𝑛 1

1 1 1
= lim ∑ =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [tan−1 𝑥 ]10
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑟2 0 1 + 𝑥2
𝑟=1 1 +
𝑛2
𝜋
= tan−1 1 − tan−1 0 =
4
12 22 32 𝑛2
iii) lim [ 3 + + +⋯+ 3 ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 13 𝑛3 + 23 𝑛3 + 33 𝑛 + 𝑛3
12 22 32 𝑛2
𝑛2 2 2 2 2
= lim 3 [ 𝑛 3 + 𝑛 3 + 𝑛 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 3 ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 1 2 3 𝑛
1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2
𝑛 𝑟 1
1 𝑛 2 𝑥2 1
= lim ∑ 3 = ∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 = [log(1 + 𝑥 3 )]10
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑟 0 1 + 𝑥 3
𝑟=1 1 + 3
𝑛
1
= log 2
3

2 4 6 2𝑛
12 𝑛2 22 𝑛2 32 𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛 2
iv) lim [(1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 ) + ⋯ + (1 + 2 ) ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 2𝑟
𝑟 2 𝑛2
= lim ∑ (1 + 2 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑟=1
Let
𝑛 2𝑟
𝑟 2 𝑛2
𝐴 = lim ∑ (1 + 2 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑟=1
𝑛 2𝑟 𝑛 𝑛
𝑟 2 𝑛2 2𝑟 𝑟2 1 2𝑟 𝑟2
log 𝐴 = log lim ∑ (1 + 2 ) = ∑ lim 2 log (1 + 2 ) = ∑ lim log (1 + 2 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
1
= ∫ 2𝑥 log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
Put 1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑧, 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧, 𝑥 → 0, 𝑧 → 1; 𝑥 → 1, 𝑧 → 2
2
= ∫ log 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = [𝑧 log 𝑧 − 𝑧]12 = 2 log 2 − 2 + 1
1
4
= log 22 − 1 = log 4 − log 𝑒 = log
𝑒
4
∴𝐴=
𝑒
Chapter VII
General properties and reduction fomula
Some properties of definite integral:
 𝑏 𝑏
𝑖) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
𝑖𝑖) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
𝑖𝑣) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑎 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑛𝑎 𝑎
𝑣) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
0 0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑣𝑖) ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑎 0
= 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 ⁄2
√sin 𝑥
Problem 1: Integrate 𝑖) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) show that ∫02 log sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 log cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
√sin 𝑥+√cos 𝑥
𝜋 1 1 log(1+𝑥) 𝜋
log 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖) show that ∫0 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = 8 log 2
2
Solution:
𝜋
𝜋 ⁄2 𝜋 ⁄4 √sin ( − 𝑥)
√sin 𝑥 2
I=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥 0 𝜋 𝜋
√sin ( − 𝑥) + √cos ( − 𝑥)
2 2
𝜋 ⁄2
√cos 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥
𝜋 ⁄2 𝜋 ⁄2 𝜋 ⁄2
√sin 𝑥 √cos 𝑥 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥
∴ 2I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥 0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥 0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥
𝜋 ⁄2
⁄ 𝜋
2I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 ]𝜋0 2 =
0 2
𝜋
I=
4
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
𝑖𝑖) 𝐼 = ∫ log sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2 2 sin 2𝑥
2𝐼 = ∫ log sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ log cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log (sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0 2
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
= ∫ log sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ log 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑑𝑧 𝜋
Put 2𝑥 = 𝑧, 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑥 → 0, 𝑧 → 0; 𝑥 → , 𝑧 → 𝜋
2 2
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
1 2 𝜋
= ∫ log sin 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − [xlog 2]02 = ∫ log sin 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − log 2
2 0 0 2
 𝜋
2 𝜋 𝜋
= ∫ log sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − log 2 = 𝐼 − log 2
0 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1
∴ 𝐼 = − log 2 = log
2 2 2
1
log(1 + 𝑥)
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2
𝜋
Put 𝑥 = tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = sec2 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0; 𝑥 → 1, 𝜃 → 4
𝜋 𝜋
4 4 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫ log(1 + tan 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ log [1 + tan ( − 𝜃)] 𝑑𝜃
0 0 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 tan 4 − tan 𝜃 4 1 − tan 𝜃
= ∫ log [1 + 𝜋 ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ log [1 + ] 𝑑𝜃
0 1 + tan 4 tan 𝜃 0 1 + tan 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
4 1 + tan 𝜃 + 1 − tan 𝜃 4 2
= ∫ log [ ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ log [ ] 𝑑𝜃
0 1 + tan 𝜃 0 1 + tan 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 4 4
= ∫ log 2𝑑θ − ∫ log(1 + tan 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ log 2𝑑θ − 𝐼
0 0 0
𝜋
𝜋
2𝐼 = [𝜃 log 2]04 = log 2
4
𝜋
𝐼 = log 2
8
Theorem: state and prove walli’s formula for definite integral or show that
If 𝑛 be positive integer
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 3 1 𝜋
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 4 2 2
Or
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 4 2
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙1
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 5 3
According as 𝑛 is even or odd.
Proof:
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin𝑛−1 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥cos 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= sin𝑛−1 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥(1 − sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= −sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= −sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛

𝑛𝐼𝑛 = −sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

 𝜋 𝜋
−sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 (𝑛 − 1) 2 𝑛−2
𝐼𝑛 = [ ] + ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛 0
𝑛 0
(𝑛 − 1)
𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛
Similarly if we proceed we get
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 3 1
𝐼𝑛 = ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙𝐼
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 4 2 0
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 4 2
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙𝐼
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 5 3 1
according as 𝑛 is even or odd.
𝜋
𝜋
2 𝜋
𝐼0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 ]02 =
0 2
𝜋
2 𝜋
𝐼1 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− cos 𝑥 ]02 =1
0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
∴ ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛
0 0
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 3 1 𝜋
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 4 2 2
Or
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 4 2
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙1
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 5 3
according as 𝑛 is even or odd.

Theorem: If both m and n are even

𝜋
2 (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) ⋯ 3 ∙ 1(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ 3 ∙ 1 𝜋
∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙
0 (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2
If m is even and n is odd
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) ⋯ 3 ∙ 1(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ 4 ∙ 2
= ∙1
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1
If both m and n are odd
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) ⋯ 4 ∙ 2(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ 4 ∙ 2 1
= ∙
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2

1
Problem 2: Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 6 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Put 𝑥 = sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0, 𝑥 → 1, 𝜃 → 𝜋/2
𝜋 𝜋
1
2 2
6√
∫ 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
6
0 0 0
5∙3∙1∙1 𝜋 5𝜋
= ∙ =
8 ∙ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2 256
1
Problem 3: Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)3⁄2𝑑𝑥
Solution: Put 𝑥 = sin2 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0, 𝑥 → 1, 𝜃 → 𝜋/2
𝜋 𝜋
1 3
2 2
2 3⁄ 2 4 2
∫ 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 cos 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0
4∙2∙3∙1 16
=2 =
9 ∙ 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 315
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Problem 4: Evaluate 𝑖) ∫02 sin9 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) ∫02 sin10 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫02 sin5 𝑥 cos 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝜋
2 8∙6∙4∙2 128
𝑖) ∫ sin9 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = =
0 9 ∙ 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 315
𝜋
2 9 ∙ 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 𝜋 63𝜋
𝑖𝑖) ∫ sin10 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙ =
0 10 ∙ 8 ∙ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2 512
𝜋
2 4∙2∙6∙4∙2 1 1
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ sin5 𝑥 cos 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙ =
0 12 ∙ 10 ∙ 8 ∙ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2 240

𝜋 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (𝑎2 +𝑏2)𝜋2

Problem 5: show that ∫0 (𝑎2 cos2 𝑥+𝑏2 sin2 𝑥)2
= 4𝑎3 𝑏3
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ 2 2 2 2 2
= ∫ 2 2 2 2 2
0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 ) 0 (𝑎 cos (𝜋 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑏 sin (𝜋 − 𝑥 ))
𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=∫ 2 2 2 2 2
= ∫ 2 2 2 2 2
− ∫ 2 2 2 2 2
0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 ) 0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 ) 0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 )
𝜋
𝜋𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 2 2 2 2
−𝐼
0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 )
𝜋
1 𝜋 𝜋𝑑𝑥 2 𝜋𝑑𝑥 (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )𝜋 2
∴𝐼= ∫ = ∫ =
2 0 (𝑎2 cos 2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin2 𝑥 )2 2 2 2 2
0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥 )
2 4𝑎3 𝑏3
(Solution See problem 7 (iii))
𝜋 ⁄4
Problem 6: Obtain reduction formulae for 𝑖) ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) ∫0 tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 hence deduce
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ tan5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑣) ∫ tan6 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑖) 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 (sec2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
= ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 sec2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛−1
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛−1
𝜋 ⁄4 𝜋 ⁄4
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑖𝑖) 𝐽𝑛 = [ ] − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1 0 0
1
∴ 𝐽𝑛 = − 𝐽𝑛−2
𝑛−1
 tan4 𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐼5 = ∫ tan5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼3
4
tan2 𝑥
𝐼3 = ∫ tan3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼1
2
𝐼1 = ∫ tan x 𝑑𝑥 = log sec 𝑥

5
tan4 𝑥 tan2 𝑥
∴ 𝐼5 = ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + log sec 𝑥
4 2
6
tan5 𝑥
𝑖𝑣) 𝐼6 = ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼4
5
4
tan3 𝑥
𝐼4 = ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼2
3
𝐼2 = ∫ tan2 x 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sec2 x −1)𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
tan5 𝑥 tan3 𝑥
∴ 𝐼6 = ∫ tan6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
5 3
Problem 7: Obtain reduction formulae for 𝑖) ∫ sec𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 hence deduce 𝑖𝑖) ∫ sec6 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ sec7 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑖) 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ sec𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec𝑛−2 𝑥 sec2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= sec𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫(𝑛 − 2) sec𝑛−3 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sec𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫(𝑛 − 2) sec𝑛−2 𝑥 (sec2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

= sec𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ sec𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2) ∫ sec𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sec𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
(1 + 𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛 = sec𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
sec𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑛 − 2
𝐼𝑛 = + 𝐼
𝑛−1 𝑛 − 1 𝑛−2
6
sec4 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 4
𝑖𝑖) 𝐼6 = ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐼4
5 5
2
sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2
𝐼4 = ∫ sec4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐼2
3 3
𝐼2 = ∫ sec2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
sec4 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 4 sec2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 4 2
𝐼6 = ∫ sec6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
5 5 3 53
sec5 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐼7 = ∫ sec7 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐼5
6 6
3
sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 3
𝐼5 = ∫ sec5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐼3
4 4
 sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 1
𝐼3 = + 𝐼1
2 2
𝐼1 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)

7
sec5 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5 sec3 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5 3 sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5 3 1
𝐼7 = ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + + + log(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
6 6 4 64 2 642
∞
Problem 8: Obtain reduction formulae for ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 hence deduce ∫0 𝑒 −4𝑥 cos 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= + [ cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1
− ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 {(𝑛 − 1) cos 𝑛−2 𝑥(− sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 }𝑑𝑥]
𝑎
𝑒 cos 𝑥 𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑛
= + 2 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 {(𝑛 − 1) cos 𝑛−2 𝑥(1 − cos 2 𝑥) + cos 𝑛 𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑒 cos 𝑥 (acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛
= 2
+ 2
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 {(𝑛 − 1) cos 𝑛 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑛
+ cos 𝑥}𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑒 cos 𝑥 (acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑎𝑥 𝑛−2
𝑛2
= + ∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑛2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 (acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
(1 + 2 ) 𝐼𝑛 = + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 (acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝐼𝑛 = + 2 𝐼
𝑎2 + 𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑛−2

∞
Now the reduction formula for ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 is
∞
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 (−acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝐼𝑛 = [ ] + 2 𝐼
2
𝑎 +𝑛 2
0
𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑛−2
𝑎 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝐼𝑛 = + 2 𝐼
𝑎2 +𝑛 2 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑛−2
4 20
∴ 𝐼5 = + 𝐼
41 41 3
4 6
𝐼3 = + 𝐼
25 25 1
∞
4 4
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑒 −4𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 2
=
0 4 +1 17
708
∴ 𝐼5 =
3485
Chapter VIII
Gama beta function
Gama function: The second Eulerian integral is called gama function and is defined as
 ∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥, and 𝑛 > 0 but need not be integer.
Beta function: The first Eulerian integral is called beta function and is defined as
1
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥, and 𝑚, 𝑛 > 0 but need not be integer.
Problem 1: Show that 𝑖) β(𝑚, 𝑛) = β(𝑛, 𝑚) 𝑖𝑖) Γ(1) = 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖) Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛)
∞ Γ(𝑛)
𝑖𝑣) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑛
Solution:
1 1
𝑖) β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥)𝑚−1 (1 − 1 + 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥 = β(𝑛, 𝑚)
0
∞
𝑖𝑖) Γ(1) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
0
∞ ∞
𝑖𝑖𝑖) Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛+1−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
0 0
∞ ∞
= [−𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 ]∞ −𝑥 𝑛−1
0 +𝑛∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 + 𝑛 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛Γ(𝑛)
0 0
When 𝑛 is positive integer Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛!
∞
𝑖𝑣) Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
0
Put 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘𝑑𝑥, 𝑦 → 0, 𝑥 → 0; 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → ∞
∞ ∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 (𝑘𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑘 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
0 0
∞
Γ(𝑛)
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑘𝑛 0
1
∞ 2 ∞
Problem 2: show that 𝑖) Γ(𝑛) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥
1
1 1 𝑛−1 ∞ 2 ∞ 1 1 5
𝑖𝑖𝑖) Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 hence integrate 𝑖𝑣) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑖) ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑖) we know
∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥; 𝑦 → 0, 𝑥 → 0, 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → ∞
∞ 2 ∞ 2
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑖) we know
∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥, 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑛
; 𝑦 → 0, 𝑥 → 0, 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → ∞
1 ∞ −𝑥𝑛1 ∞ 1
Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑛Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 0 0
∞ 1
−𝑥 𝑛
⇒ Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑖𝑖𝑖) we know
∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
1 1
Put 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = log 𝑥 , 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥; 𝑦 → 0, 𝑥 → 1, 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → 0
0 1 𝑛−1 1 1 𝑛−1
Γ(𝑛) = − ∫1 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑣) we know
∞ 2
Γ(𝑛) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
1
Put 𝑛 = 2
∞ ∞
1 2 2 1 1 1
Γ ( ) = 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = Γ ( ) = √𝜋
2 0 0 2 2 2
𝑣) we know
∞ 1
−𝑥 𝑛
Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0
Put 𝑛 = 4
∞ 1 ∞ 1
Γ(5) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 = Γ(5) = 24
0 0
𝑣𝑖) we know
1 1 𝑛−1
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑛 = 6
1 1 5 1 1 5
Γ(6) = ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = Γ(6) = 120
∞ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ∞ 𝑦 𝑚−1 ∞ 𝑦7
Problem 3: Show that 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 hence integrate ∫0 𝑑𝑦
(1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 (1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 (1+𝑦)14
Solution: we know
1
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1 1 1
Put 𝑥 = , 1 + 𝑦 = , 𝑦 = − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = − ( 𝑑𝑦, 𝑥 → 0, 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → 1, 𝑦 → 0
1+𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 1+𝑦)2
1 𝑚−1 0
1 𝑛−1
1
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = − ∫ ( ) (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦
∞ 1+𝑦 1+𝑦 (1 + 𝑦 )2
∞
1 𝑚−1 𝑦 𝑛−1 1 ∞
𝑦 𝑛−1
=∫ ( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 1+𝑦 1+𝑦 (1 + 𝑦 )2 0 (1 + 𝑦 )
𝑚+𝑛

Similarly
∞
𝑦 𝑚−1
β(𝑛, 𝑚) = ∫ 𝑚+𝑛
𝑑𝑦
0 (1 + 𝑦 )
Since β(𝑚, 𝑛) = β(𝑛, 𝑚)
∞ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ∞ 𝑦 𝑚−1
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 (proved)
(1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 (1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛
We know
∞
𝑦 𝑛−1
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (1 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛
Put 𝑚 = 7, 𝑛 = 8
∞
𝑦7 Γ(7)Γ(8) 1∙2∙3∙4∙5∙6∙1∙2∙3∙4∙5∙6∙7
∫ 14
𝑑𝑦 = 𝛽(7,8) = =
0 (1 + 𝑦) Γ(7 + 8) 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14
1
=
2 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 11 ∙ 13 ∙ 14
Problem 4: Show that
Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛)
𝑖) 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) =
Γ (𝑚 + 𝑛 )
𝜋 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
2 Γ( 2 )Γ( 2 )
𝑝 𝑞
𝑖𝑖) ∫ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
𝑝+𝑞+2
0 2Γ ( )
2
Solution:
𝑖) we know
∞
Γ(𝑚) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥
0
And
∞
Γ(𝑛)
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑛 0
∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
0
∞ ∞ ∞
Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑛−1
∴ Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛) = ∫ {∫ 𝑒 −𝑥(1+𝑦) 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥} 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0 0 (1 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛
∞ 𝑛−1
𝑦
= Γ (𝑚 + 𝑛 ) ∫ 𝑚+𝑛
𝑑𝑦 = Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝛽 (𝑚, 𝑛)
0 (1 + 𝑦)
Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛)
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) =
Γ (𝑚 + 𝑛 )
𝑖𝑖) we know
1
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0
2 𝜋
Put 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0, 𝑥 → 1, 𝜃 → 2
𝜋
2
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ (sin2 𝜃 )𝑚−1 (1 − sin2 𝜃)𝑛−1 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
= ∫ (sin 𝜃 )2𝑚−2 (cos 𝜃) 2𝑛−2
2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫ sin 𝜃 2𝑚−1 cos 𝜃 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝜃
0 0
Or
𝜋
2 β(𝑚, 𝑛) Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛)
∫ sin2𝑚−1 𝜃 cos 2𝑛−1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = =
0 2 2Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛)
𝑝+1 𝑞+1
Put 2𝑚 − 1 = 𝑝 and 2𝑛 − 1 = 𝑞 ∴ 𝑚 = ,𝑛 =
2 2
 𝜋 𝑝+1 𝑞+1 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
2 Γ( 2 )Γ( 2 ) Γ( 2 )Γ( 2 )
∫ sin𝑝 𝜃 cos 𝑞 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = =
𝑝+1 𝑞+1 𝑝+𝑞+2
0 2Γ ( 2 + 2 ) 2Γ ( )
2
Example:
𝜋 5+1 4+1 5 3 1 1
2 Γ( )Γ( ) Γ(3)Γ ( ) 2 ∙ 1∙ ∙ Γ( ) 8
2 2 2 = 2 2 2
∫ sin5 𝜃 cos 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = = =
5+4+2 11 9 7 5 3 1 1
0 2Γ ( ) 2Γ ( 2 ) 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 Γ (2) 315
2

𝜋
Problem 5: Show that Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) = sin 𝑛𝜋
Solution: We know
∞
Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛) 𝑥 𝑛−1
( )
β 𝑚, 𝑛 = =∫ 𝑚+𝑛
𝑑𝑥
2Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛) 0 (1 + 𝑥)
Let 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 1
∞ 𝑛−1 1 𝑛−1 ∞ 𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥 0 1+𝑥 1 1+𝑥
1 𝑛−1
𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐼
0 1+𝑥
Here
∞ 𝑛−1
𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1+𝑥
1 1
Put 𝑥 = 𝑦 , 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦, 𝑥 → 1, 𝑦 → 1; 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 0
1 𝑛−1 1 𝑛+1 1 𝑛+1 1 𝑛
0(
) 1( ) 1( ) 𝑦 1( )
𝑦 1 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝐼 = −∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
1 1+
1 𝑦2 0
1+𝑦 0 1+𝑦 0 1+𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
1 −𝑛 1 −𝑛
𝑦 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑦 0 1+𝑥
1 𝑛−1 1 1 𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥 −𝑛
∴ Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥 0 1+𝑥 0 1+𝑥
1
= ∫ (𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 −𝑛 ) (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯ )𝑑𝑥
0
1 1
= ∫ (𝑥 𝑛−1 − 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛+1 − 𝑥 𝑛+2 + ⋯ ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 −𝑛 − 𝑥 −𝑛+1 + 𝑥 −𝑛+2 − 𝑥 −𝑛+3 + ⋯ ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 1 −𝑛+1 1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 −𝑛+2 𝑥 −𝑛+3 𝑥 −𝑛+4
=[ − + − + ⋯] + [ − + − + ⋯]
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 0
−𝑛 + 1 −𝑛 + 2 −𝑛 + 3 −𝑛 + 4 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ − + − +⋯]−[ − + − + ⋯]
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−3 𝑛−4
We know
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = ( − + − + ⋯) − ( − + − + ⋯)
𝜃 𝜃 + 𝜋 𝜃 + 2𝜋 𝜃 + 3𝜋 𝜃 − 𝜋 𝜃 − 2𝜋 𝜃 − 3𝜋 𝜃 − 4𝜋
If 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛𝜋 = ( − + − + ⋯) − ( − + − +⋯)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝜋 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−3 𝑛−4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛𝜋 = ( − + − +⋯)−( − + − +⋯)
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−3 𝑛−4
𝜋
⇒ = Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛)
sin 𝑛𝜋
𝜋
Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) =
sin 𝑛𝜋
Chapter Ix
Length of curves
Length of curves for Cartesian equation:

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑦 2
2 √
= sec 𝜓 = √1 + tan 𝜓 = 1 + ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Chapter x
Area and volume of curves and surface of revolution
𝑥2 𝑦2
Problem 1: Find the area of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 between the major and minor axes
Solution: