University of Pretoria

Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences

Department of Statistics
Statistics 120/161 (STK120/161)
Module Test 1: 30 August 2023
Time to write: 80 minutes Total: 45 Marks
Time to transfer: 10 minutes

Initials & Surname: MEMORANDUM

Student number:
Venue:

Instructions:
• Answer all questions

• Complete all your workings on this paper in the space provided.

• Final answers only should be transferred to the FINAL ANSWER SHEET for marking.

• No marks will be given to answers not filled in on the Final Answer Sheet.

• When applicable, please round off to four (4) decimals places. Only round off at final answers –
not between steps.

• Find the formulae- and probability tables on pages 13-16 (at the end of this paper).

• Do not separate any pages.

• This paper consists of 16 pages, 36 questions.

• All test and exam rules apply.

1
 TEST AND EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students are obliged to identify themselves positively by means of a valid student card when writing a test or examination. No access to the test or
examination venue will be allowed without a valid student card.
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leave the test or examination venue earlier than half an hour after commencement of a test or examination session. In the case of computer-based
assessment, a student may not enter the venue after the punctual commencement of the test or examination session.
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• bags (satchels)
• handbags
• pencil cases or bags
• unauthorised apparatus
• books
• electronic means of communication or similar devices
• cellular phone watches (smart watches) or cellular phones (cellular phones may not be used as a substitute for calculators)
• any piece of paper, no matter how small
• notes of any nature whatsoever.
Mere possession of any of the aforementioned, irrespective of whether the student acted intentionally or negligently or innocently, is regarded as a
serious transgression of the rules and subsequently as serious academic misconduct. It remains the student’s responsibility to verify, prior to the
commencement of a test or examination, that none of the aforementioned items are in his or her possession.
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and study material must be stowed away in the closed bag. The student may not open or handle such bag at all during the test or examination session.
If study material and/or notes (belonging to a student), are found under the seat or desk, or are visible to the student to such an extent that they could
possibly assist the student, such student shall be regarded as being in possession of prohibited, unauthorised material. Electronic devices such as cell
phones and tablets must be switched off and placed inside the bag, which is to be closed and to be kept under the student’s chair. In the absence of a
bag a student must switch off his or her cell phone or tablet or any other device and place it on the floor under his/her chair and out of the student’s line
of sight. These devices may not be kept on the person of the student and may not be switched on or handled by the student during the test or examination
session.
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academic task or assignment;
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it is the result of collusion between the student and another person or persons. The exception is group work as determined by the lecturer concerned.
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answer script.
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this purpose.
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supervision of an invigilator.
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18. As soon as the invigilator announces during a test or examination that the time has expired, students should stop writing immediately. In the case of
computer-based assessment students are automatically stopped from working on the computer when the login time expires.
19. Students may bring their own watches to the test/examination venue, but smart watches will not be allowed.

Please note: Students should take note that, if found guilty of academic misconduct or non-compliance with these rules, a student could, among other
penalties, forfeit his/her credits for a module and/or be suspended from the University for a period that could range from one year to permanent suspension.
Such a student’s record will be blocked for the period of suspension and he/she will not be entitled to a certificate of good conduct from the University during
this period. Students should also take note that, if found guilty of academic misconduct, it may negatively influence their admission to other universities and/or
registration with professional councils. Academic misconduct is indicated on all certificates of conduct provided to students by the University.

2
 Better living in South Africa is the theme of this paper.
Results are mostly fictitious.

Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following information:

A research study investigates student wellbeing, and the number of days (per week) exercising was
recorded. It is claimed that the median number of days exercising by students is 3 days. The results for a
random sample of 12 students are shown below:

1 2 5 6 4 2 2 3 1 2 5 3

Use the Excel output below to test the claim above.

Formula sheet: Value sheet:

1. The test statistic for this sign test is: (1)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 4

𝑋𝑋 = number of positive signs = 4

2. The exact 𝑝𝑝-value of the sign test is: (1)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 0.754

𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≤ 4) × 2 = 0.377 × 2 = 0.754

3. Complete the following sentence: (1)

Suppose the sample size changes to 𝑛𝑛 = 24, the sign test can be approximated by a normal distribution
with 𝜇𝜇 = ________ and 𝜎𝜎 = ________.

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 𝜇𝜇 = 12 𝜎𝜎 = 2.4495

𝜇𝜇 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = (24)(0.5) = 12 and 𝜎𝜎 = �𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(1 − 𝑝𝑝) = �(24)(0.5)(1 − 0.5) = 2.4495

Question 4 is based on the following information:

In a recent poll, 200 students were asked whether they foresee a future for themselves in South Africa, or
not. From the 200 responses, 98 were positive, 62 were negative and 40 were unsure. Using the sign test,
test whether the number of students who feel positive is significantly more than those who feel negative.
Let 𝑥𝑥 = the number of students who feel positive about their future in South Africa.

Given: 𝑥𝑥 is approximately normal with 𝜇𝜇 = 80 and 𝜎𝜎 = 6.3246

3
4. Using the normal approximation of the binomial distribution with 𝑛𝑛 = 160, the 𝑝𝑝-value is: (2)
Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 0.0028

𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 98) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 > 97.5)

97.5 − 80
= 1 − 𝑃𝑃 �𝑍𝑍 > �
6.3246
= 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑍𝑍 > 2.77)
= 1 − 0.9972
= 0.0028

Questions 5 and 6 are based on the following information:

Employee satisfaction levels (measured out of 100) for conventional offices versus green building offices are
investigated by conducting an occupancy survey. The satisfaction levels recorded for random independent
samples are shown below:

Conventional offices Green building offices

(sample 1) (sample 2)
29 47
31 57
47 61
49 70
57 74
57 81
63 83

In order to test if there is a significant difference in the employee satisfaction levels for conventional offices
versus green building offices, the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test can be conducted. The following hypotheses
are formulated:

𝐻𝐻0 : The population of employee satisfaction levels for conventional offices and the population of employee
satisfaction levels for green building offices are identical.
𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 : The population of employee satisfaction levels for conventional offices and the population of employee
satisfaction levels for green building offices are not identical.

Given: 𝑝𝑝-value = 0.0348

5. The value of the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon (𝑊𝑊) test statistic is: Final answer: 35.5 (2)

6. Complete the sentence below, using only the options given in brackets: (1.5)

Question 6.1
The decision is to ___________________ (reject / not reject) 𝐻𝐻0 at a 1% level of significance, thus there
Question 6.2 (is / is not) significant evidence to conclude that the populations of employee satisfaction
____________
Question 6.3
levels for conventional offices versus green building offices _________________ (are / are not) identical.

Write your final answers in the boxes below, following the correct numbering in the sentence above:
Final answer for Question 6.1:
not reject
reject / not reject
Final answer for Question 6.2:
is not
is / is not
Final answer for Question 6.3:
are not
are / are not

4
Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following information:
A research facility is interested in whether the income distribution for females and males are identical, or not.
Independent samples were selected from each group (i.e. females and males) and the individuals’ income
per month (in R1000) were recorded. Consider the hypotheses and Excel output provided below:

𝑯𝑯𝟎𝟎 : Female and Male populations are identical in terms of their income per month.
𝑯𝑯𝒂𝒂 : Female and Male populations are not identical in terms of their income per month.

Note: Not all rows are shown.

7. The 𝑝𝑝-value can be found by using the normal approximation to first calculate the probability: (1)
548.5−700 549−700 549.5−700
A. 𝑃𝑃 �𝑧𝑧 ≥ � B. 𝑃𝑃 �𝑧𝑧 ≥ � C. 𝑃𝑃 �𝑧𝑧 ≥ �
59.1608 59.1608 59.1608
548.5−700 549−700 549.5−700
D. 𝑃𝑃 �𝑧𝑧 ≤ � E. 𝑃𝑃 �𝑧𝑧 ≤ � F. 𝑃𝑃 �𝑧𝑧 ≤ �
59.1608 59.1608 59.1608

Final answer: F
Write letter only

8. Use the 𝒑𝒑-value (read from the Excel output) rejection rule to decide at which level of significance the
null hypothesis should be rejected, or not: (1.5)

A. 𝐇𝐇𝟎𝟎 cannot be rejected at a 0.05 level of significance.

B. 𝐇𝐇𝟎𝟎 can be rejected at a 0.05 level of significance, but not at a 0.025 level of significance.
C. 𝐇𝐇𝟎𝟎 can be rejected at a 0.025 level of significance, but not at a 0.01 level of significance.
D. 𝐇𝐇𝟎𝟎 can be rejected at a 0.01 level of significance, but not at a 0.005 level of significance.
E. 𝐇𝐇𝟎𝟎 can be rejected at a 0.005 level of significance.
Final answer: C
Write letter only

5
Questions 9 to 13 are based on the following information:
The waiting times for patients to be helped at government hospitals are investigated. Independent random
samples, each of size 6, were taken from populations of patients at four different hospitals and the waiting
times (in minutes) were noted. Assume that all assumptions for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are met.

An incomplete ANOVA table is given below:

Source of Variation 𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺 df MS F

Between Groups 245 3 81.6667 2.3333

Within Groups 700 20 35

Total 945 23

Use 𝜶𝜶 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 to test if there is a significant difference between the average waiting times for patients in
different hospitals.

9. The response variable is: Final answer: Waiting time (0.5)

10. The factor is: Final answer: hospital (0.5)

11. An estimate of the between-treatments population variance is: (1.5)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 81.6667

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 245
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = = = 81.6667
𝑘𝑘 − 1 3

12. The value of the 𝐹𝐹- test statistic is: (2)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 2.3333

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 81.6667
𝐹𝐹 = = = 2.3333
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 35

13. Complete the following sentence: (1.5)

At a 5% level of significance, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the
𝐹𝐹-test statistic < ______________.
Final answer:
3.1
Numerical value

6
 Questions 14 to 18 are based on the following information:
A research study categorises South African citizens according to their income level (i.e. low, medium and
high) and investigates the monthly expenses (in R1000) within each category. Consider the following
sample statistics for independent random samples taken from the different categories:

Income level Sample size Sum Average Variance

Low 6 60 10 2
Medium 4 55 13.75 2.25
High 5 89 17.8 3.7

Test whether there is a significant difference between the average monthly expenses (in R1000) of South
African citizens in the various income levels.
Note: It can be assumed that all assumptions for ANOVA are met.

14. The alternative hypothesis is given by: (1)

A. 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 : All the population means are the same
B. 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 : Not all the population means are the same
C. 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 : 𝜇𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇𝜇2 ≠ 𝜇𝜇3
D. 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 : 𝜎𝜎12 = 𝜎𝜎22 = 𝜎𝜎32 Final answer: B
E. 𝐻𝐻𝑎𝑎 : 𝜎𝜎12 ≠ 𝜎𝜎22 ≠ 𝜎𝜎32 Write letter only

15. The overall mean is: (2)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 13.6

𝑛𝑛
∑𝑘𝑘𝑗𝑗=1 ∑𝑖𝑖=1
𝑗𝑗
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 60 + 55 + 89
𝑥𝑥̿ = = = 13.6
𝑛𝑛𝑇𝑇 15

16. The sum of squares due to errors (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆) is: (2)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 31.55

𝑘𝑘

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = ��𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗 − 1�𝑠𝑠𝑗𝑗2 = �(6 − 1) × 2� + �(4 − 1) × 2.25� + �(5 − 1) × 3.7� = 31.55

𝑗𝑗=1

17. If the assumption of normality is not being met, then the Kruskal Wallis test can be applied instead, for
which the null hypothesis is: (1)

A. All population means are the same. Final answer: D

B. All medians are equal. Write letter only
C. Not all medians are equal.
D. All populations are identical.
E. Not all populations are identical.

18. For the Kruskal-Wallis test statistic H = 11.69, we have 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑝𝑝-value < 𝑏𝑏 . The values for 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are: (1.5)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 𝑎𝑎 = 0 𝑏𝑏 = 0.005

Note that 𝐻𝐻~𝜒𝜒 2 (2)

7
Questions 19 to 24 are based on the following information:
A researcher randomly samples 200 students to test whether the highest qualification level achieved is
dependent on the province of origin. The following contingency table contains the observed frequencies
(with some expected frequencies given in brackets):
Province
KwaZulu- Western
Highest qualification Gauteng Total
Natal Cape
64 23 23
Grade 12 110
(59.4) (23.1) (27.5)
21 8 12
Bachelor’s degree 41
(22.14) (8.61) (10.25)
11 6 8
Honours degree 25
(𝑒𝑒31 ) (𝑒𝑒32 ) (6.25)
Higher degree 12 5 7
24
(i.e. Masters, Doctorate) (𝑒𝑒41 ) (𝑒𝑒42 ) (6)
Total 108 42 50 200

Given: 𝑝𝑝-value = 0.8345

19. The probability that a randomly selected student’s highest qualification is Grade 12 and he/she is from the
Western Cape, is: (1)
Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 0.115

23
𝑃𝑃(Grade 12 ∩ Western Cape) = = 0.115
200

20. Under the null hypothesis of independence, the probability that a randomly selected student from
Gauteng has a Bachelor’s degree as their highest qualification, is: (1.5)
Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 0.205

41
𝑃𝑃(Bachelor's degree | Gauteng) = 𝑃𝑃(Bachelor's degree) = = 0.205
200

21. The expected frequency of an Honours degree as highest qualification and Gauteng as province, is: (1)
Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 13.5

(Row 3 total)(Column 1 total) (25)(108)

𝑒𝑒31 = = = 13.5
Sample size 200

2
22. The 𝜒𝜒23 cell value of the 𝜒𝜒 2 − test statistic is: (1)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 0.2988

2
(𝑓𝑓23 − 𝑒𝑒23 )2 (12 − 10.25)2
𝜒𝜒23 = = = 0.2988
𝑒𝑒23 10.25

8
23. The critical value for the 𝜒𝜒 2 - test at a 1% level of significance is: (1)

Final answer: 16.8119

24. Complete the conclusion below, using only the options given in brackets: (1.5)

Question 24.1 (is / is not) significant evidence to conclude that the

At a 1% level of significance there ______________
Question 24.2 (independent / dependent).
highest qualification level achieved and province of origin are _____________

Write your final answers in the boxes below, following the correct numbering in the sentence above:
Final answer for Question 24.1:
is not
is / is not
Final answer for Question 24.2:
dependent
independent / dependent

Questions 25 and 26 are based on the following information:

The matric pass rates (%) for Gauteng versus the Eastern Cape is summarised for years 2012 to 2022 in
the graph below.

Matric Pass Rates for Gauteng versus the Eastern Cape

100
90
80
70
Pass Rates (%)

60
50
40 Gauteng
30
Eastern Cape
20
10
0

Year

25. The following time series component(s) is/are clearly visible for the Eastern Cape pass rates: (1)
A. only irregular component
B. trend and irregular component
C. seasonal and irregular component Final answer:
D. trend, seasonal and irregular components B
Write letter only

26. The appropriate method to forecast the pass rates for Gauteng in 2023 is: (1)
A. moving average forecast
B. trend projection
C. decomposition method
Final answer: A
Write letter only

9
Questions 27 to 30 are based on the following information:
The 2010 to 2022 pass rates on national level for matrics in South Africa is given in the table below.

Year Pass rates (%)

2010 68
2011 70
2012 74
2013 78
2014 76
2015 71
2016 73
2017 75
2018 78
2019 81
2020 76
2021 76
2022 80

27. Fit a trend line (𝑻𝑻𝒕𝒕 = 𝒃𝒃𝟎𝟎 + 𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕) to the time series above. The value of the slope is: (1)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 0.6978

(using STAT mode on your calculator)

28. Using the trend projection method, the estimated pass rate for 2009 is: (1)
Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 70.1923
(using STAT mode on your calculator, give the intercept, that is where 𝑡𝑡 = 0)

29. Assume that the trend component in the time series above is not significant and a stationary time series
is observed instead. In this case, a 3-year moving average forecasting method with an SSE value of 161.6
is fitted. Then, the resulting MSE value is: (1)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 16.16

Note that using a 3-year moving average forecasting method, we lose 3 observations in the data set. Thus,

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 161.6
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = = = 16.16
13 − 3 10

30. Complete the following sentence, using only the options given in brackets: (0.5)
A larger MSE value indicates a ______________ (better / similar / worse) fit for forecasting.

Final answer:
worse
better / similar / worse

10
Questions 31 to 36 are based on the following information:
A health campaign is launched, and the effect on South Africans’ wellbeing is investigated. The following
table shows the number of doctor visits per day over a three-midweek period (i.e. Mondays to Fridays) at a
certain clinic, including an extract of the workings for a multiplicative decomposition model fitted to this time
series.
Moving Seasonal Irregular
Week 𝒕𝒕 Day 𝒚𝒚
averages Value
Week 1 1 Mon 23
2 Tues 31
3 Wed 37 29.8 1.24
4 Thurs 35 31.6 1.11
5 Fri 23 33.0 0.70
Week 2 6 Mon 32 *** ***
7 Tues 38 34.8 1.09
8 Wed 41 35.8 1.15
9 Thurs 40 36.8 1.09
10 Fri 28 37.8 ***
Week 3 11 Mon 37 38.6 0.96
12 Tues 43 38.4 1.12
13 Wed 45 39.4 1.14
14 Thurs 39
15 Fri 33

Adjusted seasonal indices are given as follows:

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
*** 1.09 *** *** 0.71

Given:
• Correction factor for unadjusted seasonal indices is 0.9899
• The trend line fitted to the deseasonalised time series is given by 𝑻𝑻𝒕𝒕 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 + 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎

31. The moving average for Monday, week 2 is: (1)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 33.8

(35 + 23 + 32 + 38 + 41)
= 33.8
5

32. The seasonal irregular value for Friday, week 2 is: (2 decimals) (1)
Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 0.74

28
𝑆𝑆10 𝐼𝐼10 = = 0.74
37.8

33. The adjusted Wednesday seasonal index is: (2 decimals) (2)

Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 1.16

Take note of the correction factor given as 0.9899

1.24 + 1.15 + 1.14

× 0.9899 = 1.16
3

11
34. Complete the following sentence, using only the options given in brackets: (1)
Question 34.1
The number of doctor visits on a Friday is _________________% (give numerical value)
Question 34.2 (above / below) average.
____________

Calculations in the block below:

1 − 0.71 = 0.29

Write your final answers in the boxes below, following the correct numbering in the sentence above:
Final answer for Question 34.1:
29
numerical value
Final answer for Question 34.2:
below
above / below

35. Complete the following sentence, using only the options given in brackets: (1)

According to the slope coefficient of the trend line fitted to the deseasonalised time series,
Question 35.1 (increases / decreases) on average by
the number of doctor visits _______________
Question 35.2 per day.
____________

Write your final answers in the boxes below, following the correct numbering in the sentence above:
Final answer for Question 35.1:
increases
increases / decreases
Final answer for Question 35.2:
1.06
Numerical value

36. The estimated number of doctor visits for Tuesday, week 4 is: (2 decimals) (2)
Calculations in the block below: Final answer: 48.83

𝑇𝑇�17 = 26.78 + 1.06(17) = 44.8

� 17 = 𝑇𝑇
∴ 𝑌𝑌 � 17 × 𝑆𝑆Tuesday
= 44.8 × 1.09
= 48.83

The end 😊😊

12
Formulae:
𝑛𝑛! 𝜇𝜇 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑝𝑝 𝑥𝑥 (1 − 𝑝𝑝)(𝑛𝑛−𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥! (𝑛𝑛 − 𝑥𝑥)! 𝜎𝜎 = �𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(1 − 𝑝𝑝)
1
𝜇𝜇𝑊𝑊 = 𝑛𝑛1 (𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2 + 1) 𝑘𝑘
2 12 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖2
1 𝐻𝐻 = � � � − 3(𝑛𝑛𝑇𝑇 + 1)
𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇 (𝑛𝑛𝑇𝑇 + 1) 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖
𝜎𝜎𝑊𝑊 = � 𝑛𝑛1 𝑛𝑛2 (𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2 + 1) 𝑖𝑖=1
12
𝑗𝑗𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗 2
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 �𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅𝑗𝑗 �
𝑥𝑥̅𝑗𝑗 = 𝑠𝑠𝑗𝑗2 =
𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗 𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗 − 1
𝑗𝑗 𝑛𝑛
∑𝑘𝑘𝑗𝑗=1 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑗𝑗=1 𝑥𝑥̅𝑗𝑗
𝑥𝑥̿ = 𝑥𝑥̿ =
𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇 𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘
2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = � 𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗 �𝑥𝑥̅𝑗𝑗 − 𝑥𝑥̿ � 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = ��𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗 − 1�𝑠𝑠𝑗𝑗2
𝑗𝑗=1 𝑗𝑗=1
𝑘𝑘 𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗
2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = � ��𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̿ � 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 + 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝑗𝑗=1 𝑖𝑖=1
2
�𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � (Row 𝑖𝑖 total)(Column 𝑗𝑗 total)
𝜒𝜒 2 = � � 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =
𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 Sample size
𝑖𝑖 𝑗𝑗

CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION

Area or
probability

Df 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005

1 2.7055 3.8415 5.0239 6.6349 7.8794
2 4.6052 5.9915 7.3778 9.2104 10.5965
3 6.2514 7.8147 9.3484 11.3449 12.8381
4 7.7794 9.4877 11.1433 13.2767 14.8602
5 9.2363 11.0705 12.8325 15.0863 16.7496
6 10.6446 12.5916 14.4494 16.8119 18.5475
7 12.0170 14.0671 16.0128 18.4753 20.2777
8 13.3616 15.5073 17.5345 20.0902 21.9549
9 14.6837 16.9190 19.0228 21.6660 23.5893
10 15.9872 18.3070 20.4832 23.2093 25.1881
11 17.2750 19.6752 21.9200 24.7250 26.7569
12 18.5493 21.0261 23.3367 26.2170 28.2997
13 19.8119 22.3620 24.7356 27.6882 29.8193
14 21.0641 23.6848 26.1189 29.1412 31.3194
15 22.3071 24.9958 27.4884 30.5780 32.8015

13
 Cumulative probabilities for the standard normal distribution

Entries in this table give the area

Cumulative under the curve to the left of the z
probability value. For example, for z = −
.85, the cumulative probability is
.1977.

z 0

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
-3.0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .0012 .0012 .0011 .0011 .0011 .0010 .0010
-2.9 .0019 .0018 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
-2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
-2.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
-2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
-2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
-2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
-2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
-2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
-2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
-2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
-1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
-1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
-1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
-1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
-1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
-1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
-1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
-1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
-1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
-1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
-0.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
-0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
-0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
-0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
-0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
-0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
-0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
-0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
-0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
-0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641

14
 Cumulative probabilities for the standard normal distribution

Cumulative Entries in this table give the area

probability under the curve to the left of the z
value. For example, for z = 1.25,
the cumulative probability is
.8944.

0 z

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7704 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9279 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9429 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9564 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9649 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3.0 .9987 .9987 .9987 .9988 .9988 .9989 .9989 .9989 .9990 .9990

15
 F DISTRIBUTION

Area or
probability

Fα

Denominator
Degrees Area in Numerator Degrees of Freedom
of Freedom Upper Tail 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
15 0.1 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16
0.05 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71
0.025 6.20 4.77 4.15 3.80 3.58 3.41 3.29
0.01 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14
16 0.1 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13
0.05 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66
0.025 6.12 4.69 4.08 3.73 3.50 3.34 3.22
0.01 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03
17 0.1 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10
0.05 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61
0.025 6.04 4.62 4.01 3.66 3.44 3.28 3.16
0.01 8.40 6.11 5.19 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93
18 0.1 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08
0.05 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58
0.025 5.98 4.56 3.95 3.61 3.38 3.22 3.10
0.01 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84
19 0.1 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06
0.05 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54
0.025 5.92 4.51 3.90 3.56 3.33 3.17 3.05
0.01 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77
20 0.1 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04
0.05 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51
0.025 5.87 4.46 3.86 3.51 3.29 3.13 3.01
0.01 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70
21 0.1 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02
0.05 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49
0.025 5.83 4.42 3.82 3.48 3.25 3.09 2.97
0.01 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64

16