 𝑥 = 4
Solution:

Here,
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
𝑦 = 2√𝑎𝑥, =√
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
The required volume is
4 4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 4𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [2𝑎𝑥 2 ]40 = 32𝑎
0 0
Also the required surface area is
 4
𝑑𝑦 2 4
𝑎 4
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫ √4𝑎𝑥 √1 + 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝜋√𝑎 ∫ √𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 0 𝑥 0
2 3 4 8𝜋 3 3
= 4𝜋 √𝑎 [(𝑎 + 𝑥 )2 ] = √𝑎 {(𝑎 + 4)2 − 𝑎2 }
3 0 3
Problem 7: Find the volume and area of the curved surface of the reel generated by the parabola
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 bounded by the latus rectum revolves about the tangent at vertex.
Solution:

Here the axis of revolution being 𝑦 axis and the extreme values of 𝑦 being ±2𝑎
The volume is
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
2
𝑦4 𝜋 𝑦5 𝜋 32𝑎5 32𝑎5
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑦 = [ ] = ( + )
−2𝑎 −2𝑎 16𝑎 16𝑎2 5 −2𝑎 16𝑎2 5 5
4𝜋𝑎3
=
5
The surface is
2𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑎 2
𝑦 𝑦2
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 ∫ √1 + 2 𝑑𝑦
−2𝑎 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎
𝜋 𝜋
Putting 𝑦 = 2𝑎 tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑎 sec2 𝜃𝑑𝜃; 𝑦 → −2𝑎, 𝜃 → − 4 , 𝑦 → 2𝑎, 𝜃 → 4
𝜋 𝜋
44𝑎2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 4𝑎2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 4
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ √1 +
2
2𝑎 sec2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 4𝜋𝑎2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 sec3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
−
𝜋 4𝑎 4𝑎 −
𝜋
4 4
𝜋
4
= 4𝜋𝑎2 ∫ (sec5 𝜃 − sec3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
4
𝜋
tan 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 1 𝜋 𝜃 4
= 4𝜋𝑎2 [ − − log tan ( + )]
4 8 8 4 2 −𝜋
4
 3 1 𝜋
= 4𝜋𝑎2 [ √2 − log cot ]
4 4 8

Problem 8: Find the volume and surface area of the solid generated by revolving the cycloid 𝑥 =
𝑎(𝜃 + sin 𝜃) , 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) about its base.
Solution:

The extreme values of 𝑥 are given by 𝜃 = ±𝜋 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑥 = ±𝑎𝜋

The required volume
𝑎𝜋
2 3
𝜋
3
𝜃 3
3
𝜋
2
𝑉 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋𝑎 ∫ (1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑎 ∫ (2 cos ) 𝑑𝜃
−𝑎𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋 2
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 𝜃 2
= 8𝜋𝑎 ∫ cos 𝑑𝜃 = 8𝜋𝑎3 ∙ 2 ∫ cos 6 𝑑𝜃 = 16𝜋𝑎3 ∫ cos 6 𝑢 ∙ 2𝑑𝑢
3 6
−𝜋 2 0 2 0
5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 𝜋
= 32𝜋𝑎3 ∙ = 5𝜋 2 𝑎3
6∙4∙2 2
The required surface area
𝜋
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦√𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) √{𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 }2 + {−𝑎 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 }2
−𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃
= 2𝜋𝑎2 ∫ (1 + cos 𝜃) √2(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 8𝜋𝑎2 ∫ cos 3 𝑑𝜃
−𝜋 −𝜋 2
𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2 64 2
= 8𝜋𝑎2 ∙ 2 ∫ cos 3 𝑢 2𝑑𝑢 = 32𝜋𝑎2 ∫ cos 3 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 32𝜋𝑎2 ∙1= 𝜋𝑎
0 0 3∙1 3

Problem 9: Find the volume and surface area of the solid generated by revolving the cardioide
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) about the initial line.
Solution:
The extreme points of curve are given by 𝜃 = 0, 𝜋
The required volume
𝜋
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑(𝑟 cos 𝜃)
0
𝜋
= 𝜋𝑎3 ∫ (1 − cos 𝜃 )2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑((1 − cos 𝜃) cos 𝜃)
0
𝜋
= 𝜋𝑎3 ∫ (1 − cos 𝜃 )2 sin2 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0
Putting 𝑧 = cos 𝜃, 𝑑𝑧 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃; 𝜃 → 0, 𝑧 → 1, 𝜃 → 𝜋, 𝑧 → −1
−1
= 𝜋𝑎 ∫ (1 − 𝑧)2 (1 − 𝑧 2 ) (1 − 2𝑧)𝑑𝑧
3
1
−1
= 𝜋𝑎3 ∫ (1 − 4𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 3 − 5𝑧 4 + 2𝑧 5 ) 𝑑𝑧
1

3
4 3 1 4
2 5
1 6 −1
= 𝜋𝑎 [𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 ]
3 2 3 1
4 1 1 4 1 1
= 𝜋𝑎3 [(−1 − 2 − + + 1 + ) − (1 − 2 + + − 1 + )]
3 2 3 3 2 3
8 8 8
= 𝜋𝑎3 (−2 − + 2) = − 𝜋𝑎3 = 𝜋𝑎3
3 3 3
The required surface area
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 √𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2
𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃√(𝑎 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃)2 + 𝑎2 (1 − cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 2
0
𝜋
2
= 2𝜋𝑎 ∫ (1 − cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃√2(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0
Putting 𝑧 = 1 − cos 𝜃, 𝑑𝑧 = sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃; 𝜃 → 0, 𝑧 → 0, 𝜃 → 𝜋, 𝑧 → 0
2
2 5 2
= 2𝜋𝑎2 √2 ∫ 𝑧√𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 2√2𝜋𝑎2 [𝑧 2 ]
0 5 0
32 2
= 𝜋𝑎
5