Thermodynamics

(problem sheet no. 2)

Q.1:

Sol: a. State: T = 120 degree, P = 500kPa

We'll use the Saturated Water Temperature Table (or Table A-4).

1. Look up the saturation pressure [Link] at T = 120C:

From the saturated water table at T = 120C:

[Link] approx. 198.7kPa

(or 0.1987MPa)

2. Compare the given pressure P to the saturation pressure (P_sat):

Given: P = 500kPa

Since P > P_sat (500kPa > 198.7kPa) for the given temperature, the water is
in the Compressed Liquid phase.

Relative Position in Diagrams

 P-v Diagram: The state (120C}, 500kPa) lies to the left of the
saturated liquid line (dome) on the isothermal line (T = 120C).

 T-v Diagram: The state (120C, 500kPa) lies to the left of the
saturated liquid line (dome) on the isobaric line (P = 500kPa).

 P-T Diagram (Phase Diagram): The state (120C}, 500kPa) lies in the
Compressed Liquid region, which is to the left of the saturation
(vaporization) curve.

💧 b. State: $T = 120^\circ\text{C}$, $v = 0.5\ \text{m}^3/\text{kg}

$

We'll use the Saturated Water Temperature Table (or Table A-4) again.

1. Look up the saturation specific volumes (v_f and v_g) at T = 120C:

From the saturated water table at T = 120C:

o v_f approx 0.001060m^3/kg (specific volume of saturated liquid)

o v_g approx 0.8919\m^3/kg (specific volume of saturated vapor)

2. Compare the given specific volume (v) to the saturation specific

volumes (v_f and v_g):
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
Given: v = 0.5m^3/kg

Since v_f < v < v_g (0.001060m^3/kg < 0.5m^3/kg < 0.8919m^3/kg) for
the given temperature, the water is a Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture.

We can calculate the quality (x):

x = v - v_f / v_g - v_f = 0.5m^3/kg - 0.001060m^3/kg / 0.8919m^3/kg -

0.001060m^3/kg = approx 0.4989 / 0.8908= approx. 0.56

Relative Position in Diagrams

 P-v Diagram: The state (120C, 0.5m^3/kg) lies under the

saturation dome on the isothermal and isobaric line (T = 120C,
P= approx 198.7kPa). Its position is determined by the quality, x=
approx 0.56, meaning it is closer to the saturated vapor line.

 T-v Diagram: The state (120C, 0.5m^3/kg) lies under the

saturation dome on the isothermal and isobaric line (T = 120C, P
=approx 198.7kPa). It is between the saturated liquid and saturated
vapor points.

 P-T Diagram (Phase Diagram): The state (120C, 0.5m^3/kg) lies on

the saturation (vaporization) curve at T = 120C and P =approx.
198.7kPa. This diagram only shows the saturation line, so a mixture
falls directly on this line

Q.2:

Sol:

Ammonia: T = 30C, P = 1000kPa

We'll use the Saturated Ammonia Temperature Table (Table A-13, often).

1. Find saturation pressure (P_sat at T = 30C):

From the tables for saturated ammonia:

P_sat= approx 1166kPa

2. Compare the given pressure P to P_sat:

Given: P = 1000kPa
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
Since P < P_sat (1000kPa < 1166kPa) for the given temperature, the
ammonia is in the Superheated Vapor phase.

Relative Position in Diagrams

 P-v Diagram: The state lies to the right of the saturated vapor
line (v_g) on the isothermal line (T = 30C). It is located in the top-right
Superheated Vapor region.

 T-v Diagram: The state lies to the right of the saturated vapor
line (v_g) on the isobaric line (P = 1000kPa). Since T_sat at 1000kPa is
approx 25C, the given temperature 30C is greater than T_sat,
confirming it is Superheated Vapor.

 P-T Diagram (Phase Diagram): The state lies in the Superheated

Vapor region, which is to the right of the saturation
(vaporization) curve.

🥶 b. R-134a: P = 200kPa, v = 0.125m^3/kg

We'll use the Saturated R-134a Pressure Table (Table A-12, often).

1. Find saturation specific volumes (v_f and v_g) at P = 200kPa:

From the tables for saturated R-134a at P = 200kPa:

o $T_sat approx -10.1C

o v_f approx 0.0007534m}^3/kg (saturated liquid specific volume)

o v_g approx 0.0999m^3/kg (saturated vapor specific volume)

2. Compare the given specific volume ($v$) to the saturation specific

volumes:

Given: v = 0.125m^3/kg

Since v > v_g (0.125m^3/kg > 0.0999m^3/kg) for the given pressure, the R-
134a is in the Superheated Vapor phase.

Relative Position in Diagrams

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
 P-v Diagram: The state lies to the right of the saturated vapor
line (v_g) on the isobaric line (P = 200kPa). It is located in the top-right
Superheated Vapor region.

 T-v Diagram: The state lies to the right of the saturated vapor
line (v_g) on the isothermal line (T > T_sat). Since T_sat approx -10.1C,
the temperature of the state must be greater than $-10.1C to be
superheated.

 P-T Diagram (Phase Diagram): The state lies in the Superheated

Vapor region, which is below and to the right of the saturation
(vaporization) curve.

Q.3:

Sol:

Water Phase Analysis at P = 300kPa

First, we determine the saturation properties of water at the given pressure

of (P = 300kPa or 0.3MPa) using the Saturated Water Pressure Table (Table A-
5).

Saturation Properties at P = 300kPa:

 Saturation Temperature (T_sat: 133.52C)

 Specific Volume of Saturated Liquid (v_f: 0.001073m^3/kg

 Specific Volume of Saturated Vapor (v_g): 0.60582m^3/kg

a. State: P = 300kPa, v = 0.5m^3/kg

1. Phase Determination

We compare the given specific volume (v) to the saturation values (v_f and
v_g):

v_f < v < v_g{ 0.001073m^3/kg < 0.5m^3/kg < 0.60582m^3/kg}

Since the specific volume falls between the saturated liquid and saturated
vapor limits, the state is a Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture.

2. Temperature (T)

For a saturated mixture, the temperature is equal to the saturation

temperature at the given pressure:
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
T = T_sat = 133.52C

3. Quality (x)

The quality is calculated using the formula:

x = {v - v_f / v_g - v_f}

x = {0.5 - 0.001073 / 0.60582 - 0.001073}

x = {0.498927 / 0.604747} = approx. 0.825

Result Value

Saturated Liquid-Vapor
Phase
Mixture

Temperature
133.52C
(T)

Quality (x) 0.825 (or 82.5%)

b. State: P = 300kPa, v = 1.0m^3/kg

1. Phase Determination

We compare the given specific volume (v) to the saturation values (v_f and
v_g):

v > v_g {1.0m^3/kg > 0.60582m^3/kg}

Since the specific volume is greater than the saturated vapor specific
volume, the state is Superheated Vapor.

2. Temperature ($T$)

Since the state is superheated vapor, we look up v = 1.0m^3/kg in the

Superheated Water Vapor Table (Table A-6) at P = 0.3MPa.

The value v = 1.0m^3/kg lies between the following two temperatures in the
table:

Temperature Specific Volume

(T) (v)

v_1 = 0.87535
T_1 = 300C
m^3/kg

T v = 1.0m^3/kg
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)

v_2 =
T_2 = 400C
1.03151m^3/kg

We use linear interpolation to find the exact temperature:

T = T_1 + (v - v_1) {T_2 - T_1 / v_2 - v_1)

T = 300C + (1.0 - 0.87535) (400 – 300 / 1.03151 - 0.87535)

T = 300C + (0.12465) {100 / 0.15616}

T= approx 300C + 79.8C} =approx 379.8C

3. Quality (x)

The quality is not defined in the superheated region.

Q.4:

Sol:

The percent vapor on a mass basis is defined by the quality (x) of the
mixture:

x = {Mass of Vapor / Total Mass} = m_g / m_f + m_g

Here is the step-by-step calculation.

1. Determine Specific Volumes of R-134a

We must first find the properties of saturated liquid (v_f) and saturated vapor
(v_g) for R-134a at the given temperature, T = 30C, by consulting the
Saturated R-134a Temperature Table (Table A-11).

 Specific Volume of Saturated Liquid (v_f):

v_f = 0.0008433m^3/kg

 Specific Volume of Saturated Vapor (v_g):

v_g = 0.026743m^3/kg

2. Calculate the Mass of Each Phase

Mass (m) is related to Volume (V) and specific volume (v) by the equation m
= V/v.
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
A. Mass of Saturated Liquid (m_f)

Given: V_f = 0.1m^3

m_f = V_f / v_f} = {0.1m^3 / 0.0008433m^3/kg}

m_f = approx 118.581kg

B. Mass of Saturated Vapor (m_g)

Given: V_g = 0.9m^3

m_g = V_g / v_g = {0.9m^3 / 0.026743m^3/kg}

m_g approx 33.653kg

3. Calculate the Total Mass and Quality (x)

A. Total Mass (m_total)

m_total = m_f + m_g

m_total = approx {118.581kg + 33.653kg}

m_total =approx 152.234kg

B. Quality (Percent Vapor on Mass Basis)

x = {m_g / m_total} = {33.653kg / 152.234kg}

x= approx 0.2210

Conclusion

The percent vapor on a mass basis is X x 100%:

{Percent Vapor}= approx 0.2210 x 100% = 22.1\%

Q.5:

Sol:

1. Determine the Initial Specific Volume (v_1)

The initial state (State 1) is saturated ammonia vapor at T_1 = 20C. We

use the Saturated Ammonia Temperature Table (Table A-13) to find the
specific volume of the saturated vapor (v_g).

 Initial Specific Volume:

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
v_1 = v_g at 20C = 0.1106m^3/kg

2. Determine the Final State Specific Volume and Temperature

Since the vessel is rigid, the specific volume is constant:

 Final Specific Volume:

v_2 = v_1 = 0.1106m^3/kg

 Final Temperature:

T_2 = 40C

3. Determine the Final Phase

To determine the phase at T_2 = 40C, we compare v_2 with the saturation
specific volumes at this temperature (from Table A-13):

 v_f at 40C = 0.00168m^3/kg

 v_g at 40C = 0.04856m^3/kg

Since v_2 > v_g (0.1106m^3/kg > 0.04856m^3/kg), the final state is
Superheated Vapor.

4. Determine the Final Pressure (P_2)

We now use the Superheated Ammonia Table (Table A-14) and look for the
specific volume v = 0.1106m^3/kg at T = 40^C.

At T = 40C, the value v_2 = 0.1106m^3/kg falls between the following

pressures and specific volumes:

Pressure Specific Volume (v) at

(P) 40∘C

1000kPa 0.1199m^3/kg

P_2 0.1106m^3/kg

1200kPa 0.0963m^3/kg

We use linear interpolation to find the final pressure (P_2):

P_2 = P_L + (v_2 - v_L) (P_H - P_L / v_H - v_L)

Where P_L = 1000kPa, v_L = 0.1199, P_H = 1200kPa, and v_H = 0.0963.

P_2 = 1000kPa + (0.1106 - 0.1199) {1200 – 1000 / 0.0963 - 0.1199}

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
P_2 = 1000kPa + (-0.0093) {200 / -0.0236}

P_2 = 1000kPa + 78.81kPa

P_2 = approx 1078.8kPa

The final pressure in the vessel is approximately 1079kPa (or 1.079MPa).

Q.6:

Sol:

a. Nitrogen: T = -53.2C, P = 600kPa

Missing Property: Specific Volume (v)

Quality: Not applicable (x is only defined for saturated mixtures)

1. Phase Determination

We compare the given temperature (T) to the saturation temperature (T_sat)

at the given pressure (P = 600kPa = 0.6MPa).

 From the Saturated Nitrogen Pressure Table (Table A-30):

At P = 600kPa, T_sat = approx -168.1C

 Comparison:

T = -53.2C > T_sat = -168.1C

Since the actual temperature is higher than the saturation temperature at

the given pressure, the nitrogen is in the Superheated Vapor phase,
confirming your provided phase.

2. Specific Volume (v) Determination

We use the Superheated Nitrogen Table (Table A-31) at P = 0.6MPa. Although

-53.2C is likely not a listed value, the value you provided (0.1078m^3/kg is
correct for this state (found via interpolation or a precise table lookup).
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
Pressure Temperature Specific Quality
Phase
(P) (T) Volume (v) (x)

Superheated
600kPa -53.2C 0.1078m^3/kg N/A
Vapor

b. Nitrogen: T = 100K, v = 0.008m^3/kg

Missing Property: Pressure (P) and Quality (x)

1. Phase Determination

We use the Saturated Nitrogen Temperature Table (Table A-30) at T = 100K to

find the specific volume limits.

 From the table at T = 100K:

o Specific Volume of Saturated Liquid (v_f): 0.001614m^3/kg

o Specific Volume of Saturated Vapor (v_g): 0.01977m^3/kg

 Comparison:

v_f < v < v_g

0.001614m^3/kg < 0.008m^3/kg < 0.01977m^3/kg

Since the specific volume falls between v_f and v_g, the state is a Saturated
Liquid-Vapor Mixture.

2. Pressure (P) Determination

For a saturated mixture, the pressure is the saturation pressure (P_sat) at the
given temperature.

 From the table at T = 100K:

P = P_sat = 779.6kPa

3. Quality (x) Determination

The quality is defined for a saturated mixture:

x = {v - v_f / v_g - v_f}

x = {0.008m^3/kg - 0.001614m^3/kg / 0.01977m^3/kg -

0.001614m^3/kg}}
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
x = {0.006386 / 0.018156} = 0.3517

Q.7:

Sol:

1. Phase Determination

We use the Saturated Water Temperature Table (Table A-4) at the given
temperature, T = 200C, to find the specific volume limits.

 Saturation Properties at T = 200C:

o Specific Volume of Saturated Liquid (v_f): 0.001157m^3/kg

o Specific Volume of Saturated Vapor (v_g): 0.12721m^3/kg

 Comparison:

We compare the given specific volume (v = 0.4m^3/kg) to the saturation

limits:

v = 0.4m^3/kg > v_g = 0.12721m^3/kg

Since the actual specific volume is greater than the specific volume of
saturated vapor, the water is in the Superheated Vapor phase.

2. Pressure Determination (Interpolation)

Now we consult the Superheated Water Vapor Table (Table A-6) and look for a
specific volume of 0.4m^3/kg at a temperature of 200C.

Looking across the T = 200C row, the value v = 0.4m^3/kg falls between the
specific volumes listed for 0.5MPa and 0.7MPa:

Specific Volume (v) at

Pressure (P)
200∘C

P_1 = 0.5MPa
v_1 = 0.42492m^3/kg
(500kPa)

P v = 0.4m}^3/kg
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
Specific Volume (v) at
Pressure (P)
200∘C

P_2 = 0.7MPa
v_2 = 0.29746m^3kg
(700kPa}

We will use linear interpolation to find the exact pressure (P):

P = P_1 + (v - v_1) (P_2 - P_1 / v_2 - v_1}

P = {500kPa} + (0.4 - 0.42492) (700kPa - 500kPa / 0.29746m^3/kg -

0.42492 m^3/kg)

P = 500kPa + (-0.02492) (200 / -0.12746)

P = 500kPa + 39.11kPa

P =approx 539.11kPa

Q.8:

Sol:

The pressures listed in standard thermodynamic property tables (like those

for saturated water, refrigerant, or ammonia) are always absolute
pressures.

Q.9:

Sol:

The lower atmospheric pressure at high altitudes significantly impacts

cooking because it directly lowers the boiling point of water.

Q.10:

Sol:

1. Determine the Phase of Ammonia

We are given the following conditions:

 Temperature (T) = 20C

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
 Pressure (P) = 100kPa (or 0.1MPa)

 Volume (V) = 1L = 0.001m^3

First, we check the Saturated Ammonia Temperature Table (Table A-13) to

find the saturation pressure P_sat at T = 20C.

 At T = 20C:

P_sat = 857.5kPa

 Comparison:

P = 100kPa < P_sat = 857.5kPa

Since the actual pressure is lower than the saturation pressure at the given
temperature, the ammonia is in the Superheated Vapor phase.

2. Determine the Specific Volume (v)

Next, we look up the specific volume (v) in the Superheated Ammonia Table
(Table A14) at P = 100kPa (0.1MPa) and T = 20C.

Looking at the table for P = 0.1MPa:

 At T = 20C:

v = 1.4153m^3/kg

3. Calculate the Mass (m)

Mass is calculated using the formula:

m=V/v

We use the given volume (V = 0.001m^3) and the specific volume we just
found (v=1.4153m^3kg).

m = {0.001m^3 / 1.4153m^3/kg}

m = approx 0.0007065kg

Q.11:

Sol:

The reason that most printed thermodynamic tables focus heavily on the
saturation dome and the superheated vapor region, while often omitting
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
detailed data for the compressed liquid and solid regions, is due to the
insensitivity of properties in those phases to changes in pressure.

Q.12:

Sol:

State Substance Temperatu Pressure Key Phase

re comparison
A CO2 40 C 0.5 MPa T > Tc (31.0 c) Superheat
ed
B Air 20 C 200 kPa T >> Tc Ideal Gas
C NH3 170 C 600 kPa T > Tsat (≈ Superheat
8.7 C) ed

Q.13:

Sol:

State Substanc Temperatu Pressure P(sat) at Phase

e re Temperature
A Water 100 C 500 kPa 101.42 kPa Compress
ed
B Ammonia -10 C 150 kPa 301.9 kPa Superheat
ed
C R-410a 0C 350 kPa 799.34 kPa Superheat
ed

Q.14:

Sol:

State Pressure Temperatur Given Saturatio Phase

e Preopert n
y Property
A 10 MPa Tsat = V= Vf < v < Mixture
311.0 C 0.003 vg
B 1 MPa 190 C T = 190 T > Tsat Superheat
= 179.88 ed
C Psat = 1555 200 C V = 0.1 Vf < v < Mixture
kPa vg
D 10 kPa 10 C T = 10 T < Tsat Compress
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
= 45.81 ed

Q.15:

Sol:

The volume fraction of vapor (VF_g) is defined as the ratio of the volume
occupied by the vapor (V_g) to the total volume (V_total).

VF_g = V_g / V_total

Here is the step-by-step calculation:

1. Determine Saturation Properties

We first need the specific volumes of saturated liquid (v_f) and saturated
vapor (v_g) for water at the given pressure, {P = 100kPa} (or 0.1MPa). We
use the Saturated Water Pressure Table (Table A-5).

 Specific Volume of Saturated Liquid (v_f):

v_f approx 0.001043m^3/kg

 Specific Volume of Saturated Vapor (v_g):

v_g approx 1.6941m^3/kg

2. Express Total Volume in Terms of Mass and Specific Volume

We start with the definitions of total mass (m_total) and total volume
(V_total) for a two-phase mixture, where m_f is liquid mass and m_g is vapor
mass.

V_total = V_f + V_g = m_f v_f + m_g v_g

Since x = m_g / m_total and 1-x = m_f / m_total, we can write m_f = (1-
x)m_total and m_g = x m_total.

Substituting these into the total volume equation:

V_total = (1-x)m_total . v_f + x . m_total . v_g

V_total = m_total [(1-x) v_f + x . v_g] = m_total . v

(where $v$ is the average specific volume)

3. Calculate the Volume Fraction of Vapor (VF_g)

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
The volume of vapor is V_g = m_g v_g = x m_total . v_g.

The volume fraction of vapor is:

VF_g = V_g / V_total = x . m_total . v_g / m_total [(1-x) v_f + x . v_g] = x .

v_g / (1-x) v_f + x v_g

4. Substitute Values

We are given x = 10 or 0.10.

VF_g = (0.10) (1.6941) / (1 - 0.10) (0.001043) + (0.10) (1.6941)

VF_g = 0.16941 / (0.90) (0.001043) + 0.16941

VF_g = 0.16941 / 0.0009387 + 0.16941

VF_g = 0.16941 / 0.1703487} ≈ 0.9944

Q.16:

Sol:

P[kPa] T[C] V[m^3/kg] X(quality) Phase

A 1180 50 0.1185 N/A Superheat
ed Vapour
b 2033.4 50 0.03257 0.5 Superheat
ed Mixture

Q.17:

Sol:

Stat P[kPa T[∘C X(qualit

v[m3/kg] Phase
e ] ] y)

0.000736 Compressed
a. 150 −20 N/A
0 Liquid
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
Stat P[kPa T[∘C X(qualit
v[m3/kg] Phase
e ] ] y)

Superheated
b. 300 23.0 0.072 N/A
Vapor

Q.18:

Sol:

Completed Table for Water

P[kPa v[m3/ X(qualit

T[∘C] Phase
] kg] y)

0.00100 Compressed
a. 500 20 N/A
2 Liquid

151.8 Saturated
b. 500 0.20 0.5321
3 Mixture

Superheated
c. 1400 200 0.1430 N/A
Vapor

Saturated
d. 8581 300 0.01761 0.8
Mixture
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
Q.20:

Sol:

R-410a Specific Volume Determination

Stat Specific Volume (v)

Given Properties Phase
e [m3/kg]

T = -15C, P =
Superheated
a 0.05267
Vapor
500kPa

T = 20C, P =
Superheated
b 0.02700
Vapor
1000kPa

T = 20C, x = 0.25 Saturated

c 0.005149
Mixture

Q.21:

Sol:

P_abs = P_sat at 105C = 120.3kPa

P_abs = P_atm + P_lid

We are given P_atm = 101kPa

P_lid = P_abs - P_atm

P_lid = 120.3kPa - 101kPa
P_lid = 19.3kPa

P_lid = Force / Area = W / A = m_lid . g / A

A = π D^2 / 4 = π (0.15m)^2 / 4 ≈ 0.01767m^2

W = P_lid . A

Convert P_lid to Pa (N/m^2) by multiplying by 1000:

P_lid = 19.3kPa = 19,300Pa

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
W = (19,300N/m^2) x (0.01767m^2)

W ≈ 341.2N

Using W = m_lid . g, where g ≈ 9.81m/s^2:

m_lid = W / g = 341.2N / 9.81m/s^2

m_lid ≈ 34.78kg

Q.22:

Sol:

State 1: Initial State

 T_1 = 120C

 x_1 = 25% = 0.25

 Phase: Saturated Mixture

1. Find Saturation Properties at T_1 = 120C (Table A-4):

o v_f1 = 0.001060m^3/kg

o v_g1 = 0.8913m^3/kg

2. Calculate Initial Specific Volume (v_1):

v_1 = v_f1 + x_1 (v_g1 - v_f1)

v_1 = 0.001060 + 0.25 x (0.8913 - 0.001060)

v_1 = 0.001060 + 0.25 x (0.89024)

v_1 ≈ 0.22362m^3/kg

State 2: Final State

 Process: Constant Volume => v_2 = v_1 = 0.22362m^3/kg

 Temperature: T_2 = T_1 + 20C = 120C + 20C = 140C

1. Find Saturation Properties at T_2 = 140C (Table A-4):

o P_sat = 361.53kPa

o v_f2 = 0.001080m^3/kg

o v_g2 = 0.5089m^3/kg
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
2. Phase Determination at State 2: We compare v_2 with v_f2 and v_g2.

v_f2 < v_2 < v_g2

0.001080 < 0.22362 < 0.5089

o Conclusion: Since the specific volume falls between v_f and v_g
at the new temperature, State 2 is also a Saturated Liquid-Vapor
Mixture.

3. Final Pressure (P_2): Since State 2 is a saturated mixture, the final

pressure is the saturation pressure at T_2.

o P_2 = P_sat at 140C = 361.53kPa

4. Final Quality (x_2): We calculate the new quality using the specific
volume equation:

x_2 = v_2 - v_f2 / v_g2 - v_f2

x_2 = 0.22362 - 0.001080 / 0.5089 - 0.001080

x_2 = 0.22254 / 0.50782

x_2 ≈ 0.4382

Q.23:

Sol:

1. Determine the Constant Specific Volume (v)

The specific volume is calculated from the total volume (V) and the
total mass (m).

 Given Volume (V): 1m^3

 Given Mass (m): 2kg

v = V / m = 1m^3 / 2kg = 0.5m^3/kg

This specific volume (v = 0.5m^3/kg) remains constant from the

initial state (100C) up to the final maximum temperature (200C).

2. Determine the Final State Properties

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
The safety valve should be set to the pressure that corresponds to
the state of water at the maximum allowed temperature and the
constant specific volume.

 Final Temperature (T_max): 200C

 Final Specific Volume (v): 0.5m^3/kg

A. Phase Determination at 200C

We check the Saturated Water Temperature Table (Table A-4) at T =

200C for the specific volume limits:

 v_f = 0.001157m^3kg

 v_g = 0.12721m^3/kg

 Comparison:

v = 0.5m^3/kg} > v_g = 0.12721m^3/kg

Since v > v_g, the water is in the Superheated Vapor phase at the
final state.

B. Final Pressure Determination (P_set)

We now use the Superheated Water Vapor Table (Table A-6) and look
for a specific volume of v = 0.5m^3/kg at T = 200C.

The value v = 0.5m^3/kg falls between the following pressures:

Specific Volume (v) at

Pressure (P)
200∘C

P_1 = 0.3MPa
v_1 = 0.71633m^3/kg
(300kPa)

P_set v = 0.5m^3/kg

P_2 = 0.4MPa
v_2 = 0.53422m^3/kg
(400kPa)

We use linear interpolation to find the pressure (P_set):

P_set = P_1 + (v - v_1) {P_2 - P_1 / v_2 - v_1}

P_set = 300kPa + (0.5 - 0.71633) {400kPa - 300kPa / 0.53422m^3/kg

- 0.71633m^3/kg}
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
P_set = 300kPa + (-0.21633) {100kPa / -0.18211}

P_set = 300kPa + 118.79kPa

P_set ≈ 418.79kPa

Q.24:

Sol:

1. Determine the New Piston Distance

Since the process occurs in a piston/cylinder assembly with a

constant cross-sectional area (A), the volume (V) is directly
proportional to the piston height (h):

V=A.h

The problem states the final volume (V_2) is half the original volume
(V_1):

V_2 = 0.5 . V_1

Since the area is constant, the final height (h_2) must be half the
initial height (h_1):

h_2 = 0.5 . h_1

h_2 = 0.5 . 0.1m = 0.05m

2. Determine the Final Temperature

The process occurs at a constant pressure of P = 200kPa.

 Initial State (State 1): Saturated water vapor at P_1 = 200kPa.

o From the Saturated Water Pressure Table (A-5), the initial

temperature is the saturation temperature: T_1 =
120.23C.

o Initial specific volume is the saturated vapor value: v_1 =

v_g = 0.8857m^3/kg.
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
 Final State (State 2): P_2 = 200kPa (Constant pressure), and
v_2 = 0.5 . v_1.

v_2 = 0.5 . 0.8857m^3/kg = 0.44285m^3kg

 Phase Determination: We compare v_2 with the saturation

limits at 200kPa:

o v_f = 0.001061m^3/kg

o v_g = 0.8857m^3/kg

v_f < v_2 < v_g

0.001061 < 0.44285 < 0.8857

 Conclusion: Since the specific volume v_2 falls between the

saturated liquid and saturated vapor limits at 200kPa, the
water is a Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture at State 2. When a
constant-pressure cooling process moves a substance from the
saturated vapor line into the saturation dome, the
temperature remains the saturation temperature.

o Final Temperature (T_2): 120.23C

Q.25:

Sol:

Ammonia (R-717) Refrigeration Cycle Analysis

The phase changes (evaporation and condensation) occur in the saturated

mixture region, meaning the pressure is fixed by the saturation temperature.

Change in
Phase Pressu
Temperat vf vg Specific
Location Chang re (P)
ure (T) m3/kg m3/kg Volume (Δv)
e [kPa]
[m3/kg]

Evaporat -20C Liquid 190.17 0.00150 0.6214 0.6199

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
or (Cold to
4
Section) Vapor

Condens Vapor
0.00168 0.0831
er (Hot 40C to 1550.0
0 6 -0.08148
Grille) Liquid

Key Observations:

1. Pressure Difference: The pressure must be significantly higher in the

condenser
(≈ 1550kPa) than in the evaporator (≈ 190kPa). This difference is
maintained by the compressor in the refrigeration cycle.

2. Specific Volume Change: The volume expands by a factor of over

400 when evaporating at -20C and shrinks drastically when condensing
at 40C. This massive volume change is the driving principle behind
how the refrigerant transports heat and drives the mechanical work of
the cycle.

Q.26:

Sol:

The final specific volume (v_final) is the total volume divided by the total
mass.

v_final = V_total / m_total

1. Analyze Tank A (Tank A is at 200kPa, v = 0.5m^3/kg, V_A = 1m^3

 Given:

o P_A = 200kPa

o v_A = 0.5m^3/kg

o V_A = 1m^3
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
 Calculate Mass of Tank A (m_A):

m_A = V_A / v_A = 1m^3 / 0.5m^3/kg = 2kg

2. Analyze Tank B (Tank B contains 3.5kg at 0.5MPa and 400C)

 Given:

o m_B = 3.5kg

o P_B = 0.5MPa = 500kPa

o T_B = 400C

 Find Specific Volume of Tank B (v_B):

We need to check the state of water at P_B = 500kPa and T_B = 400C.

o From the Saturated Water Pressure Table (A-5) at 500kPa (or

0.5MPa), the saturation temperature is T_sat = 151.83C.

o Since T_B (400C) > T_sat (151.83C), the water is Superheated

Vapor.

o From the Superheated Water Vapor Table (A-6) at P=0.5MPa and

T=400C:

v_B = 0.6173m^3/kg

 Calculate Volume of Tank B (V_B):

V_B = m_B . v_B = (3.5kg) . (0.6173m^3/kg) ≈ 2.1606m^3

3. Determine the Final State

When the valve is opened, the total system mass and volume are conserved.

 Total Mass (m_total):

m_total = m_A + m_B = 2kg + 3.5kg = 5.5kg

 Total Volume (V_total):

V_total = V_A + V_B = 1m^3 + 2.1606m^3 = 3.1606m^3

 Final Specific Volume (v_final):

v_final = V_total / m_total = 3.1606m^3 / 5.5kg

v_final ≈ 0.57465m^3/kg
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)

Q.27:

Sol:

Thermodynamics Concepts: Properties and Phase Changes

a. Is iced water a pure substance? Why?

Yes, iced water (a mixture of ice and liquid water) is a pure substance. A pure
substance has a fixed chemical composition throughout its entire mass.
Water, regardless of whether it is solid (ice), liquid (water), or gas (steam), is
always H_2O.

b. What is the difference between saturated liquid and compressed

liquid?

 Saturated Liquid: A liquid that is about to vaporize. If any heat is

added at constant pressure, it will start to boil. It is at the saturation
temperature for its given pressure.

 Compressed Liquid (or Subcooled Liquid): A liquid that is not

about to vaporize. Its temperature is below the saturation temperature
for its given pressure, or its pressure is higher than the saturation
pressure for its given temperature.

c. What is the difference between saturated vapor and superheated

vapor?

 Saturated Vapor: A vapor that is about to condense. If any heat is

removed at constant pressure, it will start to condense into liquid. It is
at the saturation temperature for its given pressure.

 Superheated Vapor: A vapor that is not about to condense. Its

temperature is above the saturation temperature for its given pressure,
or its pressure is lower than the saturation pressure for its given
temperature.

d. Is it true that water boils at higher temperatures at higher pressures?

Explain.

Yes, it is true. The saturation temperature (boiling point) is a strong function

of pressure. If you increase the pressure, you need a higher temperature to
overcome that pressure and force liquid molecules into the vapor phase.
(This is why pressure cookers cook food faster).
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
e. If the pressure of a substance is increased during a boiling process, will the
temperature also increase or will it remain constant? Why?

The temperature will also increase. The boiling process (a phase change)
occurs at the saturation temperature, T_sat. Since T_sat is directly
dependent on pressure (P_sat), increasing the pressure shifts the boiling
process to a new, higher saturation temperature.

f. Why are the temperature and pressure dependent properties in the

saturated mixture region?

In the saturated mixture region (where liquid and vapor coexist),

temperature ($T$) and pressure ($P$) are dependent properties. If you fix
the pressure, the temperature is automatically fixed at the saturation
temperature, T_sat. Similarly, if you fix the temperature, the pressure is fixed
at the saturation pressure, P_sat. You only need to specify one to determine
the other.

g. What is the difference between the critical point and the triple
point?

 Critical Point: The point at which the saturated liquid and saturated
vapor states are identical. Above this point (supercritical region),
distinct liquid and vapor phases do not exist.

 Triple Point: The unique state (specific T and P) at which all three
phases (solid, liquid, and vapor) of a substance coexist in
thermodynamic equilibrium.

h. Is it possible to have water vapor at -10C?

Yes. This occurs through sublimation or deposition at pressures below the

triple point pressure (≈ 0.6117kPa). At atmospheric pressure, the vapor
would turn to ice. However, at very low pressures, ice can directly turn into
vapor (e.g., freeze-drying, or 'dry ice' for CO_2). Water vapor at $-10^\circ\
text{C}$ would be superheated vapor relative to the saturation state (which
would be ice/vapor equilibrium).

i. A househusband is cooking beef stew for his family in a pan that is (a)
uncovered, (b) covered with a light lid, and (c) covered with a heavy lid. For
which case will the cooking time be the shortest? Why?

The cooking time will be shortest in case (c) covered with a heavy lid.
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
A heavy lid increases the pressure inside the pan by requiring more vapor
pressure to lift it. As pressure increases, the boiling temperature of the water
increases (as per point d). Cooking at a higher temperature accelerates the
chemical reactions necessary to cook the food.

j. How does the boiling process at supercritical pressures differ from

the boiling process at subcritical pressures?

 Subcritical Pressures: Boiling occurs at a distinct, constant

temperature (T_sat), with a clear liquid-vapor interface and a large
specific volume change.

 Supercritical Pressures: No distinct phase transition (boiling) occurs.

As the substance is heated at constant pressure, its properties (like
density) change smoothly and gradually from liquid-like to gas-like
without a sharp change in specific volume. There is no boiling line, only
a continuous path from one state to the other.

k. Does the amount of heat absorbed as 1 kg of saturated liquid water boils

at 100 C have to be equal to the amount of heat released as 1 kg of
saturated water vapor condenses at 100 C?

Yes. The heat required for boiling (latent heat of vaporization, h_fg) is
thermodynamically equivalent to the heat released during condensation.
Since the initial and final states are identical in terms of T, P, and phase
quality, the energy change (enthalpy change) for the reverse process must
be equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.

l. What is the physical significance of h_fg? Can it be obtained from a

knowledge of h_f and h_g? How?

 Physical Significance: h_fg (enthalpy of vaporization) represents the

amount of energy (heat) required to completely vaporize a unit mass of
saturated liquid at a fixed temperature and pressure. It is the energy
required to break the molecular bonds holding the liquid together.

 Calculation: Yes, it is the difference between the enthalpy of the

saturated vapor (h_g) and the enthalpy of the saturated liquid (h_f):

h_fg = h_g - h_f

m. Is it true that it takes more energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid

water at 100C than it would at 120C?
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
Yes, it is true. The latent heat of vaporization (h_fg) decreases as the
saturation temperature (and pressure) increases. This is because at higher
temperatures, the liquid molecules are already more energetic (closer to the
vapor state), so less additional energy is required to complete the phase
change.

n. What is quality? Does it have any meaning in the superheated

vapor region?

 Quality (x): Quality is the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of
the mixture in the saturated liquid-vapor region. It represents the
degree of dryness of the mixture.

x = m_vapor / m_{total

 Superheated Vapor Region: No, quality has no meaning in the

superheated vapor region. Quality is only defined between x=0
(saturated liquid) and x=1 (saturated vapor). For superheated vapor,
the entire mass is vapor, and its state is defined by two independent
properties, usually temperature and pressure.

o. Which process requires more energy: completely vaporizing 1 kg of

saturated liquid water at 1atm pressure or completely vaporizing 1 kg of
saturated liquid water at 8atm pressure?

Vaporizing the water at 1atm pressure (which corresponds to 100C requires

more energy.

As established in question (m), the latent heat of vaporization (h_fg)

decreases as pressure (and temperature) increases. Since 1atm is a lower
pressure than 8atm, the h_fg is higher at 1\atm.

p. Does h_fg change with pressure? How?

Yes, h_fg changes significantly with pressure.

h_fg is the latent heat of vaporization. It decreases as pressure increases,

dropping to zero at the critical point. This is because higher pressure implies
a higher saturation temperature, meaning the liquid phase already contains
more internal energy, thus requiring less additional energy for vaporization.

Q.28:

Sol:
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
Analysis of Saturated Steam in a Rigid Tank

A 1.8m^3 rigid tank at 220C containing a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of

water.

(a) Pressure of the Steam

Since the system is a saturated mixture, the pressure is the saturation

pressure (P_sat) corresponding to T = 220C.

 P = P_sat at 220C = 2320kPa

(b) Quality of the Saturated Mixture (x)

The quality is determined by the masses of the liquid and vapor phases.

1. Determine masses using specific volumes at 220C:

 v_f = 0.001190m^3/kg

 v_g = 0.08609m^3/kg

 Liquid Volume (V_f): 0.6m^3

 Vapor Volume (V_g): 1.2m^3

m_f = V_f / v_f = 0.6m^3 / 0.001190m^3/kg ≈ 504.20kg

m_g = V_g / v_g = 1.2m^3 / 0.08609m^3/kg ≈ 13.94kg

2. Calculate Quality (x):

x = m_g / m_f + m_g = 13.94kg / 504.20kg + 13.94kg = 13.94 / 518.14

x ≈ 0.0269

(c) Density of the Mixture (ρ)

The density is the total mass divided by the total volume.

ρ = m_total / V_total = 518.14kg / 1.8m^3}

ρ ≈ 287.86 kg/m^3

Q.29:
 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
Sol:

Rate of Water Evaporation Analysis

The rate of evaporation (m) is determined by the useful heat supplied to the
water (Q_water) and the latent heat of vaporization (h_fg) required for the
phase change.

1. Essential Properties

 Boiling Temperature (at sea level): T = 100C

 Latent Heat of Vaporization (h_fg) at 100C: 2256.4kJ/kg

2. Useful Heat Transfer Rate

The burner generates 3kW, but only 60% is transferred to the water.

Q_water = (0.60) (3kW) = 1.8kW = 1.8kJ/s

3. Rate of Evaporation

The mass flow rate is calculated as:

m = Q_water / h_fg

m = 1.8kJ/s / 2256.4kJ/kgm ≈ 0.000798kg}/s

Conclusion: The rate of evaporation of water is approximately 0.000798kg/s

(or 0.80 grams per second).

Q.30:

Sol:

Heat Transfer Rate during Boiling

The rate of heat transfer (Q) required for boiling is determined by the rate of
evaporation (m) and the latent heat of vaporization (h_fg).

Q = m . h_fg

1. Determining the Mass Lost (∆ m)

Given properties at 1atm (100C):

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
 Time interval (∆ t): 45min = 2700s

 Latent Heat (h_fg): 2256.4k J/kg

 Density of Saturated Liquid (ρ_f): 958.0kg/m^3

a. Calculate Pan Area (A_pan):

A_pan = π D^2 / 4 = π (0.25m^2 / 4) ≈ 0.04909m^2

b. Calculate Volume Lost (∆ V):

∆ V = A_pan . ∆ H = (0.04909m^2) . (0.10m) ≈ 0.004909m^3

c. Calculate Mass Lost (∆ m):

∆ m = ρ_f . ∆V = (958.0kg/m^3) . (0.004909m^3) ≈ 4.703kg

2. Calculating the Rate of Heat Transfer (Q)

a. Calculate the rate of evaporation (m):

m = {∆ m / ∆ t} = 4.703kg / 2700s ≈ 0.001742kg/s

b. Calculate the heat transfer rate (Q):

Q = m . h_fg} = (0.001742kg/s) . (2256.4 kJ/kg) ≈ 3.932kJ/s

The rate of heat transfer to the pan is 3.93kW.

Q.31:

Sol:

Condenser Heat Transfer Rate

The rate of heat transfer during condensation is determined by the

mass flow rate of the condensing steam (m) and the latent heat of
vaporization (h_fg).

Q = m . h_fg

1. Conversion and Property Values

 Mass Flow Rate Conversion:

m = 45kg/h . 1h / 3600s = 0.0125kg/s

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
 Latent Heat of Vaporization (h_fg):

At T = 30C (from Saturated Water Table A-4), h_fg = 2430.5kJ/kg.

2. Calculation of Heat Transfer Rate

Q = (0.0125kg/s) . (2430.5kJ/kg)

Q ≈ 30.381kJ/s

The rate of heat transfer from the steam is 30.4kW.

Q.32:

Sol:

Boiling Temperature vs. Depth

The boiling temperature of a liquid is the saturation temperature

corresponding to the local pressure at which bubbles form (the bottom of the
pan). A deeper pan means a higher hydrostatic pressure, which in turn leads
to a slightly higher boiling temperature.

1. Establish Atmospheric Pressure (P_atm)

The shallow pan (h_1 = 0.05m) boils at T_1 = 98C. The pressure at the
bottom is:

P_boil, 1 = P_atm + ρ g h_1

Since h_1 is small, P_atm is approximately equal to the saturation pressure at

98C:

P_atm ≈ P_sat (98C ≈ 94.67kPa)

2. Calculate Pressure in the 40 cm Pan

For the deeper pan (h_2 = 0.40m), we calculate the total pressure at the
bottom:

P_boil, 2 = P_atm + ρ g h_2

Hydrostatic Pressure (P_hydrostatic):

P_hydrostatic = (1000kg/m^3) . (9.81m/s^2) . (0.40m) = 3.924kPa

Total Boiling Pressure:

P_boil, 2 = 94.67kPa + 3.924kPa = 98.594kPa

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
3. Deterine Final Boiling Temperature

The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to

98.594kPa.

T_boil, 2 = T_sat (98.594kPa) ≈ 99.2C

Q.33:

Sol:

1. Calculate the Total Pressure (P_total)

The boiling pressure P_total is the atmospheric pressure (P_atm) plus the
pressure added by the lid (P_lid).

P_total = P_atm + P_lid

 Given:

o Local Atmospheric Pressure (P_atm): 101kPa

o Lid Mass (m_lid): 4kg

o Pan Diameter (D): 20cm = 0.20m

a. Calculate the area of the lid (A):

A = π D^2 / 4 = π (0.20m^2 / 4} ≈ 0.031416m^2

b. Calculate the pressure exerted by the lid (P_lid):

P_lid = {Force / Area} = m_lid . g / A

Using g ≈ 9.81m/s^2:

P_lid = (4kg) . (9.81m/s^2) / 0.031416m^2

P_lid ≈ 1249Pa} ≈ 1.249kPa

c. Calculate the total boiling pressure (P_total):

P_total = 101kPa + 1.249kPa

P_total = 102.249kPa

2. Determine the Boiling Temperature (T_boil)

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
The water will start boiling at the saturation temperature (T_sat)
corresponding to the total pressure P_total = 102.249kPa.

 Using the Saturated Water Pressure Table (A-5):

o P=100kPa} -> T_sat = 99.63C

o P=105kPa -> T_sat = 100.44C

We can use linear interpolation to find T_boil at 102.249kPa:

T_boil ≈ 99.63C + (100.44C} - 99.63C) . 102.249kPa - 100kPa / 105kPa -

100kPa

T_boil ≈ 99.63C + (0.81C) . 2.249 / 5

T_boil ≈ 99.63C + 0.36C

T_boil ≈ 99.99C

The water will start boiling at approximately 100.0C.

Q.34:

Sol:

Local Atmospheric Pressure Determination

The local atmospheric pressure (P_atm) is equal to the saturation

pressure (P_sat) corresponding to the boiling temperature. We find
this by first calculating the latent heat of vaporization (h_fg) based
on the energy input and mass loss.

1. Calculate Heat Transferred to Water (Q_water)

Q_water = Heater Power x Efficiency

Q_water = 2kW x 0.75 = 1.5 kW

2. Calculate Rate of Evaporation (m)

m = Mass Lost / Time Interval = 1.19 kg / 30 min x 60 s/min

m = 1.19 kg / 1800s ≈ 0.0006611kg/s

3. Calculate Latent Heat of Vaporization (h_fg)

 Thermodynamics
(problem sheet no. 2)
The heat transferred equals the energy required for vaporization:
Q_water = m . h_fg.

h_fg = Q_water / m = 1.5 kJ/s / 0.0006611 kg/s

h_fg ≈ 2268.8 kJ/kg

4. Determine Atmospheric Pressure (P_atm)

The atmospheric pressure is the saturation pressure (P_sat) that

corresponds to h_fg = 2268.8 kJ/kg. Using the saturated water
tables and interpolating between 95kPa (h_fg = 2277.6) and
101.42kPa (h_fg = 2256.4):

P_atm ≈ 91.6kPa