Chapter 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1 Existing System Description
Access is commonly managed through mechanical keys, RFID
cards, fingerprint scanners, or password entry in existing door
security systems. While these conventional methods are simple
and widely used, they have several drawbacks related to
security, convenience, and reliability. For instance, passcodes
can be easily shared or guessed, resulting in unauthorized
access, whereas keys and access cards are prone to being lost,
stolen, or duplicated. Furthermore, most of these systems require
manual operation, which limits automation and reduces user
convenience. Additionally, they lack the capability for remote
control through Internet of Things applications or real-time entry
monitoring. In today's smart environments, where contactless
and intelligent authentication is essential, traditional methods
fall short.
Consequently, the current system fails to provide users with a
significant level of security or convenience. This underlines the
importance of developing an advanced, automated, and
contactless door entry system that can accurately recognize
individuals, decrease the reliance on human involvement, and
enhance overall safety. Thus, the present system does not assure
either robust security or user-friendly convenience. This
reinforces the need for a sophisticated, automated, and
contactless door entry system capable of accurately identifying
individuals, reducing human intervention, and overall improving
safety.
3.2 Limitations of Existing System
The following are some of the drawbacks of the current
door security systems that rely on keys, RFID cards,
passcodes, or fingerprints:
1. Vulnerability to Theft or Loss:
Unauthorized access can result from the easy loss, theft, or
duplication of physical keys, cards, and passwords.
2. No Real-Time Monitoring:
Because traditional systems are unable to monitor or log
who enters or exits, it is challenging to guarantee total
security.
3. Manual Operation:
The majority of current systems lack automation and
convenience because they require manual input or physical
contact.
4. Low Reliability:
Insufficient lighting, dust, or moisture can cause
fingerprint and RFID systems to malfunction.
5. No Identity Verification:
These systems permit abuse by unauthorized users because
they only verify the key, card, or password and not the user.
6. Lack of IoT Integration:
Remote monitoring and mobile control are not feasible
with traditional systems since they are not linked to smart
devices or networks.
7. Limited Scalability:
It takes time to manually configure or replace hardware
when adding or removing users.
8. Maintenance Issues:
Due to physical wear and tear, keys and cards need to be
replaced or repaired frequently.
9. Low Security for Shared Access:
It is dangerous and challenging to maintain unique access
control in homes or institutions with numerous users.
10. No Alert or Notification System:
Notifications of system failures or illegal access attempts
cannot be sent by the current systems.
3.3 Proposed System Description
Using biometric facial authentication and Internet of
Things integration, the suggested Smart Door Entry
System Using Face Recognition system aims to address
the shortcomings of conventional security techniques.
Below is an explanation of the primary features and
capabilities:
1. Automated Face Recognition:
Only authorized users are permitted entry, and the system
employs an ESP32-CAM module to record and identify
faces in real time.
2. Contactless Operation:
Keys, cards, or passwords are not required for entry, which
guarantees convenience and hygienic conditions.
3. Secure Door Control:
The relay module opens the door by activating the
solenoid lock when it detects a registered face; if the face
is not recognized, access is refused.
4. LED Indication:
Visual status is shown by LEDs; red denotes access denied
and green denotes access granted.
5. IoT Integration:
Remote monitoring and future expansion for smart home
integration are made possible by the system's ability to
connect to a Wi-Fi network.
6. Real-Time Processing:
Instantaneous data processing by the ESP32-CAM
guarantees prompt recognition and response without
discernible lag.
7. Low Power Consumption:
The system is designed to operate efficiently with minimal
energy usage, making it suitable for continuous operation.
8. Reliable Performance:
It produces consistent results by operating precisely in a
range of lighting and environmental circumstances.
9. User-Friendly Design:
The system is suitable for home or institutional use due to
its low maintenance requirements, ease of installation, and
ease of use.
10. Enhanced Security
Increases overall safety and dependability by preventing
unwanted access and accurately recording each entry.
3.4 System Requirements
To ensure correct and effective operation, the Face Recognition
Smart Door Entry System needs to meet certain functional and
non-functional requirements.
A. Functional Requirements
1. Face Detection and Recognition:
The ESP32-CAM must be used by the system to take real-
time pictures and precisely identify authorized faces.
2. Automatic Door Control:
When an authorized face is recognized, the relay must
activate the solenoid lock to unlock the door automatically.
3. Access Denial:
If an unrecognized face is detected, the door must remain
locked and indicate denial through an LED.
4. LED Status Indication:
○ Green LED → Access Granted
○ Red LED → Access Denied
5. Wi-Fi Connectivity:
For communication and remote monitoring, the ESP32-
CAM needs to be connected to a Wi-Fi network.
6. Power Supply Regulation:
For the circuit to operate safely and continuously, a
regulated power source must provide a steady voltage.
7. System Restart and Recovery:
After a power outage, the system ought to automatically re-
establish a connection with Wi-Fi and return to its regular
functions.
B. Non-Functional Requirements
1. Accuracy:
Faces must be detected and recognized by the system with
high accuracy and low error.
2. Speed:
After a few seconds of recognition, the system ought to
react swiftly and unlock the door.
3. Reliability:
It should function consistently under various lighting and
environmental circumstances without experiencing frequent
malfunctions.
4. User-Friendliness:
All users must find the setup and interface straightforward
and easy to use.
5. Low Power Consumption:
To ensure economical operation, the components should
use as little energy as possible.
6. Security:
Unauthorized users must be prevented from entering or
avoiding the door by the system.
7. Scalability:
Future extensions like multi-factor authentication and
mobile app integration ought to be possible.
3.5 Hardware and Software Specifications
Specific hardware and software components are used in the
development of the Smart Door Entry System Using Face
Recognition to provide precise, automated, and contactless door
control.
A. Hardware Components
ESP32-CAM Module:
○ Captures face images in real time for identification
and detection.
○ Serves as the primary processor for Wi-Fi and camera
functions.
Relay Module:
○ Uses the results of recognition to regulate the solenoid
lock's Operation.
○ Acts as a bridge between the microcontroller and the
door lock.
Solenoid Lock:
○ Provides secure mechanical locking and unlocking
when triggered.
○ Ensures physical door security.
LED Indicators (Red & Green)
○ Green LED → Access Granted.
○ Red LED → Access Denied.
Power Supply (12V DC):
○ Supplies the necessary voltage to power the solenoid
and control circuit.
7805 Voltage Regulator:
○ Converts 12V DC to 5V DC suitable for the ESP32
and other modules.
Breadboard and Connecting Wires:
○ Used to test, prototype, and connect electrical
components correctly.
Battery Backup:
Maintains system functionality even in the event of a
power outage.
B. Software Components
1. Arduino IDE:
○ Used for basic setup and ESP32-CAM hardware
configuration.
2. Python Programming:
○ Utilized for automation logic, face recognition
algorithms, and image processing.
3. OpenCV Library:
○ Effectively manages facial recognition, detection, and
picture capture tasks.
4. Wi-Fi Configuration:
○ Allows for real-time control and remote access
through IoT connectivity.
5. Firmware Tools:
○ Used for updating and flashing Python scripts onto the
ESP32 module.
3.6 System Design Goals
High security, automation, accuracy, and user convenience are
the main objectives of the Face Recognition Smart Door Entry
System's design. The following highlights the system's primary
design goals:
1. Enhanced Security:
To stop unwanted access, the system should have robust
access control that uses biometric face recognition.
2. Contactless Operation:
By using only facial authentication, the design seeks to do
away with the need for keys, cards, or passwords.
3. Automation and Efficiency:
Without any human involvement, the door must open and
close automatically in response to recognition results.
4. Real-Time Recognition:
Quick face detection and recognition should be a feature of
the system, guaranteeing prompt user authentication.
5. IoT Integration:
Wi-Fi connectivity should be supported by the design in
order to facilitate remote access and real-time monitoring
through Internet of Things applications.
6. Reliability:
The system should function precisely in a variety of
environmental, lighting, and angle situations.
7. User-Friendliness:
Anybody without technical experience should be able to
use it with ease thanks to its straightforward setup and
operation procedures.
8. Low Power Consumption:
To ensure continuous and economical operation, all
components should be tuned for low energy consumption.
9. Scalability and Upgradability:
Future improvements like multi-factor authentication,
mobile app control, and voice recognition should be
possible with this system.
10. Cost-Effective Design:
To make the system workable in the real world, all of the
components should be readily available and reasonably
priced.