The diagram below shows the typical stages of consumer goods manufacturing, including the process

by which information is fed back to earlier stages to enable adjustment.

model answer:

Most consumer goods go through a series of stages before they emerge as finished products ready for
sale.

Raw materials and manufactured components comprise the initial physical input in the manufacturing
process. Once obtained, these are stored for later assembly. But assembly first depends upon the
production planning stage, where it is decided how and in what quantities the stored materials will be
processed to create sufficient quantities of finished goods. The production planning stage itself follows
the requirements of the goods' design stage that proceeds from extensive research. After assembly, the
products are inspected and tested to maintain quality control l Those units that pass the inspection and
testing stages are then packaged, despatched and offered for sale in retail outlets. The level of sales,
which is the end point of the manufacturing process, helps determine production planning.

A product's design is not only the result of product research, but is also influenced by testing and market
research. If the testing stage (after assembly and inspection) reveals unacceptable problems in the
finished product, then adjustments will have to be made to the product's design. Similarly, market
research, which examines the extent and nature of the demand for products, has the role of guiding
product design to suit consumer demands which may change with time. Market research, while
influenced by product sales, also serves to foster future sales by devising suitable advertising for the
goods.

Thus the reality of consumer goods manufacturing goes well beyond a simple linear production process.

The diagrams show a structure that is used to generate electricity from wave power.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
Generating electricity from sea waves

Test Tip

1) Describe key stages in the process in a logical order, making comparisons where appropriate.
2) Use suitable words and phrases to structure and link the process clearly.
3) Remember to include an overview summerising the main features of the process.
4) Vary your vocabulary and use your own words as far as possible.

Model answer

The two diagrams show how electricity can be generated from the rise and fall of water caused by sea
waves.

The process involves a structure which is mounted on the side of a cliff or sea wall. This structure
consists of a large chamber. One end is open to the sea, and the other leads into a vertical column,
which is open to the atmosphere. A turbine is installed inside this column and this is used to generate
the electricity in two phases.
The first diagram indicates that when a wave approaches the device, water is forced into the chamber,
applying pressure on the air within the column. This air escapes to atmosphere through the turbine,
thereby producing electricity.

The second diagram illustrates the next part of the process when wave retreats. As the water level falls,
the air from outside the column is sucked back in through the turbine. As a result, electricity continues
to be generated. The turbine rotates only in one direction, regardless of the direction of the air flow.

In conclusion, we can see that this structure is useful as electricity is generated in both phases: entering
and retreating of water.

The diagram below shows the production of steam using a gas cooled nuclear
reactor.

Model answer
A gas-cooled nuclear reactor consists of the reactor itself and a heat exchanger. The
reactor contains uranium fuel elements which are surrounded by graphite moderators and
topped by charge tubes for loading fuel elements, and boron control rods. The whole
reactor is contained in a pressure vessel surrounded by a concrete shield.
From the reactor the hot gas flows through a duct into the heat exchanger which is
outside the concrete radiation shielding. In the heat exchanger, steam is generated in a
secondary loop. There a pipe brings in water which is heated to steam, and this then flows
out to the turbo-alternator. Meanwhile the hot gas sinks to the bottom of the heat
exchanger and passes through a gas blower which pushes it into a cool gas duct and back
to the reactor.

As can be seen, this is a continuous cycle that keeps the reactor from overheating, while
carrying away the heat and steam, which will power the turbines.

The following diagram shows how greenhouse gases trap energy from the Sun.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
Complete the answer by filling the gaps with a word or phrase from the box below.

lead to release result in subsequently

fell reach less decades

amount as a result
s of

Energy from the Sun reaches the Earth as heat. Some of this heat energy is subsequently/thenradiated
into space, while some of it is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and reflected back to
Earth. This is a natural process, but in recent decades, human activities have led to an increase in
the amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which is now trapping too much heat.

One of the main greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide, and extra quantities of this are released/have
been released into the atmosphere as a result of burning fossil fuels as a source of energy in power
stations, factories and homes. Exhaust gases from cars and lorries result in/have resulted in further
emissions of carbon dioxide.

Plants serve to remove some of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by absorbing it through their
leaves. However, as large areas of forest are (being) felled/have been felled in the Amazon and
elsewhere, less carbon dioxide is removed in this way.

The flowchart illustrates the production of coloured plastic paper clips in a small factory.

Write a report for a university tutor describing the production process.

Write at least 150 words.

There are four main stages in the production of plastic paper clips from this small factory. Two of these
stages involve actual preparation of the clips, while the other two consist of quality control before the
clips are sent out from the factory to the retailers to be sold to the public.

To begin with, molten plastic is poured into three different moulds depending on the colour required;
the colours are red, blue and yellow. Once these clips emerge from the moulds a quality control
machine checks them for strength. Unsatisfactory clips are rejected. In the third stage in the process the
clips are stored by hand into two groups, mixed and single colours. When this stage is complete the
groups are checked a second time to ensure that the colour mixtures are divided correctly into single
colours and mixed colour batches. Finally, the clips are packed and dispatched to the markets.

The diagram below shows how a central heating system in a house works.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
model answer:

This diagram provides an overview of a domestic central heating system. It shows how the tank, boiler
and pipes ensure a constant flow of hot waterto both the radiators and the taps.

The cold water enters the house and is stored in a water storage tank in the roof. From there ü flows
down to the boiler, located on the ground floor of the house.

The boiler, which is fuelled by gas or oil, heats up the water as it passes through it. The hot water is then
pumped round the house through a system of pipes and flows into the radiators, located in different
rooms. The water circulates through the radiators, which have small tubes inside them to help distribute
the heat, and this warms each of the rooms. Some of the water is directed to the taps to provide hot
water for the house.

Once the water has been through the pipes and radiators, it is returned to the boiler to be re-heated
and circulated round the house again.

Introduction: First sentence. Overview: Second sentence.

Key features: Entry of cold water into boiler; circulation of hot waterto radiators and taps; return of
waterto boiler.

Supporting information: direction of flow; types of boiler; location of radiators; radiator tubes
Paragraph breaks: The paragraph breaks mark stages in the process.

Linkers: and, from there, then, once, again Reference words: it, both, there, which, this

Topic vocabulary: enters, stored, roof, flows, ground floor, located, passes, pumped, system, circulates,
heat, directed, returned, re-heated

Less common vocabulary: ensure, fuelled by, heats up, distribute the heat, warms

Structures: An appropriate mix of active and passive structures and a range of sentence types are used.

The diagrams below give information about the Eiffel Tower in Paris and an outline project to extend
it underground.
model answer:

The Eiffel Tower is situated close to the Seine River in Paris. It is a metal structure that is 1,063 feet high
and weighs 7,417 tonnes. The tower has been a tourist attraction since 1889, when it was built, and
there are 1,665 steps that can be climbed in order to reach the two viewing platforms.
There are now plans to build below the foundations of the tower. These plans include the development
of five underground levels that will incorporate the tower's ticket office, shopping facilities, a cinema
and museum and two floors of underground parking.

Although details have yet to be finalised, the principle is that the five floors will be connected by two
vertical passenger lifts on either side of the tower. In addition, the floor immediately below the tower,
which is planned to house the ticket office, will also consist of a large atrium with a glass ceiling so that
visitors can look directly up at the tower itself.

The diagram below gives the information about the Hawaiian island chain in the centre of the Pacific
Ocean. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown.

model answer:

The Hawaiian island chain, in the centre of the Pacific Ocean, is approximately 2,700 km in length. It is
formed of volcanoes and the active ones are at the south-east tip of the archipelago, where Hawaii itself
is located.

It is believed that the chain began to form nearly 80 million years ago. Each island started to evolve after
an eruption on the sea floor. First, a `hot spot' existed on the ocean bed, which let out a plume of
material called magma. This magma may originate as deep as 2,883km below the ocean bed. Next,
further eruptions took place, which built up the volcano. Eventually, it emerged above the surface of the
ocean.

Since that time, the spume of magma has remained static as the Pacific tectonic plate moves in a north-
west direction across it at a speed of 7-9cm per year. As it moves, a volcano forms as it passes over the
hotspot and then become inactive when it has passed it.