TUTORIAL-1
(ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT)
1. A generating station has a maximum demand of 35000 KW and has a
connected load of 65000 KW. The number of units generated annually is
[Link]: a) the load factor b) the demand factor. The station has a
maximum capacity of the same value as that of the maximum demand.
2. A power station is to supply four regions of loads whose peak loads are 10000
KW, 5000 KW, 8000 KW, and 7000 KW. The diversity factor of the load at
the station is 1.5 and the load factor is 60%. Calculate: a) the maximum
demand b) the annual energy supplied from the station. Assume that the
maximum demand is equal to the installed capacity.
3. A diesel generating station supplies four categories of loads: 500 KW, 540
KW, 250 KW and 170 KW. If the station has a maximum demand of 750 KW,
calculate: a) the annual load factor b) the group diversity factor c) the demand
factor. The number of units supplied annually are16.4X105.
4. Following are the annual peak demand data for a utility for the last 14 years.
Calculate the ME, MAE, MSE, SDE and MAPE for each of the linear,
exponential and parabolic mathematical models. Using the best fitting model,
forecast the annual peak demand for the next 20 years for the utility based on
the MAPE. Take first 9 data as the initialization set.
Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Max.
Demand, 141 150 176 204 216 214 231 244 275 272 278 284 298 312
MW
5. Following are the annual peak demand data of a utility. Find out the best
fitting model out of linear, exponential and parabolic mathematical models
based on their Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Using the best
fitting model, forecast the annual peak demand for the next 20 years for the
utility. Take first 6 data as the initialization set.
Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Peak demand,
7.3 7.6 7.9 8.3 8.6 8.8 8.9 9.5 10.6
MW
6. When the annual load factors for sufficiently long historical data of a utility
are plotted against time in years, a linear relation as shown below was
obtained.
L.F.= 0.42+0.238X (X=0 for up to the year 1996)
(X=1 for the 1997 and onwards)
The annual energy consumption in MWhr by the utility for the past 16 years
have been tabulated below. Taking first 12 data as the initialization set,
forecast the annual peak demand for the next 25 years assuming the
expression for the load factor holds true for coming 25 years too.
Year 1990 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 2000 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 05
MWhr 252 256 267 287 278 279 282 286 289 293 317 327 335 333 340 341
THE END
Ans.: 1.(a) 0.834 (b) 0.538 2.(a) 20000KW (b) 105.12X106 3.(a) 0.25 (b)1.94 (c) 0.513
TUTORIAL-2
(ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT)
1. Prepare the priority list and unit commitment scheme and prepare the
commitment schedule for the following four thermal units to meet the load as per
the given load curve. Take spinning reserve equal to 15% of the load being
served.
Unit Fuel cost Output power, MW I/O characteristics
(TRs/MBtu) Min. Max. ( H in MBtu/hr)
1 1.3 150 600 H1=510+7.2P1+0.00142P12
2 1.0 100 400 H2=310+7.85P2+0.00194P22
3 1.4 50 200 H3=78+7.97P3+0.0048P32
4 1 75 500 H4=250+7.5 P4+0.0026P42
Load curve data: 0-5 hrs: 80 MW, 5-7 hrs: 150 MW, 7-10 hrs: 370 MW, 10-11
hrs: 600 MW, 11-13:950 MW, 13-17 hrs: 1100 MW, 17-22 hrs: 350 MW, 22-24
hrs: 50 MW.
2. The fuel input per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as:
F1=0.2P12+40P1+120 Rs./hr
F2=0.25P22+30P1+150 Rs/hr
Determine the optimum operating schedule and the corresponding cost of
generation to meet a demand of 180 MW if the maximum and minimum loading
of each units are 100 MW and 25 MW respectively. Neglect the transmission
losses.
3. The incremental cost characteristics of the two generators are given by the
following equations:
dF1/dP1 = 2.0+0.012 P1 Rs/MWhr
dF2/dP2 = 1.5+0.015 P2 Rs/MWhr
The maximum and minimum loadings of units 1 and 2 are 90 MW and 10
MW respectively. Determine the economic operating loadings to supply a
total demand of 150 MW. Neglect the transmission losses.
4. Determine the economic operating point for the following three units
neglecting the transmission losses. The total demand to be met is 850 MW.
1 TRs= Rs. 1000.
Unit I/O Characteristics Minimum Maximum Fuel cost
(H in Mbtu/hr) MW MW TRs/Mbtu
H1=510+7.2P1+0.00142P12 150 600 49.0
H2=310+7.85P2+0.00194P22 100 400 55.0
H3=78+7.97P3+0.00482P32 50 200 55.0
5. Using coordination equation and the loss formula, carry out two iterations to
find the optimum dispatch to meet a total demand of 190 MW for the
following three units:
Unit Output I/O characteristics
power, MW ( H in MBtu/hr)
Min. Max.
1 50 250 H1=312.5+8.25P1+0.005P12
2 5 150 H2=112.5+8.25P2+0.005P22
3 5 100 H3=50+8.25P3+0.005P32
The loss matrix is:
1.36 X 10-4 1.75 X 10-5 1.83 X 10-4
Bij= 1.75 X 10-5 1.54 X 10-4 2.82 X 10-4
1.83 X 10-4 2.82 X 10-4 1.61 X 10-4
Assume fuel cost for all units =1.831US$ per MBTU. Start from P1=100
MW, P2=40 MW and P3=50 MW
6 Find out the incremental cost of the received power for the simple one plant
system shown below when the load is increased by 5 MW. To supply this
increase in load, the power input is increased by 8 MW. Assume the
incremental cost at the plant bus bar as 180 TRs/MWhr.
dF1/dP1 λ
P1
7. A two bus system is shown below:
11 2
2
P1 P2
If a load of 100 MW is transmitted from plant 1 to the load, a loss of 10 MW
is incurred. The incremental production costs of plants are:
dF1/dP1 = 0.02P1+16 Rs/ MWhr
dF2/dP2 = 0.04P2+20 Rs/ MWhr
Determine the generation schedule and the load demand using the penalty
factor approach. The incremental cost of received power is Rs. 25/MWhr.
THE END
TUTORIAL-3
(ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT)
1. Suppose a power system consisted of two isolated region viz. western region and
eastern region. Five units have been committed to supply 3090 MW as shown in the
table below. Two regions are separated by a transmission line that can together transfer
a maximum of 550 MW in either direction. Explore the security situation of the system
in case of outage of each unit (only one at a time).
Region Unit Unit Unit Spinnin Regional Region Interchang
capacity output, g Generation al load, e, MW
, MW MW reserve, , MW MW
MW
Wester 1 1000 900 100 1740 1900 160 in
n 2 800 420 380
3 800 420 380
Eastern 4 1200 1040 160 1350 1190 160 out
5 600 310 290
Total 4400 3090 1310 3090
2. A utility has following data on 33 KV oil filled CT. Assume the CT to be non-repairable.
Nos. Installed Installed yr. Nos. failed Failure yr.
15 1990 2 1999
1 2005
3 2007
1 2008
2 2009
4 2011
12 1995 2 2006
2 2008
1 2009
1 2010
1 2011
Calculate: i) MTTF in year for these CTs
ii) Constant hazard rate in per year
iii) Reliability function
iv) Unreliability function
v) Unreliability density function
3. A generating unit of 50 MW has failure rate of 0.14 per year and repair rate of
0.96 per year. Calculate: availability of the unit, unavailability of the unit, mean
up time and MTBF.
4. A generating unit of 80 MW has failure rate of 0.18 per year. The availability and
unavailability of the unit are related by A=35Â. Calculate the repair rate and
availability of the unit. Also find MTBF.
5. Find the loss of load probable (LOLP) for the following three thermal units:
Unit Capacity FOR
1 250 0.015
2 325 0.02
3 450 0.025
The data for load duration curve are:
0-5 days: 700 MW, 5-10 days: 500 MW, 10-15 days: 300 MW, 15-20 days:
160 MW
6. Repeat problem 4 for triangular load duration curve with maximum load of 700 MW and
minimum load of 160 MW.
TUTORIAL-4
(ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT)
1. The accounts for recording the following transaction are capital a/c, cash a/c,
bank a/c, furniture a/c and sales a/c .Record them through debit -credit concept:
a. Amar Started a business with a capital of Rs 10000 on 2069/11/1
b. He deposited Rs 2000 in the bank on 2069/11/4
c. He purchased furniture of Rs 1000 in cash on 2069/11/6
d. He purchased goods of Rs 1000 in cash 2069/ 11/7
e. He sold goods for Rs 3000 on 2069/11/9
2. A 12 KW micro hydro plant is proposed for grain milling. It has a startup cost of
$ 20000. An energy survey relating to project established that the grain milling
operation will bring an annual earnings of $ 7000. The Operation and
maintenance cost are expected to be $ 1400 per year. If the costs and earnings are
imagined to be spread out 12 years, can the project be considered a viable
proposition if the discount rate is 20%. Give your decision based on net annual
income.
3. A 70 KW micro hydro project is proposed which has a startup cost of $ 120000.
Annual operation and maintenance costs are expected to be 2% of startup cost.
The discount rate is 12 %. The annual revenue is expected to be $ 18000 per year.
Decide whether it is worth investing on project whose life is considered to be 15
years.
4 A 6.6 /33 KV, 10 MVA transformer was purchased before 9 years at a cost of
NRs. 1.5 crore. The useful life of the transformer is assumed to be 40 years.
Salvage value of the transformer at the end of its useful life is 5 lacs NRs.
calculate the depreciated value at present using
i. straight line method
ii. Fixed %age on a declining balance method if fixed %age charge
on the book value is 5%.
ii. Sum of the years digit method.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
IOE, PULCHOWK
TUTORIAL-1
(ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT)
1. The fuel input per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given as:
F1=0.2P12+40P1+120 Rs./hr
F2=0.25P22+30P1+150 Rs/hr
Determine the optimum operating schedule and the corresponding cost of
generation to meet a demand of 180 MW if the maximum and minimum loading
of each units are 100 MW and 25 MW respectively. Neglect the transmission
losses.
2. The incremental cost characteristics of the two generators are given by the
following equations:
dF1/dP1 = 2.0+0.012 P1 Rs/MWhr
dF2/dP2 = 1.5+0.015 P2 Rs/MWhr
The maximum and minimum loadings of units 1 and 2 are 90 MW and 10
MW respectively. Determine the economic operating loadings to supply a
total demand of 150 MW. Neglect the transmission losses.
3. Determine the economic operating point for the following three units neglecting the
transmission losses. The total demand to be met is 850 MW.
1 TRs= Rs. 1000.
Unit I/O Characteristics Minimum Maximum Fuel cost
(H in Mbtu/hr) MW MW TRs/Mbtu
H1=510+7.2P1+0.00142P12 150 600 49.0
H2=310+7.85P2+0.00194P22 100 400 55.0
H3=78+7.97P3+0.00482P32 50 200 55.0
4. By taking transmission losses into consideration, determine the economic
operating schedule and the corresponding cost of generation if the load to be
met is 200 MW. Using coordination equation and the loss formula, carry
out two iterations to find the optimum dispatch to meet a total demand
of 190 MW for the following three units:
Unit Output I/O characteristics
power, MW ( H in MBtu/hr)
Min. Max.
1 50 250 H1=312.5+8.25P1+0.005P12
2 5 150 H2=112.5+8.25P2+0.005P22
3 5 100 H3=50+8.25P3+0.005P32
The loss matrix is:
1.36 X 10-4 1.75 X 10-5 1.83 X 10-4
Bij= 1.75 X 10-5 1.54 X 10-4 2.82 X 10-4
1.83 X 10-4 2.82 X 10-4 1.61 X 10-4
Assume fuel cost for all units =1.831US$ per MBTU. Start from P1=100 MW,
P2=40 MW and P3=50 MW
5. Find out the incremental cost of the received power for the simple one plant
system shown below when the load is increased by 5 MW. To supply this
increase in load, the power input is increased by 8 MW. Assume the
incremental cost at the plant bus bar as 180 TRs/MWhr.
dF1/dP1 λ
P1
6. A two bus system is shown below:
1 2
1 2
P1 P2
If a load of 100 MW is transmitted from plant 1 to the load, a loss of 10 MW
is incurred. The incremental production costs of plants are:
dF1/dP1 = 0.02P1+16 Rs/ MWhr
dF2/dP2 = 0.04P2+20 Rs/ MWhr
Determine the generation schedule and the load demand using the penalty
factor approach. The incremental cost of received power is Rs. 25/MWhr.
THE END