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Matrix Operations and Solutions Guide

The document presents multiple applications of matrix operations, including arithmetic operations on matrices, solving linear equations using the Gauss elimination method, determining the rank of a matrix, and finding the inverse of a matrix. Each application includes specific matrix examples and solutions, demonstrating the procedures involved in each mathematical concept. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding the relationships between matrix rank, solutions to linear systems, and matrix inverses.

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13 views5 pages

Matrix Operations and Solutions Guide

The document presents multiple applications of matrix operations, including arithmetic operations on matrices, solving linear equations using the Gauss elimination method, determining the rank of a matrix, and finding the inverse of a matrix. Each application includes specific matrix examples and solutions, demonstrating the procedures involved in each mathematical concept. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding the relationships between matrix rank, solutions to linear systems, and matrix inverses.

Uploaded by

ebu.yalap0642
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Application 1 Application 2

(Arithmetic operations on matrices) (Gauss elimination method for solving


linear equation systems – Unique
Let solution)
 20 10 
 −3 0 7   2 −1
A=  ,B=  , C =  50 −90  −x + y − z = 0
 −1 9 3  0 3   
x− y+ z =0
 −15 −30 
10 y + 25 z = 90
Solve the following expression. 20 x + 10 y = 80

T
Solve the following linear equation system.
( ( B A)
2
T
+C ) =?
Solution
Solution
 −1 1 −1  −1 1 −1 0 
 2 −1  2 −1  4 −5  1 −1 1   
B2 =   =  A=  → A =  1 −1 1 0 
0 3  0 3  0 9   0 10 25  0 10 25 90 
   
 4 −5  −3 0 7   −7 −45 13   20 10 0   20 10 0 80 
B2 A =   =
 0 9   −1 9 3   −9 81 27 
A : Coefficients matrice ,
 −7 −9 
( B A) = −45 81
2 T A : Augmented matrice

 13 27   −1 1 −1 0   −1 1 −1 0 
 −7 −9   20 10   1 −1 1 0  0 0 0 0
A=  = 
( B A) + C = −45 81 +  50
 −90 
T
 0 10 25 90   0 10 25 90 
2
    
 13 27   −15 −30   20 10 0 80  HH 21(1)  0 30 −20 80  HH 1(24−1)
41( 20)

 13 1  1 −1 1 0  1 −1 1 0 
=  5 −9   0 30 −20 80   0 0 −95 −190 
 
 −2 −3 =  = 
 0 10 25 90   0 10 25 90 
T
13 5 −2    
( ( B A)
2
T
+C ) = 
 1 −9 −3
0 0 0 0  H 23( −3)  0 0 0 0  H 3(1/ 5)
H 2( −1/ 95)

1 −1 1 0 1 0 3, 5 9
0 0 1 2  0 0 1 2
=  = 
0 2 5 18 0 2 5 18
   
0 0 0 0  H 13(1/ 2)  0 0 0 0  H 3(1/ 2)

1 0 3, 5 9
1 0 3, 5 9
0 0 1 2  0 1 2, 5 9 
=  = 
0 1 2, 5 9  0 0 1 2
   
0 0 0 0  H 23  0 0 0 0  H 13( −7 / 2 )
H 23( −5 / 2)

1
Application 3
1 0 0 2
0 1 0 4  (Gauss elimination method&Infinite
= solutions)
0 0 1 2
 
0 0 0 0 Solve the following linear equation system.

Info : x + y + 2z = 1
n → The column number of coefficients matrice 2 y + 7z = 4
rA → Linearly independent, non-zero row number 3x + 3 y + 6 z = 3
of augmented matrice
Solution
rA → Non-zero row number of echelon form
of augmented matrice 1 1 2  1 1 2 1
A =  0 2 7  → A =  0 2
  7 4 
 3 3 6   3 3 6 3 
If rA ≠ rA → No solution of the system
1 1 2 1  1 1 2 1
If rA = rA → a.) rA = n → Only one solution 
A = 0 2 7 4  =  0 2 7 4 
b.) rA < n → Infinite solutions  3 3 6 3  H 31( −3)  0 0 0 0  H 12( −1/ 2)
depend on (n − rA ) arbitrary variable.
1 0 −1,5 −1 1 0 −1,5 −1

= 0 2 7 4  = 0 1 3,5 2 
→ n = 3 , rA = 3 , rA = 3
0 0 0 0  H 2(1/ 2) 0 0 0 0 
ց Because of linearly dependence
of first and second rows. → n = 3 , rA = 2 , rA = 2
Then rA = rA and rA = n → Only one solution
→ rA = rA and n > rA
x = 2 , y = 4 , z = 2 (The solution is unique)
ց First and third rows are linearly dependent.
→ (n − r ) = (3 − 2) = 1
arbitrary variable → Infinite solutions
x − 1,5 z = −1
y + 3,5 z = 2
Let z = 2k → x = 3k − 1
→ y = 2 − 7k
for k = 1 → x = 2 , y = −5 , z = 2

2
Application 4 Application 5

(Rank of a matrice) (Inverse matrice)

Find the rank of the following matrice. Find the inverse matrice of,

3 1 4 1 3 3 
0 8 
5 A = 1 4 3 
A=
 −3 4 4 1 3 4 
 
1 2 4
Solution
Solution
Info :
Info : Rank → Non – zero row number of
echelon form of a matrice is called rank of A. A−1 = A−1 A = I
that matrice and it’s shown as rA . A−1 → Inverse matrice of A
I → Unit matrice
3 1 4 1 2 4
0 5 8 0 5 8  Method 1 (Gauss – Jordan elimination
A= = method)
 −3 4 4  −3 4 4
   
1 2 4  H 14  3 1 4  H 31(3)
H 41( −3) 1 3 3 1 0 0 
1 2 4  1 2 4 A : I 3 = 1 4 3 0 1 0 
0 5 8  0 5 8  1 3 4 0 0 1  H 21( −1)
=  = H 31( −1)
0 10 16  0 5 8
    1 3 3 1 0 0 
0 −5 −8 HH 3(1/ 0 = 0 1 0 −1 1 0 
42(1) 0 0  H 32( −1)
2)

1 2 4 1 2 4  0 0 1 −1 0 1  H 12( −3)


0 5 8 0 1 8 / 5
= =  1 0 3 4 −3 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0  = 0 1 0 −1 1 0 
   
0 0 0  H 2(1/ 5) 0 0 0  H 12( −2) 0 0 1 −1 0 1  H 13( −3)
1 0 4 / 5 1 0 0 7 −3 −3
0 1 8 / 5 
= = 0 1 0 −1 1 0 
0 0 0  0 0 1 −1 0 1 
 
0 0 0 
→ rA = 2  7 −3 −3
→ A =  −1 1 0 
−1

 −1 0 1 

3
Method 2 (Definition of inverse matrice) Application 6 (Determinants)

A. A−1 = I Evaluate the following determinants.


1 3 3   a b c  1 0 0 
6 2
→ 1 4 3   d e f  = 0 1 0  a.) A =
10 4
1 3 4   g h k  0 0 1 
5 1 8
→ a + 3d + 3 g = 1 g = −1
b.) B = 15 3 6
a + 4d + 3 g = 0 d = −1 10 4 2
a + 3d + 4 g = 0 a=7
→ b + 3e + 3h = 0 h=0 2 0 −4 6
b + 4e + 3h = 1 e =1 4 5 1 0
c.)
0 2 6 −1
b + 3e + 4h = 0 b = −3
−3 8 9 1
→ c + 3 f + 3k = 0 k =1
c + 4 f + 3k = 0 f =0 Solution
c + 3 f + 4k = 1 c = −3
a.) Info :

 7 −3 −3 a11 a12


→ A =  −1 1 0 
−1 D=
a21 a22
= a11a22 − a21a12
 −1 0 1 
6 2
→ A= = 24 − 20 = 4
10 4

b.) Info :

a11 a12 a13


D = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
= a11 − a12 + a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32

5 1 8
3 6 15 6 15 3
→ B = 15 3 6 = 5 −1 +8
4 2 10 2 10 4
10 4 2
= 5(6 − 24) − (30 − 60) + 8(60 − 30)
= −90 + 30 + 240
= 180

4
c.) Application 7
2 0 −4 6 1 0 −2 3
4 5 1 0 4 5 1 0 (Cramer’s Rule for solving linear
C= =2 equation system)
0 2 6 −1 0 2 6 −1
−3 8 9 1 −3 8 9 1 H 21( −4) Solve the following linear equation system
H 41(3)
by using Cramer’s Rule.
1 0 −2 3
0 5 9 −12 −x + 3y − 2z = 7
=2
0 2 6 −1 3 x + 3 z = −3
0 8 3 10 2 x + y + 2 z = −1
 6 −1 2 −1 2 6
= 25 −9 − 12  Solution
 3 10 8 10 8 3
= 2 ( 5(60 + 3) − 9(20 + 8) − 12(6 − 48) ) Info :
= 2(315 − 252 + 504) D1 D D
= 1134 x1 = , x2 = 2 ,.....,xn = n (Cramer's Rule)
D D D
where Dk is the determinant obtained from
D by replacing in D, the kth column with
the entries b1 ,...., bn .

−1 3 −2
D= 3 0 3 = −3
2 1 2
7 3 −2
D1 = −3 0 3 = −6
−1 1 2
−1 7 −2
D2 = 3 −3 3 = −3
2 −1 2
−1 3 7
D3 = 3 0 −3 = 9
2 1 −1
D1 −6
x= = →x=2
D −3
D −3
y= 2 = → y =1
D −3
D 9
z= 3 = → z = −3
D −3

Note : If D = 0 , then we can not solve the


equation by using Cramer’s Rule.

Common questions

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The Gauss-Jordan elimination method involves transforming a matrix into its reduced row-echelon form, achieving an identity matrix on one side of the augmented matrix. The resulting matrix on the right becomes the inverse of the original matrix. This is explained in Source 5 with the inversion of matrix A.

Solving a system of linear equations using the Gauss elimination method involves transforming the system's augmented matrix into an upper triangular form using row operations, then performing back substitution to find the solution. The procedure starts by forward eliminating elements below the pivot to form zeros, followed by back substitution from bottom to top to solve for each variable, as detailed in Source 2.

A determinant equaling zero indicates that the matrix is singular and not invertible, which suggests that the system of equations it represents either has no solutions or infinite solutions, highlighting a dependency among rows or columns. Source 5 discusses the implications of a zero determinant.

The rank of a matrix is determined by the number of non-zero rows in its echelon form, which represents the number of linearly independent rows. For example, in Source 4, the matrix A is converted to its echelon form, and the number of non-zero rows gives the rank as 2.

Cramer's Rule solves a system of linear equations by calculating the determinant of the coefficient matrix and replacing each column with the constants of the equations to find determinants for each variable. It works when the determinant of the coefficient matrix is non-zero, allowing for division, as seen in Source 6.

A linear system has a unique solution if the rank of the coefficient matrix equals the rank of the augmented matrix and both equal the number of variables. It has no solution if the rank of the augmented matrix exceeds the rank of the coefficient matrix. It has infinite solutions if the rank of the coefficient matrix equals the rank of the augmented matrix but is less than the number of variables. This is illustrated in Source 3.

The determinant of a 3x3 matrix is calculated using the formula: det(A) = a11(a22a33 - a23a32) - a12(a21a33 - a23a31) + a13(a21a32 - a22a31), expanding across one row. Its properties include changing sign when two rows are swapped, and scaling by the determinant's scalar product if a row is scaled, as illustrated in Source 5, application 6.

Matrix arithmetic involving transposed matrices requires performing operations on the transposed forms as per matrix multiplication rules and then combining with other operations as needed. This includes ensuring dimensional compatibility and correctly interpreting the order of operations, as shown in the expression evaluation in Source 1.

Linear dependence among rows or columns implies redundancy within the equations, potentially leading to no or infinite solutions depending on other factors like the augmented matrix's rank. Dependence reduces the rank and indicates either a lack of uniqueness or overdetermination with possible contradictions, as discussed in Source 3.

Row operations allow for the transformation of matrices into simpler forms like echelon or reduced row-echelon forms, facilitating the solution of systems of equations through methods such as Gaussian or Gauss-Jordan elimination. They maintain equivalence, ensuring that the solutions to the system are not altered, as shown in Source 2.

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