Comprehensive Analysis of API 610

Centrifugal Pump Data Sheet

This document provides a detailed breakdown and analysis of the API 610 centrifugal
pump data sheet. It covers all sections and parameters, providing in-depth
explanations, references, and practical guidance for both new and existing pump
installations.

Part 1: Group Identification and Clarification

1.1 Document Header and Identification (Page 1)

This initial section of the data sheet serves as the primary identifier for the equipment
and the project it belongs to. It contains administrative and high-level data essential
for project management, procurement, and documentation.

Parameters:

CLIENT: The end-user or owner of the facility where the pump will be installed.
This is typically a company in the oil and gas, petrochemical, or chemical
processing industry.

PROJECT TITLE: The name of the overall project (e.g., "Refinery Expansion
Project Phase 2").

JOB NUMBER: A unique alphanumeric identifier assigned by the engineering,

procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor for tracking and cost control.

EQUIPMENT NUMBER / TAG NUMBER: The unique identifier for the specific
pump within the plant (e.g., P-101A/B). This tag is used on all related documents,
including P&IDs, electrical diagrams, and maintenance records.

EQUIPMENT SERVICE: A brief description of the pump's function (e.g., "Crude Oil
Transfer Pump").

SERIAL NUMBER: A unique number assigned by the manufacturer after the

pump is built. This is crucial for tracking the specific unit for warranty, spare
 parts, and maintenance history.

REQ / SPEC NUMBER: The number of the purchase requisition or engineering

specification document that contains all the detailed technical requirements for
the pump.

PURCHASE ORDER NUMBER: The number of the legal contract issued to the
vendor to purchase the pump.

Why this group is required:

This section is the cornerstone of equipment identification and traceability. It ensures

that all stakeholders—the client, EPC contractor, and pump manufacturer—are aligned
and referring to the same piece of equipment throughout its lifecycle, from design and
procurement to installation, operation, and maintenance. Without this clear
identification, managing complex projects with hundreds or thousands of pieces of
equipment would be impossible.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: This information is generated by the project team. The
client, project title, and job number are established at the project's outset. The
EPC contractor's engineering team assigns the equipment tag number and
develops the specification number. The procurement department issues the
purchase order number.

For an already purchased pump: All of this information can be found on the
pump's nameplate, which is a metal plate permanently affixed to the pump or its
baseplate. It can also be retrieved from the final documentation (vendor data
book) supplied by the manufacturer.

Applicability to other equipment:

This identification block is a standard feature on data sheets for virtually all
engineered equipment in industrial plants, including:

Pressure Vessels (e.g., drums, reactors, columns): Per ASME Section VIII.

Heat Exchangers: Per API 660 or TEMA.

Compressors (centrifugal, reciprocating): Per API 617, API 618.

Fired Heaters: Per API 560.

Instrumentation (e.g., control valves, transmitters): Per ISA standards.

The structure and purpose are identical: to provide a unique and traceable identity for
the equipment within the context of a specific project and facility.

1.2 General (Page 2)

This section provides high-level information about the pump's design and intended
service, including key details that broadly classify the unit.

Parameters:

NOTE APPLICABLE TO: This field indicates whether the data sheet applies to a
single pump or multiple units. For example, it might state "P-101A/B," indicating
two identical pumps.

APPLICABLE NATIONAL / INTERNATIONAL STANDARD: This specifies the

primary design code. For this data sheet, it is API Standard 610, "Centrifugal
Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industries." This is the
cornerstone document that governs the pump's design, materials, testing, and
documentation.

CLIENT / UNIT: The name of the end-user and the specific process unit within the
plant where the pump will be installed (e.g., "Hydrocracker Unit").

PUMP SIZE: The manufacturer's designation for the pump size, typically given as
discharge nozzle size x suction nozzle size x impeller diameter (e.g., 3x4-10). This
provides a quick reference to the pump's hydraulic frame.

TYPE: The specific API 610 pump type classification. This is a critical parameter
that defines the pump's basic configuration. Examples include:
OH2: Overhung, single-stage, centerline-mounted, single suction impeller.
Very common in process plants.

BB2: Between-bearings, one- or two-stage, axially split casing.

BB3: Between-bearings, multi-stage, axially split casing.

VS4: Vertical, single-casing, sump-type.

NO. STAGES: The number of impellers in the pump. Single-stage pumps are
common, but multi-stage pumps are used for high-pressure applications.

MANUFACTURER: The name of the pump vendor (e.g., Flowserve, Sulzer, ITT
Goulds Pumps).
 CATALOG: The manufacturer's model number or catalog designation for the
selected pump.

Why this group is required:

This section provides a snapshot of the pump's identity and classification. It

immediately tells an engineer the governing design standard, the pump's physical
configuration (API type), and its basic size. This high-level summary is crucial for quick
reference and for ensuring the correct type of pump is being supplied for the intended
service.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The purchaser's engineer will specify the required API
pump type based on the application's pressure, temperature, and reliability
requirements. The manufacturer will then propose a specific pump size, model
(catalog), and number of stages to meet the performance requirements.

For an already purchased pump: This information is found on the pump's

nameplate and in the vendor's final documentation.

Applicability to other pumps:

The concept of a "General" or "Header" section is universal. While the specific "Type"
classifications are unique to API 610 centrifugal pumps, other pump standards have
their own classification systems. For example:

Rotary Pumps (API 676): Types include gear, screw, and vane.

Reciprocating Pumps (API 674): Classified by plunger or piston type and power
rating.

Submersible Pumps (API RP 11S4): Classified by their electrical submersible

pump (ESP) design.

In all cases, the data sheet will begin by identifying the governing standard and the
basic type or configuration of the machine.

1.3 Liquid Characteristics (Page 2)

This section is of paramount importance as it defines the fluid the pump is designed to
handle. The properties of the liquid dictate the pump's hydraulic performance,
material selection, seal design, and safety considerations. An error or omission in this
section can lead to catastrophic failure.

Parameters:

LIQUID TYPE OR NAME: The common name of the fluid (e.g., "Raw Crude Oil,"
"Lean Amine," "Demineralized Water"). This provides immediate context for the
service.

VAPOR PRESSURE (kPa): The absolute pressure at which the liquid will start to
boil or "flash" at the pumping temperature. This is a critical parameter for
avoiding cavitation.

Description: Cavitation is the formation and subsequent collapse of vapor

bubbles within the pump. It occurs when the local pressure inside the
pump drops below the liquid's vapor pressure. The collapse of these
bubbles is violent, causing noise, vibration, and severe damage to the
impeller and casing. To prevent this, the absolute pressure at the pump
suction must always be higher than the vapor pressure by a certain margin.
This is related to the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH), which will be
discussed later.

How to get this parameter: Vapor pressure is a function of temperature

and liquid composition. It can be obtained from:
Process Simulation Software: Tools like Aspen HYSYS, Pro/II, or
UniSim are used by process engineers to model the process and
calculate fluid properties, including vapor pressure, at various
operating conditions.

Laboratory Analysis: For complex or proprietary fluid mixtures, a

sample can be analyzed in a lab to measure its vapor pressure at the
operating temperature.

Handbooks and Databases: For pure substances or common

mixtures, vapor pressure data can be found in resources like Perry's
Chemical Engineers' Handbook or the NIST Chemistry WebBook.
Steam tables are used for water.

Equations of State: For well-defined mixtures, equations like the

Antoine equation can be used to calculate vapor pressure: log10(P)
= A - (B / (C + T)) Where:
P is the vapor pressure.
 T is the temperature.

A , B , and C are substance-specific constants.

RELATIVE DENSITY (kg/m³): The mass per unit volume of the liquid at the
pumping temperature. This is also referred to as specific gravity, which is the
ratio of the liquid's density to the density of water at a standard temperature.

Description: Density is crucial for calculating the pump's differential head

and hydraulic power. Head (in meters) is a measure of the energy given to
the liquid, and it is independent of density. However, the pressure
generated by the pump (in kPa) is directly proportional to the density. The
power required to pump the liquid is also directly proportional to its
density.

How to get this parameter: Similar to vapor pressure, density is obtained

from:
Process simulation software.

Laboratory analysis.

Handbooks and databases.

VISCOSITY (Pa.s): A measure of the liquid's resistance to flow. It is a critical

parameter that affects the pump's performance.

Description: High viscosity increases friction losses within the pump, which
reduces the head and flow rate and increases the power required. Pump
performance curves provided by manufacturers are typically based on
water. For viscous liquids, these curves must be corrected using charts or
formulas from standards like the Hydraulic Institute (HI) Standard 9.6.7.
Pumping high-viscosity fluids may require a larger pump and motor than
would be needed for water at the same flow and head conditions.

How to get this parameter:

Process simulation software.

Laboratory analysis using a viscometer.

Handbooks and databases.

Why this group is required:

This section provides the fundamental inputs for the entire pump selection and design
process. Without accurate liquid data, it is impossible to:

Select a pump that will meet the required performance.

Ensure the pump will not cavitate.

Select the correct materials to prevent corrosion.

Correctly size the driver (motor).

Design a safe and reliable mechanical seal system.

Applicability to other equipment:

This information is essential for the design and selection of all equipment that comes
into contact with the process fluid, including:

Piping: For calculating pressure drop.

Heat Exchangers: For calculating heat transfer coefficients.

Control Valves: For correct sizing and flow characteristic selection.

Vessels and Tanks: For structural design and calculating hydrostatic head.

1.4 Operating Conditions (Page 2)

This section defines the specific process conditions under which the pump is expected
to perform. It translates the plant's operational needs into a set of performance targets
for the pump. The data sheet allows for multiple operating cases to be defined,
ensuring the selected pump is suitable for all anticipated scenarios.

Parameters:

Units: This row specifies the units for each parameter (e.g., m³/h for flow, kPa for
pressure, °C for temperature).

Rated: This column defines the primary performance guarantee point. The pump
is selected to be most efficient at or near this point.

Description: The rated point is the set of conditions (flow and head) at
which the vendor guarantees the pump's performance. It is typically the
most demanding continuous operating scenario in terms of flow and head.
According to API 610, the rated capacity must be at least 110% of the
 normal capacity, and the pump's best efficiency point (BEP) should be
between the normal and rated capacities.

Normal: This column represents the most common or typical operating point for
the pump.

Alt Condition 1, 2, 3, 4: These columns are used to specify other potential

operating scenarios, such as start-up, shutdown, or alternative process routes.
The pump must be able to operate reliably at these conditions, even if it is less
efficient.

NPSHA (m): Net Positive Suction Head Available.

Description: NPSHA is a measure of the absolute pressure available at the

pump suction, over and above the liquid's vapor pressure. It represents the
energy available in the fluid to push it into the pump impeller. It is a
characteristic of the system, not the pump. To prevent cavitation, the
NPSHA must be greater than the NPSH Required (NPSHR or NPSH3) by the
pump. API 610 requires a specific NPSH margin (NPSHA > NPSH3 + margin).

How to get this parameter: NPSHA is calculated by the system designer

(process or piping engineer) using the following equation: NPSHA =
(P_suction - P_vapor) / (ρ * g) + V_suction²/ (2 * g) -
H_friction Where:
P_suction is the absolute pressure at the source vessel (Pa).

P_vapor is the liquid's vapor pressure at the pumping temperature

(Pa).

ρ is the liquid density (kg/m³).

g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²).

V_suction is the liquid velocity at the pump suction (m/s).

H_friction is the head loss due to friction in the suction piping (m).

PUMPING TEMPERATURE (°C): The temperature of the liquid as it enters the

pump.

Description: Temperature affects the liquid's properties (vapor pressure,

density, viscosity) and also dictates the material selection and the need for
 thermal features on the pump (e.g., centerline mounting for high
temperatures).

DISCHARGE PRESSURE (kPa g): The pressure required at the pump's discharge
nozzle to move the liquid through the downstream system.

Description: This is determined by the process requirements, including the

pressure in the destination vessel, the static elevation change, and the
friction losses in the discharge piping.

SUCTION PRESSURE (kPa g): The pressure of the liquid at the pump's suction
nozzle.

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (kPa): The difference between the discharge and

suction pressure. ΔP = P_discharge - P_suction .

DIFFERENTIAL HEAD (m): The energy (in meters of liquid column) that the pump
imparts to the fluid. It is calculated from the differential pressure and liquid
density.

Equation: Differential Head (H) = (P_discharge - P_suction) *

1000 / (ρ * g) Where pressures are in kPa.

HYDRAULIC POWER (kW): The actual power transferred from the impeller to the
liquid.

Equation: Hydraulic Power (P_h) = (Q * ρ * g * H) / 3,600,000

Where:
Q is the flow rate (m³/h).

ρ is the density (kg/m³).

g is 9.81 m/s².

H is the differential head (m).

Why this group is required:

This section forms the core of the pump's performance specification. It defines the
1.5 Performance (Page 2)

This section is where the pump manufacturer documents the performance capabilities
of their selected pump. It is a direct response to the operating conditions specified by
the purchaser. The data provided here allows the purchaser to evaluate the suitability
of the offered pump.

Parameters:

PUMP CURVE NO.: The manufacturer's unique identification number for the
performance curve that represents the selected pump.

MAXIMUM RPM / RATED RPM: The maximum speed at which the pump is
designed to operate, and the specific speed at which it will run to meet the rated
condition.

RATED POWER (kW): The power consumed by the pump at the rated operating
point. This is also known as the Brake Horsepower (BHP).

Equation: Rated Power (P_r) = Hydraulic Power / Pump Efficiency

Where Pump Efficiency is a decimal value (e.g., 0.75 for 75% efficiency).

EFFICIENCY (%): The efficiency of the pump at the rated point. It is the ratio of
the hydraulic power output to the mechanical power input.

NPSH3 AT RATED FLOW (m): The Net Positive Suction Head required by the
pump at the rated flow to limit the head drop due to cavitation to 3%. This is a
characteristic of the pump, determined by testing.

Description: NPSH3 is the industry standard for defining a pump's required

NPSH. The system's NPSHA must be greater than this value by a specified
margin to ensure the pump operates without significant cavitation.

MINIMUM FLOW (THERMAL / STABLE) (m³/h): The lowest flow rate at which the
pump can operate continuously. This is determined by two factors:

Thermal: At very low flows, most of the energy input is converted to heat,
which can cause the liquid in the pump to flash, leading to damage. This is
the minimum thermal flow.

Stable: At low flows, the pump can experience hydraulic instabilities like
flow recirculation at the impeller inlet or outlet, causing vibration and
 damage. This is the minimum stable flow. The higher of these two values is
the overall minimum continuous stable flow (MCSF).

ALLOWABLE OPERATING REGION (FROM / TO): The range of flow rates (from
minimum to maximum) within which the pump can operate continuously and
reliably, as defined by API 610.

MAX HEAD @ RATED IMPELLER: The maximum head the pump can produce
with the selected impeller, which typically occurs at zero flow (shut-off).

MAX POWER @ RATED IMPELLER: The maximum power the pump will draw
with the selected impeller, which may occur at the end of the curve for some
pump types.

SUCTION SPECIFIC SPEED (Nss): A dimensionless parameter that characterizes

the suction-side geometry of an impeller.

Equation: Nss = (N * Q^0.5) / (NPSH3^0.75) Where:

N is the pump speed (RPM).

Q is the flow rate at the best efficiency point (BEP) (m³/h).

NPSH3 is the required NPSH at the BEP (m).

Description: API 610 provides guidance on preferred ranges for Nss to avoid
hydraulic instabilities.

MAX. ALLOWABLE SOUND LEVEL (dBA): The maximum permissible noise level
from the pump, measured at a specified distance.

Why this group is required:

This section is the vendor's performance guarantee. It allows the purchaser to:

Verify that the offered pump meets the required head and flow.

Evaluate the pump's efficiency, which has a direct impact on the lifetime
operating cost.

Confirm that the NPSH margin (NPSHA vs. NPSH3) is adequate.

Ensure the pump's operating range is compatible with the process requirements.

How to get the details:

This information is exclusively provided by the pump manufacturer. It is derived from
the specific performance curve for the selected pump model and impeller trim. The
performance curve is a graphical representation of the pump's head, efficiency, power,
and NPSH3 across a range of flow rates. These curves are generated from actual tests
performed at the manufacturer's facility.

1.6 Driver (Page 2)

This section details the prime mover that provides the power to drive the pump. In the
vast majority of refinery and petrochemical applications, the driver is an electric
motor. However, other drivers like steam turbines, diesel engines, or hydraulic turbines
can also be used.

Parameters:

DRIVER TYPE: The type of driver used (e.g., "ELECTRIC MOTOR," "STEAM
TURBINE").

MANUFACTURER: The name of the driver manufacturer (e.g., Siemens, ABB,

WEG).

RATED POWER (kW): The nameplate power rating of the driver. API 610 requires
that the motor be sized to be at least 110% of the power required at the pump's
rated point, or 125% for smaller motors.

SPEED (RPM): The synchronous speed of the motor (e.g., 3600, 1800, 1200 RPM
for a 60 Hz system).

FRAME: The NEMA or IEC standard frame size for the motor. This defines the
motor's physical dimensions, including mounting foot locations, which is critical
for baseplate design.

VOLTAGE / HERTZ / PHASE: The electrical characteristics of the motor (e.g., 460V
/ 60Hz / 3 Phase).

INSULATION / TEMP RISE: The motor winding insulation class (e.g., Class F) and
the allowable temperature rise.

ENCLOSURE: The type of motor enclosure, which protects it from the

surrounding environment. Common types include:
TEFC (Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled): The most common type for standard
industrial environments.
 XP (Explosion Proof): Required for hazardous locations where flammable
gases or vapors may be present.

BEARING TYPE: The type of bearings used in the motor (e.g., deep-groove ball
bearings).

LUBRICATION: The method of lubrication for the motor bearings (e.g., grease, oil
mist).

Why this group is required:

This section is critical for ensuring that the driver is correctly sized and specified for
the application. An undersized driver will fail to start the pump or will trip on overload
during operation. An oversized driver will be inefficient and more expensive. The
electrical and physical characteristics must also be compatible with the plant's
infrastructure.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The pump vendor selects the driver based on the
power requirements of their pump. The purchaser's electrical engineer will
review the selection to ensure it meets the plant's electrical standards and area
classification requirements.

For an already purchased pump: This information is found on the motor's

nameplate.

Applicability to other equipment:

All rotating equipment requires a driver. The specification process for motors for other
machines like compressors, fans, and mixers is very similar. The key is to correctly
calculate the power required by the driven equipment and then select a motor with
the appropriate service factor and environmental protection.

1.7 Construction (Page 3)

This section delves into the mechanical design and physical arrangement of the pump.
It defines the pump's fundamental structure, its pressure-containing capability, and
how it connects to the rest of the plant. These details are governed heavily by the API
610 standard to ensure mechanical robustness and reliability.

Parameters:
API PUMP TYPE (Table 1): A reiteration of the fundamental pump configuration
as defined in API 610 (e.g., OH2, BB3, VS4). This is a cornerstone of the pump's
design.

NOZZLE CONNECTIONS: Defines the size, pressure rating (flange rating), and
orientation of the pump's suction and discharge nozzles.

Description: Flange ratings (e.g., ASME B16.5 Class 300) are critical as they
define the maximum pressure the nozzle can safely handle and ensure that
the pump's flanges will match the connecting piping. The position (e.g., top
suction/top discharge, side suction/top discharge) affects the piping layout.

How to get this parameter: The nozzle sizes are determined by the pump's
hydraulic design to keep liquid velocities within acceptable limits. The
flange ratings are selected by the engineer to safely exceed the maximum
anticipated pressure in the system, including upset conditions.

CASING MOUNTING: Specifies how the pump casing is supported. For high-
temperature services (>150°C or 300°F), API 610 mandates centerline mounting.
This means the pump is supported on the horizontal centerline of the casing to
ensure that as the casing heats up and expands, the shaft alignment with the
driver is maintained.

HYDROTEST (kPa): The hydrostatic test pressure applied to the pump casing at
the factory to verify its integrity. API 610 requires this test to be performed at a
minimum of 1.5 times the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the
casing.

CASING PRESSURE RATING (MAWP): The maximum allowable working pressure

for the pump casing at a given temperature. This is calculated by the
manufacturer based on the casing's material, thickness, and geometry, using
rules from pressure vessel codes like ASME Section VIII or ASME B31.3.

ROTOR: This subsection details the rotating assembly.

SHAFT FLEXIBILITY INDEX (SFI): A measure of the rotor's stiffness. SFI =

L³/D⁴ , where L is the shaft span and D is the shaft diameter. API 610 places
limits on this value to ensure a stiff rotor, which minimizes deflection and
improves seal and bearing life.
 FIRST CRITICAL SPEED (WET): The rotational speed at which the rotor's
natural frequency is excited, leading to large vibrations. API 610 requires
that the first critical speed be at least 120% of the pump's maximum
continuous operating speed to provide a safe separation margin.

IMPELLERS INDIVIDUALLY SECURED: API 610 requires that each impeller

in a multi-stage pump be individually keyed or locked to the shaft, rather
than relying on a single key for the entire stack. This is a reliability feature.

COUPLING: The component that connects the pump shaft to the driver shaft.

Description: API 610 requires a flexible, non-lubricated diaphragm or disc-

pack type coupling (per API 671) for most services. This type of coupling can
accommodate minor misalignment between the pump and driver without
inducing high stresses.

MANUFACTURER: The vendor of the coupling (e.g., John Crane, Rexnord).

RATING (kW / 100 RPM): The power the coupling can transmit at a given
speed.

SERVICE FACTOR: A multiplier applied to the driver power to select a

coupling that is sufficiently robust for the application. API 610 specifies a
minimum service factor.

GUARDS: The protective cover over the coupling.

Description: API 610 requires a robust, rigid, and non-sparking guard to

protect personnel from the rotating coupling.

BASEPLATE: The structure on which the pump and driver are mounted.

Description: API 610 specifies requirements for a heavy-duty, rigid

baseplate (often fabricated steel or a pre-grouted composite) to provide a
stable foundation for the entire pump train, minimizing vibration and
maintaining alignment.

Why this group is required:

This section ensures the pump is a mechanically sound and reliable machine, capable
of withstanding the rigors of industrial service. The requirements for features like
centerline mounting, rotor stiffness, and robust baseplates are all aimed at maximizing
the pump's operational life and minimizing maintenance.
How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The purchaser's engineer will specify certain key
requirements (e.g., nozzle ratings, API 671 coupling). The pump manufacturer is
then responsible for designing the pump, rotor, and baseplate to meet all the
detailed requirements of API 610.

For an already purchased pump: These details are found in the vendor's final
documentation, including the general arrangement drawing and the bill of
materials.

1.8 Materials (Page 3)

This section is critically important as it specifies the materials of construction for the
pump's components, particularly those that come into contact with the process fluid
(the "wetted" parts). The correct material selection is essential to prevent corrosion,
erosion, and mechanical failure, ensuring the pump's safety and reliability over its
design life.

Parameters:

ANNEX H CLASS: This is a shorthand code from API 610, Annex H, that specifies a
standard combination of materials for the primary wetted parts. For example:

S-6: Carbon steel casing with 12% chrome (CA-6NM) impeller and case wear
rings.

C-6: 12% chrome (CA-6NM) casing, impeller, and case wear rings.

A-8: Austenitic stainless steel (e.g., 316 SS) casing, impeller, and wear rings.

D-1: Duplex stainless steel casing and impeller.

Description: Specifying an Annex H class is a convenient way for the

purchaser to define the required metallurgy based on the corrosivity of the
service. The vendor then knows the minimum material requirements for all
key components.

MINIMUM DESIGN METAL TEMPERATURE (°C): The lowest temperature the

pump's pressure-containing components are expected to experience. This is
critical for preventing brittle fracture in certain materials, especially carbon
steels, at low temperatures.
 REDUCED HARDNESS MATERIALS REQ'D: This indicates if special materials with
controlled hardness are required, typically for services containing wet hydrogen
sulfide (H₂S), known as "sour service." In such environments, standard high-
strength steels can be susceptible to a failure mechanism called sulfide stress
cracking (SSC).

Reference Standard: NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 ("Petroleum and natural

gas industries — Materials for use in H₂S-containing environments in oil and
gas production") is the governing standard for this requirement. It provides
detailed requirements for material selection, heat treatment, and hardness
testing to prevent SSC.

APPLICABLE HARDNESS STANDARD: This field specifies the standard to be used

for hardness testing, which would be NACE MR0175 if reduced hardness materials
are required.

Individual Material Specifications (CASING, IMPELLER, SHAFT, CASE WEAR

RING, IMPELLER WEAR RING): These fields allow for the specification of
materials for each key component individually, if a standard Annex H class is not
used or if specific exceptions are needed. The materials are typically specified by
their ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) or UNS (Unified
Numbering System) designation.

Casing (e.g., ASTM A216 WCB): Carbon steel for non-corrosive, moderate
temperature services.

Impeller (e.g., ASTM A743 CA-6NM): A 12% chrome stainless steel, offering
better erosion and corrosion resistance than carbon steel.

Shaft (e.g., ASTM A276 Type 410): A hardenable stainless steel often used
for shafts to provide high strength.

Wear Rings (e.g., ASTM A276 Type 410 hardened): These are sacrificial
components designed to wear out instead of the more expensive casing and
impeller. They are typically made of a material that is compatible with the
casing and impeller but has a hardness differential to prevent galling (a
form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces).

Why this group is required:

Material selection is a fundamental aspect of safe and reliable pump design. Incorrect
materials can lead to:
 Rapid Corrosion: Leading to loss of pressure containment and leaks.

Erosion: Especially in services with abrasive particles, leading to loss of

performance and eventual failure.

Mechanical Failure: If the material does not have sufficient strength at the
operating temperature.

Catastrophic Brittle Fracture: If the material is operated below its minimum

design temperature.

Sulfide Stress Cracking: In sour service environments.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The purchaser's corrosion or materials engineer is

responsible for selecting the appropriate materials. This selection is based on:
The Liquid Characteristics (composition, temperature, pH, presence of
chlorides, H₂S, etc.).

Industry experience and best practices.

Guidance from standards like API 610 (Annex H) and NACE MR0175.

Specialized resources like the NACE Corrosion Engineer's Reference Book.

For an already purchased pump: The materials of construction are documented

in the vendor's final documentation, specifically on the Bill of Materials and the
Material Test Reports (MTRs). The material class is often stamped on the pump's
nameplate.

Applicability to other equipment:

Material selection is a critical activity for all process equipment. The process of
selecting materials based on fluid compatibility, temperature, pressure, and specific
environmental threats (like H₂S) is identical for:

Piping (ASME B31.3)

Pressure Vessels (ASME Section VIII)

Heat Exchangers (TEMA, API 660)

Valves (API 600, API 6D)

Tanks (API 650)

In each case, a materials engineer will review the service conditions and specify a
suitable material of construction in accordance with the relevant design code.

1.9 Bearings and Bearing Housings (Page 3)

This section specifies the components that support the pump rotor, ensuring it rotates
smoothly with minimal friction while accurately maintaining its position relative to the
stationary parts. The bearing system is fundamental to the pump's reliability and
operational life. Failures in this area can lead to significant mechanical damage.

Parameters:

BEARING TYPE (RADIAL / THRUST): Specifies the type of bearings used to

handle the two types of loads on the pump rotor.

Radial Bearings: These support the weight of the rotor and handle the
radial hydraulic forces that act perpendicularly to the shaft. Common types
include:
Deep-Groove Ball Bearings: Versatile, can handle both radial and
some axial loads.

Cylindrical Roller Bearings: Can handle higher radial loads than ball
bearings but have little to no axial load capacity.

Thrust Bearings: These handle the axial forces (thrust) that act parallel to
the shaft, generated by the pressure differential across the impeller(s).
Common types include:
Back-to-Back Angular Contact Ball Bearings: A very common
arrangement in centrifugal pumps. A pair of matched bearings is used
to handle thrust in both directions (e.g., during startup and normal
operation).

Tapered Roller Bearings: Can handle high radial and axial loads.

Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings (e.g., Kingsbury type): Used in very

high-power, high-thrust applications, such as multi-stage or high-
pressure pumps. These are hydrodynamic bearings that ride on a film
of oil.

LUBRICATION: The method used to lubricate the bearings, which is critical for
reducing friction, dissipating heat, and preventing wear.
 Description: The choice of lubrication method depends on the pump's
speed, power, and operating temperature. Common methods include:
Grease: Used for lower-speed, lower-temperature applications.
Requires periodic re-greasing.

Oil Bath: The bearing housing contains a sump of oil. Oil rings or
"flippers" on the shaft pick up oil and distribute it to the bearings. This
is a very common and reliable method.

Pure Oil Mist / Purge Oil Mist: A centralized system generates a mist
of oil and air that is piped to the bearing housings. This provides clean,
continuous lubrication and is often used for large groups of pumps in
a plant.

Forced Feed Lubrication: A dedicated oil pump circulates pressurized

oil to the bearings and often through an oil cooler. This is required for
high-power, high-temperature applications where the heat generated
by the bearings cannot be dissipated by simple convection. These
systems are specified per API 614.

BEARING HOUSING COOLING: Specifies if cooling is required for the bearing

housing to keep the oil temperature within acceptable limits (typically below
82°C or 180°F).

Description: Cooling may be required in high-ambient-temperature

environments or for high-power pumps. Methods include:
Cooling Coils: A coil of tubing is inserted into the oil sump, and
cooling water is circulated through it.

Fins: The bearing housing is cast with external fins to increase the
surface area for air cooling.

Fan: A fan, either mounted on the pump shaft or driven separately,

blows air over the finned housing.

API 614 LUBE OIL SYSTEM ATTACHED: A checkbox to indicate if a separate,

engineered lube oil system (per API 614) is required. This is typical for large,
critical pumps with forced-feed lubrication.

Why this group is required:

This section is essential for defining the reliability and robustness of the pump's
rotating element support system. API 610 places stringent requirements on bearing life
and lubrication systems to ensure a long period of trouble-free operation. Key
requirements include:

Bearing Life: API 610 requires a minimum L10 bearing life of 25,000 hours at
rated conditions and at least 16,000 hours at any other allowable operating
condition. L10 life is the number of hours at which 10% of a population of
identical bearings would be expected to fail.

Bearing Housing Protection: Bearing housings must be sealed to prevent the

ingress of contaminants (water, dust) and the egress of lubricant. Labyrinth-type
seals are often specified.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The pump manufacturer is responsible for the design
of the bearing system. They perform the load calculations (both radial and axial)
based on the pump's hydraulic performance and select bearings that meet the
API 610 life requirements. The lubrication method is selected based on the
speed, power, and temperature conditions. The purchaser's engineer will review
the vendor's design to ensure it meets the project specifications and reliability
expectations.

For an already purchased pump: The bearing types and arrangement are
detailed in the pump's cross-sectional drawing and bill of materials, which are
part of the vendor's final documentation. The lubrication type is specified on the
data sheet and often on a tag on the bearing housing itself.

Applicability to other equipment:

All rotating machinery relies on bearings. The principles of bearing selection, life
calculation, and lubrication are universal. Data sheets for other types of equipment
will have a similar section:

Electric Motors: Specify bearing types (often deep-groove ball bearings) and
lubrication (typically grease, with provisions for re-greasing).

Compressors (API 617): Often use more advanced bearings, such as tilting pad
radial and thrust bearings, with forced-feed lubrication systems (API 614).

Gearboxes (API 613): Have detailed specifications for bearings and lubrication to
handle the high loads and speeds involved in gear meshing.
 Steam Turbines (API 611/612): Also typically use hydrodynamic bearings and
forced-feed lubrication.

In all cases, the goal is the same: to provide a reliable support system for the rotor that
will achieve the required design life with minimal maintenance.

1.10 Instrumentation (Page 4)

This section specifies the monitoring instruments to be installed on the pump and its
driver. The instrumentation provides real-time data on the machine's operating
condition and health, enabling condition monitoring, predictive maintenance, and
protection against catastrophic failure. The extent of instrumentation is typically
determined by the criticality of the pump service.

Parameters:

VIBRATION SENSORS: These devices measure the vibration of the pump and
motor, which is a key indicator of mechanical health.

ACCELEROMETERS ([Link]): These are seismic sensors mounted on the

bearing housing that measure the casing vibration. They are typically used
for pumps with rolling-element bearings.

VIBRATION PROBES ([Link]): These are non-contact eddy-current

proximity probes that are mounted through the bearing housing and
measure the movement of the shaft itself relative to the housing. API 610
requires these for pumps with hydrodynamic bearings and for other critical
pumps specified by the purchaser. They provide a more precise
measurement of rotor behavior.

Reference Standard: API 670 ("Machinery Protection Systems") is the

governing standard for vibration monitoring systems. It provides detailed
requirements for the types of sensors, their installation, and the monitoring
logic.

TEMPERATURE DETECTORS ([Link]): These sensors monitor the temperature

of the bearings, which is a critical indicator of their condition. A rapid increase in
bearing temperature often precedes a failure.

Description: The most common type of sensor is a Resistance

Temperature Detector (RTD), typically a 100-ohm platinum element.
 These are installed in the bearing housing with the tip as close as possible
to the bearing's outer race.

PRESSURE GAUGES: These provide local visual indication of the suction and
discharge pressures. They are essential for operators to quickly assess the
pump's performance.

MONITORS AND CABLES SUPPLIED BY ([Link]): This specifies who (pump

vendor or another party) is responsible for supplying the vibration and
temperature monitoring system, which includes the sensors, cables, and the
monitor itself (e.g., a Bently Nevada 3500 system).

Why this group is required:

Instrumentation is the pump's nervous system. It provides the data needed to:

Protect the machine: High vibration or temperature can automatically trip the
pump to prevent major damage.

Diagnose problems: The detailed data from vibration sensors can be analyzed
by specialists to diagnose specific problems like unbalance, misalignment,
bearing defects, or hydraulic issues.

Plan maintenance: By trending the data over time, engineers can predict when a
component is likely to fail and plan maintenance accordingly, moving from a
reactive (fix it when it breaks) to a predictive (fix it before it breaks) maintenance
strategy.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The purchaser's reliability or instrumentation engineer

will specify the required level of instrumentation based on the pump's criticality.
For a non-critical water pump, local pressure gauges might be sufficient. For a
critical, unspared hydrocarbon pump, a full API 670-compliant vibration and
temperature monitoring system will be required.

For an already purchased pump: The type and location of the installed
instruments can be determined by a physical inspection of the pump and by
reviewing the vendor's documentation, including the P&ID and the instrument
data sheets.

Applicability to other equipment:

Instrumentation is a key feature of all critical rotating machinery. The principles and
standards are very similar:

Centrifugal Compressors (API 617): Always have extensive instrumentation,

including proximity probes for radial and axial position, and temperature sensors
for bearings and seals.

Steam Turbines (API 612): Similar to compressors, with additional monitoring

for speed and valve position.

Gearboxes (API 613): Monitored for vibration and bearing temperature.

Large Motors: Often have vibration sensors and winding temperature detectors.

In all these cases, API 670 is the reference standard for the machinery protection
system.

1.11 Mechanical Seal (Page 4)

This section is dedicated to the system that prevents the pumped liquid from leaking
out along the rotating shaft. The mechanical seal is a highly engineered component
and is often one of the most critical elements for pump reliability. A seal failure can
lead to costly downtime, loss of product, and significant safety and environmental
hazards.

Parameters:

API 682 DATASHEET ATTACHED: This is the most important entry in this section.
It indicates that a separate, detailed data sheet for the shaft sealing system is
provided. This data sheet is based on the format found in API Standard 682
("Pumps—Shaft Sealing Systems for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps").

Description: API 682 is the global standard for mechanical seals in the
petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries. It provides a
systematic approach to seal selection, design, and qualification. The API
682 data sheet contains dozens of fields that specify every detail of the seal
and its support system.

ADDITIONAL CENTRAL SUPPORT (6.8.9): This refers to a specific clause in API

610 about providing additional support for the seal chamber (stuffing box) to
ensure its rigidity and alignment, which is critical for good seal performance.
 HEATING JACKET REQ'D. (6.8.11): This indicates if the seal chamber needs to be
heated. This might be required for liquids that can solidify or become very
viscous at ambient temperatures (e.g., sulfur, heavy fuel oil). The heating jacket
allows steam or a hot fluid to be circulated to keep the seal area warm.

The API 682 Seal Code:

While the API 610 data sheet itself has few entries for the seal, the attached API 682
data sheet will contain a seal code that concisely describes the seal. A typical code
might be 1-3-CW-A-32-A. This code is broken down as follows:

Category (1): The category of the pump service (Category 1, 2, or 3), which
reflects the severity and design requirements.

Arrangement (3): The configuration of the seals.

Arrangement 1: A single seal.

Arrangement 2: A dual seal with an unpressurized buffer fluid between the

seals.

Arrangement 3: A dual seal with a pressurized barrier fluid between the

seals.

Type (CW): The specific type of seal.

Type A: A general-purpose, pusher-type seal with O-ring secondary seals.

Type B: A pusher-type seal with a bellows secondary seal, often used for
higher temperatures.

Type C: A metal bellows seal, suitable for a wide range of temperatures and
corrosive services.

Containment Device (A): The type of containment device used with a single seal
(e.g., a throttle bushing).

Seal Faces (32): The material combination for the rotating and stationary seal
faces. This is a critical selection based on the fluid properties.
Common Combinations:
Carbon vs. Silicon Carbide (a very common, general-purpose
combination).

Silicon Carbide vs. Silicon Carbide (used for more abrasive services).

Gasket Material (A): The material for the O-rings and other static seals (e.g.,
Viton, Kalrez).
The Seal Support System (Piping Plan):

The API 682 data sheet will also specify a piping plan. This is a standardized schematic
for the auxiliary fluid system that supports the seal. The plan ensures the seal faces are
properly lubricated, cooled, and maintained at the correct pressure. There are dozens
of plans, but some common examples include:

Plan 11: Recirculation from the pump discharge to the seal chamber. Used for
clean, cool liquids.

Plan 23: Recirculation from the seal chamber, through a cooler, and back to the
seal chamber. Used to cool the seal when pumping hot liquids.

Plan 52: An external reservoir provides an unpressurized buffer fluid to a dual

seal (Arrangement 2). Used to capture any leakage from the primary seal.

Plan 53B: A pressurized accumulator provides a clean barrier fluid to a dual seal
(Arrangement 3). This is a very reliable system used for hazardous or dirty liquids,
as it ensures that only the clean barrier fluid can leak into the process or to the
atmosphere.

Why this group is required:

This section is required to ensure a safe, reliable, and environmentally compliant

sealing solution is selected for the specific application. The systematic approach of API
682 helps to ensure that all factors (fluid properties, pressure, temperature, reliability
goals) are considered in the selection process.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The selection of the mechanical seal and its support
system is a collaborative effort. The purchaser's engineer will provide the process
conditions and any specific requirements. The pump vendor and, often, a
specialized seal manufacturer (e.g., John Crane, Flowserve, EagleBurgmann) will
then work together to select the optimal seal arrangement, type, materials, and
piping plan in accordance with API 682.

For an already purchased pump: The details of the installed seal can be found
on the API 682 data sheet in the vendor's final documentation. The seal type and
plan number are often stamped on a tag on the seal gland or the support system
reservoir.

Applicability to other equipment:

Mechanical seals are the standard sealing solution for a wide range of rotating
equipment that handles liquids, including:

Rotary Pumps (API 676): Also use API 682 for seal selection.

Agitators and Mixers: Use similar types of mechanical seals, although the
standards may be different.

Centrifugal Compressors: Use highly specialized

1.12 Heating and Cooling (Page 4)

This section specifies the requirements for any heating or cooling systems needed to
maintain the pump and its auxiliary systems at the correct operating temperatures.
Proper thermal management is crucial for reliability, especially in very hot or very cold
services.

Parameters:

COOLING WATER SYSTEM:

COOLING REQ'D / PLAN: This indicates if cooling is needed and references

a specific cooling plan, often from API 682 for seal cooling (e.g., Plan 23) or a
vendor's standard for bearing housing cooling.

COOLING WATER PIPING AND MATERIALS: Specifies the material for the
cooling water piping (e.g., carbon steel, stainless steel) and who supplies it
(vendor or purchaser).

COOLING WATER REQUIREMENTS (SUPPLY PRESSURE / TEMPERATURE /

TOTAL COOLING WATER): Defines the conditions of the plant's cooling
water supply and the total flow rate required by the pump package. This is
essential for the plant's utility balance.

HEATING SYSTEM:

HEATING MEDIUM: The fluid used for heating (e.g., steam, hot oil).

HEATING PIPING: Specifies the material and supplier for the heating
piping.

Why this group is required:

Cooling: Is required to dissipate heat from various sources:

 Mechanical Seals: The friction between the seal faces generates heat. In
hot services, heat soaks into the seal from the process fluid. This heat must
be removed to prevent the fluid film between the faces from vaporizing,
which would lead to rapid seal failure.

Bearings: The friction in the bearings generates heat. In high-power or

high-speed pumps, this heat must be removed to keep the lubricating oil
temperature within its limits (typically < 82°C / 180°F) to prevent oil
degradation and bearing failure.

Heating: Is required to prevent the process fluid from solidifying or becoming

too viscous when the pump is idle. This is common in services like molten sulfur,
bitumen, or heavy fuel oils. Without heating, the pump could seize and would be
impossible to start.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The need for heating or cooling is determined by the
process conditions (pumping temperature) and the pump's power and speed.
The pump vendor calculates the heat loads from the bearings and seal and
determines the required cooling water flow rate based on the supply
temperature. If heating is required, the purchaser specifies the heating medium
available.

For an already purchased pump: The presence of heating or cooling systems is

obvious from a physical inspection (e.g., looking for small-bore tubing connected
to the bearing housing or seal chamber). The details are found in the vendor's
documentation, including the P&ID and general arrangement drawing.

Applicability to other equipment:

Thermal management is a common requirement for many types of rotating

equipment:

Compressors: Lube oil systems for compressors almost always include an oil
cooler.

Large Motors: Can have air-to-water or air-to-air heat exchangers to cool the
internal circulating air.

Gearboxes: Often have cooling coils in the oil sump or a dedicated lube oil
cooler.
 Steam Turbines: The lube oil system requires cooling.

1.13 Piping & Appurtenances (Page 4)

This section details the small-bore piping and associated components

(appurtenances) that are part of the pump package. This includes piping for the seal
support system, bearing lubrication, and cooling water. The proper design and
installation of this piping is critical for the reliability of the auxiliary systems.

Parameters:

TAG ALL ORIFICES ([Link]): API 610 requires that all restriction orifices used in
the auxiliary piping (e.g., to control flow to a seal) be permanently tagged for
identification.

SOCKET WELD UNION ON 1ST SEAL GLAND NIPPLE ([Link]): This is a very
specific detail from API 610. It requires a particular type of fitting on the seal
gland to ensure a robust and reliable connection for the seal flush piping.

MANIFOLD AUX PIPING SYSTEMS AT SKID EDGE ([Link]): For convenience and
safety, API 610 requires that connections for auxiliary services (like cooling water,
steam, seal gas) be grouped together in a manifold at the edge of the pump
baseplate. This provides a single, easily accessible interface point for the plant's
utility connections.

Why this group is required:

While the main process piping connects to the pump's nozzles, the small-bore
auxiliary piping is what keeps the pump's critical support systems (seals, bearings)
functioning correctly. Failures in this small piping (e.g., due to vibration, corrosion, or
freezing) are a common cause of pump downtime. Therefore, API 610 includes specific
requirements for the design and construction of this piping to ensure it is robust and
reliable.

Key requirements from API 610 for auxiliary piping include:

Material: Piping should generally be stainless steel to prevent corrosion.

Fittings: The number of threaded fittings should be minimized. Welded

connections are preferred for higher reliability.
 Support: All piping must be properly supported to prevent fatigue failure from
pump vibration.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The pump vendor is typically responsible for the
design and supply of all on-skid auxiliary piping. The purchaser's engineer will
review the vendor's piping design to ensure it complies with API 610 and the
project's piping specifications.

For an already purchased pump: The details of the auxiliary piping can be seen
by inspecting the pump package and are documented in the vendor's P&ID and
general arrangement drawing.

Applicability to other equipment:

All major rotating equipment with auxiliary support systems (e.g., compressors,
turbines, gearboxes) will have a similar scope of on-skid auxiliary piping. The design
principles are the same: use robust materials, minimize leak paths, and provide
adequate support to withstand vibration.

1.14 Pressure Vessel Design Code References (Page 4)

This section is a placeholder for the manufacturer to list the specific pressure vessel
design codes that were used in the design of the pump's pressure-containing
components, primarily the casing. While the pump itself is a piece of rotating
machinery, the casing is fundamentally a pressure vessel and must be designed to
safely contain the process fluid at the specified pressures and temperatures.

Parameters:

THESE REFERENCES SHALL BE PROVIDED BY THE MANUFACTURER: This

indicates that the pump vendor is responsible for filling in this information.

CASTING FACTORS USED IN DESIGN: This refers to a quality factor applied to

the allowable stress of a cast material to account for the possibility of hidden
defects (like porosity) that are inherent in the casting process. A higher quality
casting (proven by more extensive non-destructive examination) can use a better
casting factor, resulting in a thinner, more efficient casing design.

Governing Standards:
While API 610 is the primary standard for the pump, it references other codes for
specific aspects of the design. For the pressure-containing parts, the design principles
are drawn from established pressure vessel and piping codes, such as:

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1: This is the
primary code used for the design of pressure vessels in North America and many
other parts of the world. It provides the rules and formulas for calculating the
required wall thickness of components under pressure.

ASME B31.3, "Process Piping": This code governs the design of piping systems
in process plants. Since the pump casing is essentially a complex fitting within a
piping system, the principles of B31.3 are also highly relevant, particularly for the
design of the nozzles and flanges.

Why this group is required:

This section provides traceability and confirms that the pump's pressure boundary has
been designed in accordance with recognized and generally accepted good
engineering practices. It assures the purchaser that the casing is not just designed by
the manufacturer's internal standards, but that its design is rooted in the robust and
time-proven rules of major international codes. This is a critical aspect of process
safety.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The pump manufacturer performs the design

calculations for the casing and other pressure-containing parts as part of their
standard design process. They will list the codes used in this section of the data
sheet. The purchaser's engineer can then review this to ensure compliance with
the project's overall design basis.

For an already purchased pump: This information is contained in the final

vendor documentation. The vendor may provide the actual design calculations
for the pressure casing as part of the documentation package if requested by the
purchaser.

Applicability to other equipment:

This principle applies to any piece of equipment that is designed to contain pressure.
Data sheets for other types of equipment will have a similar field where the governing
design code for the pressure-containing elements is specified:
 Heat Exchangers: Will reference TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers
Association) standards and ASME Section VIII.

Filters, Strainers, and other Housings: Will reference ASME Section VIII.

Valves: Will reference codes like API 600 ("Steel Gate Valves") or ASME B16.34
("Valves—Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End"), which contain rules for wall
thickness and pressure-temperature ratings.

1.15 Welding and Repairs (Page 4)

This section specifies the requirements for all welding performed on the pump,
including fabrication welding (if the casing is fabricated from plate instead of cast) and
repairs to castings. The quality and integrity of welds are critical to the mechanical
strength and pressure-containing capability of the pump.

Parameters:

THESE REFERENCES SHALL BE PROVIDED BY THE PURCHASER...: This

indicates that the purchaser must specify their requirements for welding
procedures and welder qualifications. If they do not, the vendor will default to
their own standard procedures.

WELDING REQUIREMENT (APPLICABLE CODE OR STANDARD): This is where the

governing code for all welding is specified. This is typically ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, "Welding, Brazing, and Fusing
Qualifications." This code provides the rules for qualifying welding procedures
and the welders who perform them.

ALTERNATIVE WELDING PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION STANDARD: Allows for

the specification of an alternative standard if required (e.g., an ISO standard).

STANDARD FOR POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT: Specifies the standard to be

used for postweld heat treatment (PWHT), which is a process of heating a
component after welding to relieve residual stresses and improve its mechanical
properties. This is often required for certain materials and thicknesses.

Why this group is required:

Welding is a "special process," meaning its quality cannot be fully verified by simple
inspection after the fact. Therefore, a rigorous system of procedural control and
qualification is required to ensure that all welds are sound. Improper welding can lead
to defects like cracks, lack of fusion, or porosity, which can act as stress risers and lead
to catastrophic failure of the pressure boundary.

API 610 has specific requirements for weld repairs on castings. Minor surface
imperfections can be repaired, but the extent and method of repair are strictly
controlled and must be documented.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The purchaser's materials or welding engineer will

specify the applicable codes and any additional requirements in the project
specifications. The pump vendor must then ensure that all of their welding
procedures (WPS - Welding Procedure Specification) and welder performance
qualifications (WPQ) meet these requirements. The purchaser may review these
documents before production begins.

For an already purchased pump: The records of all welding performed on the
pump, including the WPSs used and the NDE (Non-Destructive Examination)
results, are part of the final vendor documentation package.

Applicability to other equipment:

Welding is a fundamental fabrication process for almost all types of heavy industrial
equipment. The requirement to specify and adhere to a governing welding code like
ASME Section IX is universal for:

Pressure Vessels

Heat Exchangers

Piping

Tanks

Structural Steel

In all these applications, the principle is the same: the quality of the weld is assured by
qualifying the procedure and the welder beforehand, and then verifying the finished
weld using appropriate NDE methods.

1.16 Material Inspection (Page 4)

This section defines the scope of non-destructive examination (NDE) and other
inspections that must be performed on the pump’s materials and components to
ensure they are free from defects and meet the quality requirements. This is a critical
part of the quality assurance process.

Parameters:

THESE REFERENCES SHALL BE PROVIDED BY THE PURCHASER: The purchaser

must specify their desired level of inspection.

DEFAULT TO TABLE 14: API 610, Table 14, provides a default inspection plan. If
the purchaser does not specify otherwise, the vendor will follow this table.

ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL INSPECTIONS AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA: This

allows the purchaser to specify different or additional inspections.

METHOD (FOR FABRICATIONS / FOR CASTINGS): This section lists various NDE
methods that can be specified.
RADIOGRAPHY (RT): Uses X-rays or gamma rays to look for internal defects
in castings or welds (e.g., porosity, cracks, inclusions).

ULTRASONIC INSPECTION (UT): Uses high-frequency sound waves to

detect internal defects.

MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION (MPI): Used to detect surface and near-

surface defects in ferromagnetic materials (like carbon steel). A magnetic
field is applied, and iron particles are dusted on the surface. The particles
will accumulate at any cracks or flaws.

LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION (LPI): Used to detect surface-breaking

defects in non-ferromagnetic materials (like stainless steel). A colored or
fluorescent dye is applied to the surface, which seeps into any cracks. The
excess dye is wiped off, and a developer is applied, which draws the dye out
of the cracks, making them visible.

VISUAL INSPECTION: A formal visual check of all surfaces.

Why this group is required:

This section is required to provide a specified level of assurance that the materials and
components used to build the pump are free from significant defects that could
compromise their mechanical integrity. While the materials may have been produced
to a certain standard (e.g., an ASTM specification), that does not guarantee that a
specific casting or forging is defect-free. The NDE specified here is a final check to
catch any problems before the pump is assembled and shipped.
The extent of NDE is a trade-off between cost and risk. A more critical pump will
warrant more extensive (and expensive) NDE.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The purchaser’s quality or materials engineer will

determine the required level of inspection based on the criticality of the pump
and the project’s quality standards. They will either specify that the vendor
follow the default API 610 table or they will create a custom Inspection and Test
Plan (ITP) that details all the required NDE.

For an already purchased pump: The records of all NDE performed, including
the reports and technician certifications, are a key part of the final vendor
documentation package.

Applicability to other equipment:

NDE is a standard part of the quality control process for all high-integrity mechanical
equipment, especially for pressure-containing components and rotating elements. The
same NDE methods are used for:

Pressure Vessels: Welds are typically 100% radiographed or ultrasonically

tested.

Piping: Welds in critical piping systems are subject to extensive NDE.

Compressor and Turbine Rotors: Forgings for these critical components

undergo extensive ultrasonic and magnetic particle inspection to ensure they are
free from any internal flaws.

1.17 Surface Preparation, Paint & Spares (Page 5)

This section covers the requirements for protecting the pump from external corrosion,
preparing it for shipment and storage, and specifying the necessary spare parts.

Parameters:

SURFACE PREPARATION, PAINT & SPARES:

MANUFACTURER'S STANDARD: The vendor will follow their own standard
painting procedure unless the purchaser specifies otherwise.

SPECIFICATION NO.: The purchaser can specify their own detailed painting
specification.
 PUMP SURFACE PREPARATION / PRIMER / FINISH COAT: These fields
allow for the specification of the details of the paint system.
Surface Preparation: This is the most critical step for a long-lasting
paint job. It involves cleaning the surface to remove all oil, grease, and
mill scale. Common standards are from SSPC (The Society for
Protective Coatings), such as SSPC-SP6 "Commercial Blast
Cleaning."

Primer: The first coat of paint, designed to adhere strongly to the

prepared surface and provide a base for the finish coat.

Finish Coat: The top coat, which provides the color and the primary
barrier against the environment.

SHIPMENT:
DOMESTIC / EXPORT: Specifies if the pump is for domestic or
international shipment, which may require more robust packaging
and preservation.

OUTDOOR STORAGE (NUMBER OF MONTHS): This is a critical

parameter. If the pump is going to be stored outdoors at the
construction site for an extended period before installation, the
vendor must apply special long-term preservation materials to protect
it from corrosion.

SPARE PARTS:
SPARE ROTOR ASSEMBLY PACKAGED FOR (VERTICAL / HORIZONTAL
STORAGE): A spare rotor is often purchased for critical pumps. It must
be packaged in a way that prevents it from corroding or bowing during
storage. Vertical storage is often preferred for long rotors to prevent
sagging.

SPARE PARTS (START-UP / NORMAL MAINTENANCE): The purchaser

can specify that the vendor provide a set of spare parts recommended
for the initial start-up and for two years of normal operation. This
typically includes items like seals, bearings, gaskets, and wear rings.

Why this group is required:

Paint: A proper paint system is the pump's first line of defense against external
corrosion from atmospheric moisture, rain, or chemical exposure. This is crucial
 for maintaining the long-term integrity of non-wetted parts like the bearing
housing and baseplate.

Preservation: Pumps often arrive at a construction site months before they are
installed. Without proper preservation for storage, critical surfaces like the shaft,
bearing housings, and flange faces can corrode, leading to costly repairs and
delays.

Spares: Having the right spare parts on hand is essential for minimizing
downtime. If a seal or bearing fails, having a spare available on-site allows for a
quick repair. Waiting for a part to be shipped from the manufacturer can result in
days or weeks of lost production.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The purchaser's engineer will provide the paint
specification and the expected duration of outdoor storage. The reliability
engineer will determine the required spare parts based on the pump's criticality.
These requirements are included in the purchase requisition.

For an already purchased pump: The paint system can be visually inspected.
The list of supplied spare parts is documented in the vendor's final
documentation and the shipping manifest.

Applicability to other equipment:

The requirements for painting, preservation, and spare parts are common to all major
mechanical equipment purchased for a large project. All equipment that will be
installed outdoors needs a robust protective coating, and all equipment that will be
stored before installation needs proper preservation. The philosophy of specifying and
purchasing spares for critical equipment is also universal.

1.18 Test (Page 5)

This section defines the scope of testing that the manufacturer must perform on the
pump before shipment to verify its integrity and performance. These tests are a critical
final step in the quality control process.

Parameters:

SHOP INSPECTION (8.1.1): Specifies whether the purchaser intends to have an

inspector visit the manufacturer's shop to witness the tests.
 MATERIAL CERTIFICATION REQUIRED ([Link]): This requires the vendor to
provide Material Test Reports (MTRs) for key components. An MTR is a certified
record from the material supplier that documents the chemical composition and
mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength, hardness) of a specific batch of
material. This provides traceability and confirms that the correct materials were
used.

PMI TESTING REQUIRED ([Link]): Positive Material Identification (PMI) is a test

performed on finished components to verify their alloy composition. A portable
analyzer is used to confirm that the material is as specified (e.g., that a
component supposed to be 316 stainless steel is not actually 304 stainless steel).
This is a key defense against material mix-ups.

COMPONENTS TO BE TESTED: This section lists various tests that can be

specified.

HYDROSTATIC TEST (8.3.2): This is a mandatory test for all pumps. The
assembled pump casing is filled with water and pressurized to 1.5 times its
maximum allowable working pressure. This test verifies the pressure-
containing integrity of the casing and ensures there are no leaks.

PERFORMANCE TEST (8.3.3): This is the most important performance

verification test. The pump is set up on a test stand at the manufacturer's
facility and run with water. Measurements of flow rate, head, and power are
taken at several points to generate a performance curve. This test verifies
that the pump meets the guaranteed performance at the rated point.

NPSH TEST ([Link]): This test is performed to determine the pump's

NPSH3 (Net Positive Suction Head Required). The flow is held constant, and
the suction pressure is gradually lowered until the pump's head drops by
3%, which defines the NPSH3 at that flow point.

SOUND LEVEL TEST ([Link]): Measures the noise level produced by the
pump to ensure it does not exceed the specified limit.

MECHANICAL RUN TEST ([Link]): The pump is run for an extended period
(typically 4 hours) to ensure it operates smoothly without leaks,
overheating of bearings, or other mechanical issues.

Why this group is required:

This section is required to provide objective evidence that the pump has been
manufactured correctly, is free from defects, and will perform as specified. Without
these tests, the purchaser would have no assurance that the pump would function
correctly once installed in the plant. The hydrostatic test is a critical safety check, and
the performance test is a critical verification of the machine's hydraulic capabilities.

How to get the details:

For a planned purchase: The purchaser's engineer will specify the required tests
in the purchase specification. The scope of testing depends on the pump's
criticality. For a very critical pump, the purchaser may require a full suite of tests,
including a performance test, NPSH test, and a 4-hour mechanical run test, and
may send an inspector to witness these tests. For a less critical pump, a certified
hydrostatic test report might be sufficient.

For an already purchased pump: The results of all tests performed are compiled
in the vendor's final documentation. This includes the certified hydrostatic test
report and the performance test curve.

Applicability to other equipment:

A formal testing phase is a standard requirement for all major rotating equipment. The
specific tests vary, but the principle is the same: to verify performance and mechanical
integrity before shipment.

Centrifugal Compressors (API 617): Undergo a very extensive series of tests,

including a mechanical run test, a gas leakage test, and often a full aerodynamic
performance test on a closed loop with a specified test gas.

Steam Turbines (API 612): Are mechanically run tested at full speed.

Gearboxes (API 613): Are run tested under load to check for contact patterns on
the gears and to ensure proper bearing temperatures.

Large Motors: Are subjected to a series of electrical tests to verify their

performance characteristics.