L1 DEVELOPMENT

2 Aspects of Development

1. DIFFERENT PEOPLE HAVE DIFFERENT 2. DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS CAN BE

NOTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT( ANS20) CONFLICTING (ANS 19)
This is because different persons have At times two persons or groups can seek
different situations in their life. things which are conflicting.
People can seek things that are most A girl expects as much freedom and
important for them or which fulfill their opportunity as her brother and that he
aspirations or desires. also shares some responsibility in the
FOR EXAMPLE household work. But her brother may not
1. The developmental goals of a boy from like this.
rich urban family would be to get Similarly, to get more electricity,
admission in a reputed college, whereas industrialists may want more dams. But
the developmental goals of a girl from this may submerge the land and disrupt
urban family would be to get as much the lives of people, who are displaced
freedom as her brother. such as tribals. They may resent (not
2. The developmental goals for a landless like) this and may prefer small check
rural labourer would be to have more days dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
of working, better wages, local school for
providing quality education to their
children and no social discrimination.

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS Criterion to compare economic

1.-People desire regular work, better Development of countries (used by World
wages and decent prices for their crops Bank)
and other products. 1. For comparing countries , their
- They also seek equal treatment, income is considered to be one of the
freedom, security, respect from others most important attributes
and no discrimination. 2. Countries with higher income are
- Money or material things that one can more developed than countries with less
buy with it, is one factor on which life income
depends. [Link] comparison we compare the
2. – But the quality of life also depends average income (per capita income) – the
on non material things. Before accepting total income of the country is divided by
a job one looks at facilities for one’s its total population
family, better working atmosphere or [Link] Bank criterion- Countries with
opportunities to learn and grow per capita income of US$ 63,400 per annum
professionally. and above (2023) are called rich
A job may offer you less pay but give you countries
job security. Another job, however, may 5. Countries with per capita income of
offer high pay but no job security & this US$ 2400 or less called low-income
will reduce your sense of security and countries
freedom. Thus, for development people 6. India’s per capita income was US$ 10030
look at a mix of goals. Per annum (2023). Thus, India comes in
the category of Low middle income
countries.
Income and other criterion Public Facilities

1. In comparison of per capita income of Money in your pocket cannot buy you
states -Haryana has Rs 2,64,729/- while the goods and services that is needed to
Kerela has Rs 2,34,405 and Bihar has Rs a good healthy life.
47,498 /- per capita income respectively.
2. In this case, Haryana would be Income is not completely adequate
considered most developed, Kerela indicator of material goods and services
developed and Bihar least developed. that citizens are able to use.
3. But in another comparison of infant -e.g., Money cannot buy a pollution free
mortality rate Haryana - 28 per thousand environment or ensure that you get
Kerala - 6 per thousand and Bihar – 27 unadulterated medicine and is not able
per thousand. to protect you from infectious diseases.
4. The net attendance ratio of children -Kerala has low mortality rate since it
aged 14-15 years in Bihar is 69 while has adequate provision of basic health
that of Haryana is 73 and Kerela is 94. and educational facilities.
5. The Literacy rate of Haryana is 82%. We are able to enjoy many important
Kerala is 94% and Bihar is 62% things at cheaper rates as they are
public facilities. We are actually able to
This shows besides income all other study in schools as number of other
goals are equally important. students want to study.

Ans- 22 Ans- 25
UNDP (United Nation Development Sustainability of Development
Programme) uses the criterion of Human Sustainability of development means
Development Index (HDI) for measuring economic development without the
the development of the countries. The damage to environment. Development
HDI is calculated on the basis of should take place but without harming
1-Life expectancy-average expected environment.
length of life of a person at the time of e.g. Groundwater is under serious threat
birth of overuse. Groundwater is an e.g. of
2-Gross enrolment ratio enrolment ratio renewable resource. If we use more than
for primary school, secondary school and what is being replenished by rain then
high education beyond secondary level we would be overusing this resource.
3-Per capital incomes- the total income -To make development sustainable, even
of the country is divided by its total non-renewable sources of energy are to
population. It is calculated in dollars for be saved for future generation. Once non
all countries so that it can be compared renewable resources would be exhausted,
(177 countries are judged and it is surprising that we won’t be able to use them in future.
Sri Lanka, a smaller country in our neighborhood So, using the resources judiciously will
has a better ranking than a big, vast country like help in maintaining the sustainability of
India) development of our ecosystem. The need
The method of HDI is better than the of the hour is to use eco friendly
World bank criterion, as HDI looks for technology so that we do harm the
overall development not only income. environment while progressing on the
road of development.
 Ans-26
Averages are useful for comparison, but Body Mass Index (BMI) is one way to
they also hide disparities. find out if adults are undernourished.
Let us consider two countries, A and BMI is easy to calculate. Take
B. For the sake of simplicity, we have The weight of the person in kg and
assumed that they have only five height in metres
citizens each. Based on data given in Divide the weight by the square of the
Table below, height.
T ABLE 1.2 COMPARISON OF TWO
Country 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200 Important terms
A
Country 500 500 500 500 48000 Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the
B number of children that die before the age
of one year as a proportion of 1000 live
Average income of country A = 10,000 children born in that particular year.
Average income of country B = 10,000
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of
Even though both the countries have literate population in the 7-and-above age
identical average income, country A is group.
preferred because it has more
equitable distribution. In this Net Attendance Ratio is the total number
of children of age group 14 and 15 years
country people are neither very
attending school as a percentage of total
rich nor extremely poor. On the number of children in the same age group.
other hand most citizens in
country B are poor and one Life Expectancy at birth denotes, as the
person is extremely rich. name suggests, average expected length of
life of a person at the time of birth.
Hence, while average income is useful
for comparison it does not tell us Per Capita Income the total income of
how this income is distributed the country is divided by its total
among people. population. It is calculated in dollars for
Also average criterion does take into all countries so that it can be compared. It
consideration other important factors of is also done in a way so that every dollar
development like health status, would buy the same amount of goods and
services in any country.
educational level of the people .

STATES HARYANA KERELA BIHAR

PER CAPITA 2,64,729 2,34,405 40,982
INCOME(in Rs)
2018-19
INFANT 28 6 27
MORTALITY
RATE
LITRACY RATE 82 94 62
NET 73 94 69
ATTENDANCE
RATIO
 L1 DEVELOPMENT

1 Different people have ………… notions for development.

2 Rich nations have PCI above ……………..$

3 India comes in the category of …………………………income countries.

4 HDI report is published by …………….

5 People also seek non material things such as …………………… and …………………

6 World development report was published by …………..

7 One common developmental goal among the people is …………..

8 The ratio of total income of nation and total population is ……………..

9 The state with the highest per capita income in 2015-2016 is ………………

10 Proportion of literate population in the 7 & above age group is known as ………….
Rate.

11 ………………..& …………….. are two things that money cannot buy.

12 ………….. state in India has lowest infant mortality rate.

13 BMI full form is ……………………………..

14 India’s HDI rank in the world in 2018 was …………

15 Average life expectancy in India is ………years according to 2017 data.

16 Formula for calculating BMI is …………………………………..

17 ………………. regions of the world have the largest crude oil reserves.

18 ………………… development should be the focus for the 21 st century.

SHORT ANSWERS

19 Developmental goals can be conflicting. Elaborate with examples.

20 Why do people have different notions for development?

21 How do we know whether a country is developed or not? Discuss. (hint- Discuss both
the criteria of world bank and UNDP)

22. What is the meaning of HDI . Explain three components of measuring HDI.

23. Why groundwater is overused? Can there be development without overuse?

24. Is crude oil essential for the development of a country? Explain with the help of
example.

LONG ANSWERS
25. What is the importance of sustainable development?
26. Why do we use averages? Do they have any limitations? Explain with the help of
suitable example.

27. “The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy
the greed of even one person” Justify the statement.

28. What was the main difference between the criteria used by World Bank and UNDP in
comparing nations among each other.

29. “Money cannot buy all the things you need” justify the statement with the help of
suitable examples.

ASSERTION REASONING

Assertion (A) is given followed by a corresponding statement of Reason (R). Select the
correct answer to codes (a), (b) (c) or (d) as given below:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong.
(d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct.

30. Assertion (A): Increase in population, urbanisation and industrialisation lead to

increased use for fossil fuels.

Reason (R): Over use of conventional energy resulted in the phenomenon of greenhouse
effect.

31. Assertion (A): Groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the
country

Reason (R): About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 metres
during the past 20 years.

32. Assertion (A): Development involves thinking about the ways in which we can work
towards achieving goals of holistic growth.

Reason (R): Holistic growth is economic growth.

33. Assertion (A): Kerala has a better net attendance ratio than Bihar.

Reason (R): Kerala has fewer female children than Bihar hence the attendance ratio is
better.

34. Assertion (A): People not only think of better income but also have goals such as
security, respect for others, equal treatment, freedom, etc. in mind.
Reason (R): Money everything. Cannot buy everything.