Vocabulary list:
1. Cell
2. Eukaryotic
3. Organelles
4. Cell wall
5. Nucleus
6. Plasma membrane
7. Cytoplasm
8. Chloroplasts
9. Vacuole
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Topic 2: Living things and their organisations
Cells: cells are the building blocks of all living organisms.
Cells are of two types:
*Eukaryotic: Eu= True, Karyon= Nucleus Ex: Plants, Animals
* Prokaryotic: Pro= Primitive, Ex: Bacteria, Viruses.
Organelles: The membrane bound structures present inside the cells are called
organelles.
Plant cells: They have a regular shape.
Organelles present include:
Cell wall: The outermost layer around the cell.
Made up of cellulose
It protects the inner parts of the cell.
Plasma membrane/ cell membrane:
It is a thin, living membrane that surrounds the cell.
Living: It is not rigid, can change its shape unlike cell wall.
It acts as a semi permeable membrane and controls the
transport of substances into and out of the cell.
Cytoplasm: jelly like substance present in the cell.
Nucleus: It controls the activities of the cell.
Chloroplasts:
Contain green pigment called chlorophyll, which help in
photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are called the kitchen of the plant cells.
Vacuoles:
Large fluid filled sacs, temporary storage centre of the cell.
Animal cells:
Have irregular shape
Cell wall absent
Chloroplast absent.
No or small vacuoles.
Thin cytoplasm
Questions:
1. Who coined the term cells?
2. Name the book published by Robert Hooke?
3. Name an instrument to observe the cells?
4. What are organelles?
Specialized cells:
Are those cells which undergoes structural modifications to perform a
specific function.
Example:
1. Nerve cells: conduct electrical impulses along the nerve fibres
during the nerve transmission, they may reach from the foot to the
spinal cord. [ they are long]
Nerve fibres are surrounded by a fatty layer called myelin sheath
which insulates the neuron and speed up the impulse.
2. Red blood cells: [RBC] contain red coloured pigment haemoglobin,
which helps in the transport of oxygen and carbon di oxide in the
body.
They have no nucleus, so have large surface area for maximum
oxygen absorption.
3. Root hair cells: increases the surface area of the roots, which
increases the absorption of water and minerals.
They have thin cell wall, which makes it easier for minerals to pass
across into the root itself.
Structural Organisation of Cells:
Cells ------ Tissues------ Organs------- Organ System---------- Organism
Cells of one kind group together and perform particular function are
called tissues. Ex: Muscles.
Organs: Different kinds of tissues group together to form organs. Ex; Liver,
Kidney
Organ system: Different organs together form organ system.
Ex: Digestive system, Circulatory system.
Vertebrates and Invertebrates:
Animals are classified into two groups:
1. Vertebrates: Have skeleton/backbone (protects soft parts of the
animal) Ex: humans, cats, fishes.
2. Invertebrates: Does not have a skeleton/backbone, Ex: bees, snails,
spiders.
Ectotherms: Cold blooded animals, Ex: fishes, frog.
Endotherms: Warm blooded animals, Ex: humans, birds.
Oviparous: the animals which lay eggs, ex: fishes, snakes.
Viviparous: The animals which give birth to younger ones and produce milk to
feed them. Ex: mammals.
The ‘S’ shaped wavy motion of the snakes is called serpentine motion.
Invertebrates:
Does not have a back bone.
Constitute about 90% of all cells.
Does not have a cell wall.
Are multi cellular
Reproduce by fusion of gametes.
Most of them live in water.
Most show metamorphosis (change of forms during development)
Ectothermic
Have an exoskeleton for protection.
Major invertebrates include
Arthropods
Annelida
Nematodes
Mollusca
Classification of Plants:
Plants are classified into two groups.
Non flowering plants: Mosses, Ferns & Gymnosperms
Flowering plants: Monocots & Dicots.
Importance of mosses:
helps to prevent soil erosion
Serves as ornamental plants in the garden.
Act as source of Oxygen.
When dry, they can be used as fuel.
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Have single cotyledon in the Have two cotyledons in the
seed. seed.
Leaves show parallel Leaves show multiple
venation venation
Have pointed leaves Have broad leaves.
Have fibrous root system Have tap root system
Ex: Rice, Corn, Wheat Ex: Sunflower, Mango