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Understanding Random Variables and Probability

This document introduces the concepts of random variables and probability, defining key terms such as experiment, outcome, event, and sample space. It provides examples of calculating probabilities using a coin toss and dice rolls, illustrating how to determine the sample space and the probability of various events. Additionally, it explains how to map outcomes of statistical experiments using random variables denoted by 'X'.

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justinekimberlyanit7
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7 views17 pages

Understanding Random Variables and Probability

This document introduces the concepts of random variables and probability, defining key terms such as experiment, outcome, event, and sample space. It provides examples of calculating probabilities using a coin toss and dice rolls, illustrating how to determine the sample space and the probability of various events. Additionally, it explains how to map outcomes of statistical experiments using random variables denoted by 'X'.

Uploaded by

justinekimberlyanit7
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

LESSON 1:

RANDOM VARIABLES
PROBABILITY
It is a field of mathematics that deals
with chances.

EXPERIMENT
It is an activity in which the results
cannot be predicted with certainty.
Each repetition of an experiment is
called a trial.
OUTCOME
It is the result of an experiment.
EVENT
An event is any collection of outcomes,
and a simple event is an event with
only one possible outcome.
SAMPLE SPACE “X”
The set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment.
The sample space for the experiment
in throwing a die

Sample Space:
X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Probability of an event
𝒏(𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕)
𝑷 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 =
𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆)
Example 1: A coin is tossed. Find:
a. The sample space
X = {head, tail}
n(Sample space) = 2

b. The probability of getting a head


𝒏(𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅) 𝟏
𝑷 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 = 𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆)
=
𝟐
Example 2: What would be the probability of
a. Picking a black card at random from a
standard deck of 52 cards?

𝒏(𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔) 𝟐𝟔 𝟏
𝑷 𝒃𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒌 = 𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆)
= =
𝟓𝟐 𝟐
Example 2: What would be the probability of
b. Picking a face card (i.e. a king, queen or
jack)?

𝒏(𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒔) 𝟏𝟐 𝟑
𝑷 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆)
= =
𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
Example 3: What would be the probability of
rolling on a fair dice:
a.) a 3?

𝒏(𝒂 𝟑) 𝟏
𝑷 𝟑 = =
𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆) 𝟔
Example 3: What would be the probability of
rolling on a fair dice:
b.) an even number?

𝒏(𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏) 𝟑 𝟏
𝑷 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏 = = =
𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆) 𝟔 𝟐
Example 3: What would be the probability of
rolling on a fair dice:
c.) zero?

𝒏(𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐) 𝟎
𝑷 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 = = = 𝟎
𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆) 𝟔
Example 3: What would be the probability of
rolling on a fair dice:
d.) a number greater than 4

𝒏(> 𝟒) 𝟐 𝟏
𝑷 >𝟒 = = =
𝟔 𝟑
𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆)
Example 3: What would be the probability of
rolling on a fair dice:
d.) a number lying between 0 and 7?

𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟕 𝟔
𝑷 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟕 = = =𝟏
𝒏(𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆) 𝟔
Recap: The set of all possible outcomes of
an experiment is called the sample space.
List the sample space of tossing three coins

{TTT, HTT, THT, TTH, HHT,


HTH, THH, HHH}
Lesson Introduction
A way to map outcome of a
statistical experiment is called
random variable.

It is typically denoted using capital


letter, usually “X”.
Example 4: Suppose you toss a coin
three times in a row. Let X be the
number of heads that appear.
List down all the outcomes of the
experiment under each value of X.

The possible values of X are


0, 1, 2, and 3.
Example 4: Suppose you toss a coin three times in a row.
Let X be the number of heads that appear.
List down all the outcomes of the experiment under each
value of X.
The possible values of X are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Number of Number of
Outcomes
Heads (X) Outcomes
0 1 TTT
1 3 HTT, THT, TTH
2 3 HHT, HTH, THH
3 1 HHH
Example 5: Suppose you roll two six-
sided dice. Let X be the sum of the
outcomes that appear from
the two dice. List down all the
outcomes of the experiment.

The possible values of X are


2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12

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