Java17 [Link]

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Java17
Here’s an overview of the main Java 17 features,
their use cases, and examples illustrating their
application in complex projects. Java 17 is a long-
term support (LTS) release, making it highly relevant
for enterprise projects.

1. Sealed Classes

• Description: Sealed classes allow developers to

restrict which classes can extend or implement a
given class or interface. This provides a more
controlled inheritance hierarchy.
• Use Case:
◦ Define closed hierarchies for business logic,
ensuring only specific subclasses are allowed.
◦ Useful in modeling scenarios like a Payment
hierarchy with subclasses such as
CreditCardPayment, PaypalPayment, etc.
• Code Example:

public sealed class Payment permits CreditCardPayment,

PaypalPayment {

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public abstract void process();

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}

public final class CreditCardPayment extends Payment {

@Override
public void process() {
// Implementation
}
}

public final class PaypalPayment extends Payment {

@Override
public void process() {
// Implementation
}
}
Note → In general, if a class contains an abstract method,
then that class must be abstract. However, in the case of
sealed class permits, we can define a sealed class as non-
abstract even if it contains abstract methods.

Explanation of the Example:

1. sealed Keyword:
• The Payment class is declared as sealed ,
restricting which classes can extend it.
• The permits clause specifies the allowed
subclasses: CreditCardPayment and
PaypalPayment .
2. Final Subclasses:
• Both CreditCardPayment and PaypalPayment are
declared final , meaning no other class can
extend them.
3. Benefits:
• Clear, restricted hierarchy.
• Better control over the design of the
inheritance tree.
• Improves readability and maintains a closed set
of known implementations.

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2. Pattern Matching for Switch (Preview)

• Description: Enhanced switch statements now

support pattern matching, simplifying type-
checking and extraction logic.
• Use Case:
◦ Handle various types of objects in a single,
concise block.
◦ Improve readability and maintainability of
complex decision logic.
• Code Example:

public static String formatValue(Object value) {

return switch (value) {
case Integer i -> "Integer: " + i;
case String s -> "String: " + s;
case null -> "Null value";
default -> "Unknown type";
};
}

Pattern Matching for switch was introduced as a preview

feature in Java 17 but fully implemented and finalized in
Java 19. The transition from a preview feature to a fully
implemented feature in Java 19 reflects several improvements
and enhancements that were made based on developer feedback
and additional language design considerations.

Reasons for Full Implementation in

Java 19:
1. Improved Language Design and Feedback:
• When preview features are introduced in earlier
versions (like Java 17), they are experimental
and intended for developers to try out and
provide feedback. This feedback is crucial in
refining the feature before it becomes fully
integrated.
• After observing how the feature was being used

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in practice, the Java language team

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incorporated improvements, fixed bugs, and
addressed limitations based on real-world
usage.
2. Enhanced Pattern Matching Features:
• Java 19 fully supports pattern matching for
switch and integrates it more smoothly into
the language, making it easier to use and more
powerful. Some key improvements include:
◦ Support for additional patterns like
instanceof with type patterns, more
advanced guards, and type checking.
◦ Better handling of complex patterns, making
it more useful in real-world scenarios.
◦ Cleaner syntax: Reduces boilerplate code
and allows for more concise, readable
switch statements.
3. Language Consistency and Completeness:
• Java 19 introduced additional enhancements,
such as better handling of sealed classes with
pattern matching in switch , which were part of
other Java features (e.g., sealed classes in
Java 17).
• The Pattern Matching for switch feature in
Java 19 brings language consistency, making it
easier for developers to express patterns in
their code without needing to mix multiple
language features (like instanceof and
switch ).
4. Support for Multiple Pattern Types:
• Java 19 allows developers to match multiple
patterns in a single case. This provides more
flexibility, allowing developers to express
logic more succinctly.
• For example, you can match both String and
Integer types within the same case label,
which was not as straightforward in earlier
versions.
5. Performance Optimizations:

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• Along
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features and syntax, Java 19
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includes optimizations for performance, making
the feature faster and more efficient in terms
of both memory usage and execution speed. This
is important when dealing with complex pattern
matching logic in production systems.

Key Differences Between Java 17

(Preview) and Java 19 (Full
Implementation):

In Java 17 (Preview):
• Limited pattern matching: Supported only type
patterns and certain simple guards (e.g.,
instanceof checks).
• Preview mode: As a preview feature, the syntax and
behavior were subject to change, and it required
enabling preview features with the --enable-
preview flag.
• No support for complex patterns: More complex
patterns, such as matching against multiple
conditions or pattern nesting, were not supported.

In Java 19 (Full
Implementation):
• Full support for pattern matching: Includes
multiple pattern types, such as type patterns,
object patterns, and the ability to combine
patterns using logical operators.
• More powerful and expressive: Developers can now
use complex patterns with switch expressions
without additional boilerplate code, improving
readability and maintainability.
• Better performance and reliability: Improved
optimizations have been made for the feature,
making it faster and more stable in production
environments.

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ExampleAddof
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Edit this post Matching for
switch in Java 19:
In Java 19, the switch statement has been enhanced to
support full pattern matching. Here's an example:

public class PatternMatchingSwitchExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Object obj = "Hello";

String result = switch (obj) {

case Integer i -> "Integer: " + i;
case String s -> "String: " + s;
case null -> "Null value"; // Handling null
default -> "Unknown type";
};

[Link](result);
}
}

3. Text Blocks

• Description: Introduced in Java 15 and part of

Java 17, text blocks simplify handling of multi-
line strings.
• Use Case:
◦ Write cleaner code for SQL queries, JSON, XML,
or HTML templates.
◦ Improve readability and reduce boilerplate
code.
• Code Example:

package [Link].java17;

public class Demo03TextBlocks {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Example 1: SQL Query
String sqlQuery = """
SELECT id, name, email

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FROM users
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WHERE status = 'active'
ORDER BY created_at DESC;
""";
[Link]("SQL Query:");
[Link](sqlQuery);

// Example 2: JSON String

String jsonExample = """
{
"name": "John Doe",
"age": 30,
"email": "johndoe@[Link]",
"roles": ["user", "admin"]
}
""";
[Link]("JSON Example:");
[Link](jsonExample);

// Example 3: HTML Template

String htmlTemplate = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Sample Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to Text Blocks</h1>
<p>This is a sample page using text
blocks.</p>
</body>
</html>
""";
[Link]("HTML Template:");
[Link](htmlTemplate);
}
}

4. New macOS Rendering Pipeline (JEP

382)

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• Descrip
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rendering pipeline replaces
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Apple's deprecated OpenGL.
• Use Case:
◦ Ensures compatibility and performance
improvements for GUI applications on macOS.
• Complex Project Application:
◦ Enterprise-grade GUI applications for data
visualization.

Key Benefits of JEP 382:

1. Improved Graphics Performance: The Metal-based
pipeline offers better performance and efficiency
compared to the older OpenGL pipeline.
2. Better Support for Modern macOS Hardware: Metal is
optimized for macOS's hardware, leading to
smoother graphics rendering.
3. JavaFX Improvements: Applications that rely on
JavaFX for GUI rendering will benefit from this
new pipeline, as Metal provides more efficient
rendering paths.
4. Removal of OpenGL Dependency: The older OpenGL-
based pipeline was deprecated, and this transition
ensures that Java stays up to date with Apple's
API ecosystem.

5. Enhanced Random Number Generators

(JEP 356)
• Description: New interfaces and classes for random
number generation, such as RandomGenerator and
support for stream-based programming.
• Use Case:
◦ Cryptography, simulations, gaming, or data
sampling.
• Code Example:

import [Link];
import [Link];

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public class EnhancedRandomExample {

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public static void main(String[] args) {
// Using the RandomGenerator interface
RandomGenerator randomGenerator =
[Link]("Xoshiro256PlusPlus");

// Generate random numbers

[Link]("Random int: " +
[Link]());
[Link]("Random double: " +
[Link]());
[Link]("Random long: " +
[Link]());

// Generate a stream of random integers

[Link]("Stream of random integers:");
[Link](5, 1,
100).forEach([Link]::println);

// Using RandomGeneratorFactory to explore available

generators
[Link]("\nAvailable Random Generators:");
[Link]().forEach(factory -> {
[Link]([Link]());
});

// Using a jumpable generator

[Link] jumpableGenerator =
[Link]("Xoroshiro128Plus")
instanceof [Link]
? ([Link])
[Link]("Xoroshiro128Plus")
: null;

if (jumpableGenerator != null) {
[Link]("\nRandom number from
JumpableGenerator: " + [Link]());
[Link]();
[Link]("Random number after jump: " +
[Link]());
}
}
}

Explanation:

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1. Using Add
RandomGenerator Interface:
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• Create an instance of a specific random
generator ( Xoshiro256PlusPlus in this case).
• Call methods like nextInt() , nextDouble() , or
nextLong() for random numbers.
2. Stream Generation:
• Use methods like ints() to generate a stream
of random integers.
3. Explore Available Generators:
• Use [Link]() to list all
available generators.
4. Jumpable Generators:
• A jumpable generator can "jump" ahead in the
sequence for reproducibility or performance.

6. Removal of Deprecated Features

• Description:
◦ Deprecated features like RMI Activation, Applet
API, and others have been removed, ensuring a
cleaner ecosystem.
• Use Case:
◦ Encourages migration to modern alternatives
like web technologies.

7. Foreign Function & Memory API

(Preview)
• Description: Enables Java applications to
interoperate with code and data outside the JVM
safely.
• Use Case:
◦ Integrate with C libraries for performance-
critical applications like machine learning or
multimedia processing.
• Code Example:

try (MemorySegment segment =

[Link](1024)) {

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[Link](segment, 0, 42);
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int value = [Link](segment, 0);
[Link](value);
}
Foreign Function & Memory API (Preview), introduced in Java
16 as a preview feature and refined in later versions,
provides a way for Java programs to interact with native code
(such as C or C++ libraries) and manage memory outside of the
Java heap. It was designed to replace the old Java Native
Interface (JNI) and Direct ByteBuffers with a safer, more
efficient, and easier-to-use API.

The goal of this API is to allow Java programs to interface

with native code in a way that is more straightforward and
avoids the complexities of traditional JNI.

Key Components:
1. Foreign Function Access: Allows Java code to
invoke functions written in native languages
(e.g., C, C++) directly.
2. Memory Access: Provides the ability to allocate
and access memory outside the Java heap, which can
be useful for performance-critical applications.
3. No JVM Garbage Collection: Native memory is
managed manually, meaning it won't be collected by
the JVM's garbage collector.
4. Safe Access: The API is designed to be safer and
easier to use than older native memory access
methods.

Full Implementation Example of the

Foreign Function & Memory API:
Let's walk through a simple example where Java interacts with
native code (using C) and accesses memory outside the heap.
We will demonstrate using this preview feature to allocate
memory, write to it, and read from it using the Foreign
Memory Access API.

Note: Make sure you are using Java 16 or later and enable
preview features.

Example: Calling a Native Function

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1. Native Code (C Code): We'll write a simple C

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function and call it from Java.

C Code (Library) -
nativeLib.c

#include <stdio.h>
void sayHello() {
printf("Hello from native code!\n");
}

int addNumbers(int a, int b) {

return a + b;
}

Compile the C code into a shared library:

gcc -shared -o [Link] -fPIC nativeLib.c

This command compiles the C code into a shared library that

can be loaded by the Java program.

Java Code Using the Foreign Function

& Memory API
Here’s a Java program that interacts with the native code:

Java Code -
[Link]

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class ForeignFunctionExample {

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// Define the layout for a function (using C signatures)

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private static final MemoryLayout ADD_NUMBERS_LAYOUT =
[Link](
ValueLayout.JAVA_INT, // return type: int
ValueLayout.JAVA_INT, // first parameter: int
ValueLayout.JAVA_INT // second parameter: int
);

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Load the shared library (on macOS, assuming .dylib
format)
Path nativeLibPath = [Link]("[Link]");

// Access the foreign function from the native library

try (var scope = [Link]()) {
// Load the native library
var linker = [Link]();
var symbol = [Link](nativeLibPath,
"addNumbers");

// Create a function handle for 'addNumbers'

MethodHandle addNumbersHandle =
[Link]()
.findStatic(symbol, "addNumbers",
[Link]([Link], [Link], [Link]));

// Call the native function

try {
int result = (int) [Link](5,
10);
[Link]("Sum from native code: " +
result);
} catch (Throwable throwable) {
[Link]();
}
} catch (Throwable e) {
[Link]();
}
}
}

Explanation of the Code:

1. Loading the Native Library: The
[Link]() method is used to load the

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native shared library and access the function

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symbols defined in the library (in this case,
addNumbers ).
2. Creating the Function Handle: We use
[Link]() to create a MethodHandle
for the native function. The method signature is
specified using MethodType .
3. Calling the Native Function: The native function
is called using the [Link]() method.

Foreign Memory API Usage:

If you want to allocate and manipulate native memory (outside
the Java heap), you can use the MemorySegment and
MemoryAccess classes, which are part of the Foreign Memory
API.

Example of Allocating and

Writing to Native Memory:

import [Link].*;

public class MemoryAccessExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try (var scope = [Link]()) {
// Allocate native memory
MemorySegment segment =
[Link](4); // Allocating 4 bytes
(e.g., for an integer)

// Write to the memory segment

[Link](segment, 0, 42); // Write the
value 42 at the start of the segment

// Read from the memory segment

int value = [Link](segment, 0);
[Link]("Value from native memory: " +
value); // Should print 42
}
}
}

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Explanation
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Example:
• Allocating Native Memory: The
[Link]() method allocates
memory outside of the Java heap (native memory).
• Writing to Native Memory: The
[Link]() method writes the integer
value 42 into the allocated memory.
• Reading from Native Memory: The
[Link]() method reads the value from
the native memory segment.

8. Deprecating Finalization (JEP 421)

• Description: Finalization is deprecated to prepare
for its removal, encouraging use of alternative
resource management techniques like try-with-
resources .
• Use Case:
◦ Avoid reliance on unpredictable garbage
collection for resource cleanup.

9. Context-Specific Deserialization
Filters
• Description: Simplifies configuration of
deserialization filters for security.
• Use Case:
◦ Protect against deserialization vulnerabilities
in distributed systems.

import [Link].java17

import [Link].*;

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import [Link].*;
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public class ContextSpecificDeserializationFilter {

// Define a custom filter for deserialization

public static final ObjectInputFilter MY_FILTER = new
ObjectInputFilter() {
@Override
public Status checkInput([Link]
filterInfo) {
// Example: only allow objects of type "String"
if ([Link]() != null &&
[Link]() == [Link]) {
return [Link];
}
return [Link];
}
};

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Example object to serialize and deserialize
String originalObject = "This is a safe object.";

// Serialize the object

try (ObjectOutputStream oos = new
ObjectOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("serialized_object.ser"))) {
[Link](originalObject);
[Link]("Object serialized
successfully!");
} catch (IOException e) {
[Link]();
}

// Deserialize the object using the custom filter

try (ObjectInputStream ois = new ObjectInputStream(new
FileInputStream("serialized_object.ser"))) {
// Apply the filter when deserializing
[Link](MY_FILTER);
Object deserializedObject = [Link]();

if (deserializedObject instanceof String) {

[Link]("Deserialized Object: " +
deserializedObject);
} else {
[Link]("Rejected object during
deserialization.");

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}
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} catch (IOException | ClassNotFoundException e) {
[Link]();
}
}
}

Explanation of the Code:

1. Serialization Filter Definition ( MY_FILTER ):
• A filter is defined to check the class type of
the object being deserialized.
• In this example, only String objects are
allowed to be deserialized. If any other class
is encountered, the object is rejected.
2. Serialization:
• An object ( String originalObject ) is
serialized into a file serialized_object.ser
using ObjectOutputStream .
3. Deserialization with Context-Specific Filter:
• When reading the object back from the file
using ObjectInputStream , the filter MY_FILTER
is applied using the setObjectInputFilter
method.
• The filter rejects any non- String objects
during deserialization.
4. Result:
• If the deserialized object is a String , it is
printed.
• If it is not a String or if the filter rejects
it, a message indicating rejection is printed.

Complex Project Implementation

Let’s consider a financial application leveraging Java 17
features:

Features Used:

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• Sealed Add
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new
modeling transaction types.
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• Pattern Matching for Switch for processing various
event types.
• Text Blocks for generating SQL and JSON responses.
• RandomGenerator for generating secure IDs.
• Foreign Memory API for handling large datasets.

Sample Code:

public sealed interface Transaction permits Deposit,

Withdrawal, Transfer {}

public final class Deposit implements Transaction {

private final double amount;
public Deposit(double amount) { [Link] = amount; }
}

public final class Withdrawal implements Transaction {

private final double amount;
public Withdrawal(double amount) { [Link] = amount; }
}

public final class Transfer implements Transaction {

private final double amount;
private final String account;
public Transfer(double amount, String account) {
[Link] = amount;
[Link] = account;
}
}

public static void handleTransaction(Transaction tx) {

switch (tx) {
case Deposit d -> [Link]("Processing
deposit: " + [Link]);
case Withdrawal w -> [Link]("Processing
withdrawal: " + [Link]);
case Transfer t -> [Link]("Transferring "
+ [Link] + " to " + [Link]);
default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown
transaction");
}
}

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 19 min read

 Dec 12, 2024

 By Nitesh Synergy

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