9TH
GRADE
ENS 185
ENGINEERING
DATA ANALYSIS
Probability And Statistics For Engineers
COURSE OBJECTIVES
At the end of the semester, the students must be able to:
1. Apply statistical methods in the analysis of data
2. Design experiments involving several factors
Introduction to
Probability and
Statistics
What is
STATISTICS?
STATISTICS
By definition, statistics answers
questions using data or information
about a situation.
The art and science of extracting
answers from data.
WHY STUDY STATISTICS?
➢ Helps with the decision making in
uncertain environment.
➢ By collecting and analyzing data, our
decisions will have its background
➢ Statistics helps us provide statements
based on sample that provides validity
about the population
Data Collection
POPULATION SAMPLE
Population is a A Sample is an
complete set of all the observed subset of the
items that interest an population. Denoted
investigator. Denoted as “n"
as “N”
Data Collection
PARAMETER STATISTIC
A characteristic A specific
of the characteristic
population of a sample
A Simple Exercise
Philippine Airlines claims that less than 5% of its flights from General
Santos International Airport depart late. From a sample of 100 flights, 6
flights were found to depart late.
1. What is the Population?
2. What is the Sample?
3. Is 6% a parameter or a statistic?
SAMPLING: How are Samples Chosen?
Probability Sampling
A a method of selecting samples from a population
where every individual has a known, non-zero
chance of being chosen
Non-Probability Sampling
B a method of selecting samples from a population
where not every individual has a known or equal
chance of being chosen.
SAMPLING: How are Samples Chosen?
Probability Sampling
A a method of selecting samples from a population where every individual has a known,
non-zero chance of being chosen
•Simple Random Sampling – every individual in the population has an
equal chance of being picked (like drawing names from a hat).
•Systematic Sampling – selecting every kth individual from a list (e.g.,
every 10th student).
•Stratified Sampling – dividing the population into groups (strata) based
on characteristics (e.g., gender, age), then randomly sampling from each
group.
•Cluster Sampling – dividing the population into clusters (e.g., schools,
cities), then randomly selecting entire clusters instead of individuals.
SAMPLING: How are Samples Chosen?
Non-Probability Sampling
B a method of selecting samples from a population where not every individual has a
known or equal chance of being chosen.
Convenience Sampling – choosing individuals who are easiest to reach
(e.g., surveying classmates).
Purposive (Judgmental) Sampling – selecting individuals who meet
certain criteria (e.g., only engineering students).
Quota Sampling – selecting individuals until a quota for each category
is met (e.g., 50 men and 50 women).
Snowball Sampling – existing participants recruit new ones (useful in
hard-to-reach groups).
Descriptive and
Inferential
Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Uses graphical and numerical procedures to summarize data and to
transform data into information. They describe what the data shows,
without making predictions or generalizations beyond the data set.
Main Functions of Descriptive Statistics
• Organize data → arrange raw data into tables, charts, or graphs.
• Summarize data → reduce a large set of numbers into simple
measures.
• Describe patterns → show the center, spread, and shape of data
distribution.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Types of Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency (show the “center” of the data)
Mean Median Mode
average of all values. Middle value when Most frequent value
data is ordered.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Types of Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Dispersion (Variability) - show how spread out the data is
Range Variance Standard Deviation
Difference between Average squared How much values
highest and lowest value deviation of the mean typically deviate from
the mean
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Types of Descriptive Statistics
Data Presentation
Tables Charts and Graphs
Frequency distribution tables Bar graph, histogram,
pie charts, line graphs,
etc.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Provides base for forecast predictions and estimates which are used
to transform information into knowledge. Instead of just describing the
data you have (like in descriptive statistics), inferential statistics let
you infer something about a larger group you didn’t measure directly.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Key Functions of Inferential Statistics
Generalization – draw conclusions about a whole population from a
sample.
Estimation – estimate population parameters (e.g., mean, proportion)
using sample data.
Hypothesis Testing – test assumptions or claims (e.g., “Does a new
drug work better than the old one?”).
Prediction – forecast future outcomes using sample data (e.g.,
regression analysis).
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Key Functions of Inferential Statistics
Generalization – draw conclusions about a whole population from a
sample.
Estimation – estimate population parameters (e.g., mean, proportion)
using sample data.
Hypothesis Testing – test assumptions or claims (e.g., “Does a new
drug work better than the old one?”).
Prediction – forecast future outcomes using sample data (e.g.,
regression analysis).
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Common Inferential Statistics Methods
Confidence Intervals – give a range of values where the true
population parameter is likely to fall.
Hypothesis Tests – e.g., t-test, chi-square test, ANOVA.
Correlation & Regression – measure relationships and
predict outcomes.