UNIT 4

Two-Port Networks

2.1 Terminals and Ports

In a two-terminal network, the terminal voltage is related to the terminal current by the impedance Z = V/I.
In a four-terminal network, if each terminal pair (or port) is connected separately to another circuit as in
Fig. 4-1, the four variables i , i , u , and u are related by two equations called the terminal characteristics.
These two equations, plus the terminal characteristics of the connected circuits, provide the necessary and
sufficient number of equations to solve for the four variables.

Fig. 2-1

2.2 Z-Parameters
The terminal characteristics of a two-port network, having linear elements and dependent sources, may be
written in the s-domain as

V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I 2
(1)
V2 = Z 21I1 + Z 22I 2

The coefficients Zij have the dimension of impedance and are called the Z-parameters of the network. The
Z-parameters are also called open-circuit impedance parameters since they may be measured at one terminal
while the other terminal is open. They are

V1
Z11 =
I1
I2 = 0

V1
Z12 =
I2
I1 = 0
(2)
V
Z 21 = 2
I1
I2 = 0

V2
Z 22 =
I2
I1 = 0

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 Type your text

EXAMPLE 2.1 Find the Z-parameters of the two-port circuit in Fig. 2-2.
Apply KVL around the two loops in Fig. 4-2 with loop currents I and I to obtain

V1 = 2I1 + s(I1 + I 2 ) = (2 + s)I1 + sI 2

V2 = 3I 2 + s(I1 + I 2 ) = sI1 + (3 + s)I 2

Fig. 2-2

By comparing (1) and (3), the Z-parameters of the circuit are found to be

Z11 = s + 2

Z12 = Z 21 = s (4)

Z 22 = s + 3

Note that in this example Z12 = Z21.

Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Networks

A two-port network is called reciprocal if the open-circuit transfer impedances are equal: Z12 = Z21. Conse-
quently, in a reciprocal two-port network with current I feeding one port, the open-circuit voltage measured
at the other port is the same, irrespective of the ports. The voltage is equal to V = Z12I = Z21I. Networks
containing resistors, inductors, and capacitors are generally reciprocal. Networks that additionally have
4dependent sources are generally nonreciprocal (see Example 4.2).

EXAMPLE 4.2 The two-port circuit shown in Fig. 4-3 contains a current-dependent voltage source. Find its
Z-parameters.
As in Example 4.1, we apply Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) around the two loops:

V1 = 2I1 − I 2 + s(I1 + I 2 ) = (2 + s)I1 + (s − 1)I 2

V2 = 3I 2 + s(I1 + I 2 ) = sI1 + (3 + s)I 2

Fig. 4-3

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 The Z-parameters are

Z11 = s + 2

Z12 = s − 1
(5)
Z 21 = s

Z 22 = s + 3

With the dependent source in the circuit, Z12 ≠ Z21 and so the two-port circuit is nonreciprocal.

4.3 T-Equivalent of Reciprocal Networks

4A reciprocal network may be modeled by its T-equivalent as shown in the circuit of Fig. 4-4. Z , Z , and Z
are obtained from the Z-parameters as follows.
Z a = Z11 − Z12

Z b = Z 22 − Z 21 (6)
Zc = Z12 = Z 21

The T-equivalent network is not necessarily realizable.

Fig. 4-4

EXAMPLE 4.3 Find the Z-parameters of Fig. 4-4.

Again we apply KVL to obtain

V1 = Z a I1 + Zc (I1 + I 2 ) = (Z a + Zc )I1 + Zc I 2
(7)
V2 = Z b I 2 + Zc (II1 + I 2 ) = Zc I1 + (Z b + Zc )I 2

By comparing (1) and (7) the Z-parameters are found to be

Z11 = Z a + Zc

Z12 = Z 21 = Zc (8)

Z 22 = Z b + Zc

4.4 Y-Parameters
The terminal characteristics may also be written as in (9), where I1 and I2 are expressed in terms of V1 and V2.
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
(9)
I 2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2

The coefficients Yij have the dimension of admittance and are called the Y-parameters or short-circuit
admittance parameters because they may be measured at one port while the other port is short-circuited.
The Y-parameters are

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 I1
Y11 =
V1
V2 = 0

I1
Y12 =
V2
V1 = 0
(10)
I
Y21 = 2
V1
V2 = 0

I2
Y22 =
V2
V1 = 0

EXAMPLE 4.4 Find the Y-parameters of the circuit in Fig. 4-5.

Fig. 4-5

We apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) to the input and output nodes (for convenience, we designate the admit-
tances of the three branches of the circuit by Y , Y , and Y as shown in Fig. 4-6). Thus,

1 3
Ya = =
2 + 5s /3 5s + 6
1 2
Yb = = (11)
3 + 5s /2 5s + 6
1 s
Yc = =
5 + 6/ s 5s + 6

Fig. 2-6

The node equations are

I1 = V1Ya + (V1 − V2 ) Yc = (Ya + Yc )V1 − Yc V2

(12)
I 2 = V2 Yb + (V2 − V1 ) Yc = − Yc V1 + (Yb + Yc )V2

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 By comparing (9) with (12), we get

Y11 = Ya + Yc

Y12 = Y21 = − Yc (13)

Y22 = Yb + Yc

Substituting Ya, Yb, and Yc from (11) into (13), we find

s+3
Y11 =
5s + 6
−s
Y12 = Y21 = (14)
5s + 6
s+2
Y22 =
5s + 6

Since Y12 = Y21, the two-port circuit is reciprocal.

2.5 Pi-Equivalent of Reciprocal Networks

A reciprocal network may be modeled by its Pi-equivalent as shown in Fig. 4-6. The three elements of the
Pi-equivalent network can be found by reverse solution. We first find the Y-parameters of Fig. 4-6. From
(10) we have

Y11 = Ya + Yc [Fig. 4-7-(a)]

Y12 = − Yc [Fig. 4- 7-(b)]
(15)
Y2 1 = − Yc [Fig. 4- 7-(a)]

Y22 = Yb + Yc [Fig. 4-7-(b)]

from which

Ya = Y11 + Y12 Yb = Y22 + Y12 Yc = − Y12 = − Y21 (16)

The Pi-equivalent network is not necessarily realizable.

Fig. 2-7

2.6 Application of Terminal Characteristics

The four terminal variables I1, I2, V1, and V2 in a two-port network are related by the two equations (1) or (9). By
connecting the two-port circuit to the outside as shown in Fig. 4-1, two additional equations are obtained.
The four equations then can determine I1, I2, V1, and V2 without any knowledge of the inside structure of
the circuit.

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 EXAMPLE 4.5 The Z-parameters of a two-port network are given by

Z11 = 2s + 1/ s Z12 = Z 21 = 2s Z 22 = 2s + 4

4The network is connected to a source and a load as shown in Fig. 4-8. Find I , I , V , and V .

Fig. 2-8

The terminal characteristics are given by Type your text

V1 = (2 s + 1/ s)I1 + 2 sI 2
(17)
V2 = 2 sI1 + (2 s + 4)I 2

The phasor representation of voltage us(t) is Vs = 12 V with s = j. From KVL around the input and output loops we
obtain the two additional equations

Vs = 3I1 + V1
(18)
0 = (1 + s)I 2 + V2

Substituting s = j and Vs = 12 in (17) and in (18) we get

V1 = jI1 + 2 jI 2

V2 = 2 jI1 + (4 + 2 j)I 2

12 = 3I1 + V1

0 = (1 + j)II 2 + V2

from which

I1 = 3 . 29 / − 10 . 2  I 2 = 1 . 13 / − 131 . 2 

V1 = 2 . 88 / 37 . 5  V2 = 1 . 6 / 93 . 8 

2.7 Conversion between Z- and Y-Parameters

The Y-parameters may be obtained from the Z-parameters by solving (1) for I1 and I2. Applying Cramer’s
rule to (1), we get

Z 22 Z
I1 = V − 12 V
DZZ 1 DZZ 2
(19)
− Z 21 Z
I2 = V + 11 V
D ZZ 1 D ZZ 2

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 where DZZ = Z11Z22 − Z12Z21 is the determinant of the coefficient matrix in (1). By comparing (19) with (9)
we have

Z 22
Y11 =
DZZ

− Z12
Y12 =
DZZ
(20)
− Z 21
Y21 =
DZZ

Z11
Y22 =
DZZ

Given the Z-parameters, for the Y-parameters to exist, the determinant Dzz must be nonzero. Conversely,
given the Y-parameters, the Z-parameters are

Y22
Z11 =
D YY

− Y12
Z12 =
D YY
(21)
− Y21
Z 21 =
D YY

Y11
Z 22 =
D YY

where Dyy = y11y22 − y12y21 is the determinant of the coefficient matrix in (9). For the Z-parameters of a
two-port circuit to be derived from its Y-parameters, Dyy should be nonzero.

EXAMPLE 4.6 Referring to Example 4.4, find the Z-parameters of the circuit of Fig. 4-5 from its Y-parameters.
The Y-parameters of the circuit were found to be [see (14)]

s+3 −s s+2
Y11 = Y12 = Y21 = Y22 =
5s + 6 5s + 6 5s + 6

Substituting into (21), where DYY = 1/(5s + 6), we obtain

Z11 = s + 2

Z12 = Z 21 = s (22)

Z 22 = s + 3

The Z-parameters in (22) are identical to the Z-parameters of the circuit of Fig. 4-2. The two circuits
are equivalent as far as the terminals are concerned. This was by design. Figure 4-2 is the T-equivalent of
Fig. 4-5. The equivalence between Fig. 4-2 and Fig. 4-5 may be verified directly by applying (6) to the
Z-parameters given in (22) to obtain the T-equivalent network.

2.8 h-Parameters
Some two-port circuits or electronic devices are best characterized by the following terminal equations:
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2
(23)
I 2 = h21I1 + h22V2

where the hij coefficients are called the hybrid or h-parameters.

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 EXAMPLE 4.7 Find the h-parameters of Fig. 4-9.
This is the simple model of a bipolar junction transistor in its linear region of operation. By inspection, the terminal
characteristics of Fig. 4-9 are

V1 = 50 I1 and I 2 = 300 I1 (24)

Fig. 4-9

By comparing (24) and (23) we get

h11 = 50 h12 = 0 h21 = 300 h22 = 0 (25)

4.9 g-Parameters
The terminal characteristics of a two-port circuit may also be described by still another set of hybrid
parameters as given in (26).

I1 = g11V1 + g12I 2
(26)
V2 = g 21V1 + g 22I 2

where the coefficients gij are called inverse hybrid or g-parameters.

EXAMPLE 4.8 Find the g-parameters in the circuit shown in Fig. 4-10.

Fig. 4-10

This is the simple model of a field effect transistor in its linear region of operation. To find the g-parameters, we first
derive the terminal equations by applying Kirchhoff’s laws at the terminals:
9
At the input terminal: V1 = 10 I1
At the output terminal: V2 = 10(I2 − 10−3 V1)

or I1 = 10 −9 V1 and V2 = 10 I 2 − 10 −2 V1 (27)

By comparing (27) and (26) we get

g11 = 10 −9 g12 = 0 g 21 = − 10 −2 g 22 = 10 (28)

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 2.10 Transmission Parameters
The transmission parameters A, B, C, and D express the required source variables V1 and I1 in terms of the
existing destination variables V2 and I2. They are called ABCD or T-parameters and are defined by
V1 = AV2 − BI 2
(29)
I1 = CV2 − DI 2

EXAMPLE 4.9 Find the T-parameters of Fig. 4-11 where Z and Z are nonzero.

Fig. 4-11

This is the simple lumped model of an incremental segment of a transmission line. From (29) we have

V1 Za + Zb
A= = = 1 + Z a Yb
V2 Zb
I =0
2

V1
B=− = Za
I2
V2 = 0
(30)
I
C= 1 = Yb
V2
I =0
2

I1
D=− =1
I2
V =0
2

4.11 Interconnecting Two-Port Networks

Two-port networks may be interconnected in various configurations, such as series, parallel, or cascade
connections, resulting in new two-port networks. For each configuration, a certain set of parameters may be
more useful than others to describe the network.

Series Connection
Figure 4-12 shows a series connection of two two-port networks a and b with open-circuit impedance
parameters Za and Zb, respectively. In this configuration, we use the Z-parameters since they are combined as
a series connection of two impedances. The Z-parameters of the series connection are (see Problem 4.10):

Fig. 4-12

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 Z11 = Z11,a + Z11, b

Z12 = Z12,a + Z12, b

(31a)
Z 21 = Z 21,a + Z 21, b

Z 22 = Z 22,a + Z 22, b

or, in the matrix form,

[Z] = [Z a ] + [Z b ] (31b)

Parallel Connection
Figure 4-13 shows a parallel connection of the two-port networks a and b with short-circuit admittance
parameters Ya and Yb, respectively. In this case, the Y-parameters are convenient to work with. The Y-parameters
of the parallel connection are (see Problem 4.11):

Y11 = Y11, a + Y11, b

Y12 = Y12, a + Y12, b

(32a)
Y21 = Y21, a + Y21, b

Y22 = Y22, a + Y22, b

or, in matrix form,

[ Y] = [ Ya ] + [ Yb ] (32b)

Fig. 4-13

Cascade Connection
The cascade connection of the two-port networks a and b is shown in Fig. 4-14. In this case the T-parameters
are particularly convenient. The T-parameters of the cascade combination are

A = A a A b + BaC b

B = A a Bb + Ba D b
(33a)
C = C a A b + D aC b

D = C a Bb + D a D b

Fig. 4-14

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 or, in matrix form,

[T] = [Ta ][Tb ] (33b)

4.12 Choice of Parameter Type

What types of parameters are appropriate for and can best describe a given two-port network or device?
Several factors influence the choice of parameters. (1) It is possible that some types of parameters do not
exist as they may not be defined at all (see Example 4.10). (2) Some parameters are more convenient to
work with when the network is connected to other networks, as shown in Section 4.11. In this regard, by
converting the two-port network to its T- and Pi-equivalents and then applying the familiar analysis tech-
niques, such as element reduction and current division, we can greatly reduce and simplify the overall circuit.
(3) For some networks or devices, a certain type of parameter produces better computational accuracy and
better sensitivity when used within the interconnected circuit.

EXAMPLE 4.10 Find

Type thetext
your Z- and Y-parameters of Fig. 4-15.

Fig. 4-15

We apply KVL to the input and output loops. Thus,

Input loop: V1 = 3I1 + 3(I1 + I 2 )

Output loop: V2 = 7I1 + 2I 2 + 3(I1 + I 2 )

or V1 = 6I1 + 3I 2 and V2 = 10 I1 + 5I 2 (34)

By comparing (34) and (2) we get

Z11 = 6 Z12 = 3 Z 21 = 10 Z 22 = 5

The Y-parameters are, however, not defined, since the application of the direct method of (10) or the conversion from
Z-parameters (19) produces Dzz = 6(5) − 3(10) = 0.

4.13 Summary of Terminal Parameters and Conversion

The various terminal parameters are defined by the following equations:

Z-parameters h-parameters T-parameters

V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I 2 V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2 V1 = AV2 − BI 2

V2 = Z 21I1 + Z 22I 2 I 2 = h21I1 + h22V2 I1 = CV2 − DI 2

[V] = [Z][I]

Y-parameters g-parameters
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 I1 = g11V1 + g12I 2
I 2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2 V2 = g 21V1 + g 22I 2
[I] = [Y][V]

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 Table 4-1 summarizes the conversion between the Z-, Y-, h-, g-, and T-parameters. For the conversion
to be possible, the determinant of the source parameters must be nonzero.

Table 4-1
Z Y h g T
Y22 − Y12 D hh h12 1 − g12 A DTT
Z11 Z12 D YY D YY h22 h22 g11 g11 C C
Z
− Y21 Y11 − h21 1 g 21 Dgg 1 D
Z 21 Z 22 g11 g11 C C
D YY D YY h22 h22

Z 22 − Z12 1 − h12 Dgg g12 D − DTT

Y11 Y12 g 22 g 22
Dzz Dzz h11 h11 B B
Y
− Z 21 Z11 h21 − D nn − g 21 1 −1 A
Y21 Y22 g 22 g 22
D zz Dzz h11 h11 B B

DZZ Z12 1 − Y12 g 22 g12 B DTT

Z 22 Z 22 Y11 Y11 h11 h12 Dgg Dgg D D
h
− Z 21 1 Y21 D yy g 21 g11 −1 C
Z 22 Z 22 Y11 Y11 h21 h22 Dgg Dgg D D

1 − Z12 D YY Y12 h22 − h12 C − DTT

g11 g12
Z11 Z11 Y22 Y22 D hh D hh A A
g
Z 21 DZZ − Y21 1 − h21 h11 1 B
g 21 g 22
Z11 Z11 Y22 Y22 D hh D hh A A

Z11 DZZ − Y22 −1 − D hh − h11 1 g 22

A B
Z 21 Z 21 Y21 Y21 h21 h21 g 21 g 21
T
1 Z 22 − D YY − Y11 − h22 −1 g11 Dgg
Z 21 Z 21 Y21 Y21 h21 h21 g 21 g 21 C D

DPP = P11P22 − P12P21 is the determinant of the coefficient matrix for the Z−, Y−, h−, g−, or T-parameters.

Solved Problems

4.1. Find the Z-parameters of the circuit in Fig. 4-16(a).

Z and Z are obtained by connecting a source to port #1 and leaving port #2 open [Fig. 4-16(b)].
The parallel and series combination of resistors produces

V1 V2 1
Z11 = =8 and Z 21 = =
I1 I =0
I1 I =0
3
22

Similarly, Z 22 and Z 12 are obtained by connecting a source to port #2 and leaving port #1 open
[Fig. 4-16(c)].

V2 8 V1 1
Z 22 = = Z12 = =
I2 I1 = 0
9 I2 I1 = 0
3

The circuit is reciprocal, since Z12 = Z21.

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 Fig. 4-16

4.2. The Z-parameters of a two-port network N are given by

Z11 = 2s + 1/ s Z12 = Z 21 = 2s Z 22 = 2s + 4

(a) Find the T-equivalent of N. (b) The network N is connected to a source and a load as shown in the
circuit of Fig. 4-8. Replace N by its T-equivalent and then solve for i , i , u , and u .
(a) The three branches of the T-equivalent network (Fig. 4-4) are
1 1
Z a = Z11 − Z12 = 2s + − 2s =
s s
Z b = Z 22 − Z12 = 2s + 4 − 2s = 4

Zc = Z12 = Z 21 = 2s

(b) The T-equivalent of N, along with its input and output connections, is shown in the phasor domain
in Fig. 4-17.

Fig. 4-17

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 By applying the familiar analysis techniques, including element reduction and current division, to
Fig. 4-17 we find i , i , u , and u .

In the phasor domain In the time domain:

I1 = 3 . 29 / − 10 . 2  i1 = 3 . 29 cos (t − 10 . 2 )

I 2 = 1 . 13 / − 131 . 2  i2 = 1 . 13 cos (t − 131 . 2 )

     
V1 = 2 . 88 / 37 . 5  υ1 = 2 . 88 cos (t + 37 . 5 )

V2 = 1 . 6 / 93 . 8  υ2 = 1 . 6 cos (t + 93 . 8 )

4.3. Find the Z-parameters of the two-port network in Fig. 4-18.

Fig. 4-18

KVL applied to the input and output ports results in the following:

Input port: V1 = 4I1 − 3I2 + (I1 + I2) = 5I1 − 2I2

Output port: V2 = I2 + (I1 + I2) = I1 + 2I2

By applying (1) to the above, Z11 = 5, Z12 = −2, Z21 = 1, and Z22 = 2.

4.4. Find the Z-parameters of the two-port network in Fig. 4-19 and compare the results with those of
Problem 4.3.

Fig. 4-19

KVL gives

V1 = 5I1 − 2I 2 and V2 = I1 + 2I 2

The above equations are identical with the terminal characteristics obtained for the network of
Fig. 13-18. Thus, the two networks are equivalent.

4.5. Find the Y-parameters of Fig. 4-19 using its Z-parameters.

From Problem 4.4,

Z11 = 5, Z12 = − 2, Z 21 = 1, Z 22 = 2

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 Since DZZ = Z11Z 22 − Z12Z 21 = (5)(2) − (− 2)(1) = 12,

Z 22 2 1 − Z12 2 1 − Z 21 −1 Z11 5
Y11 = = = Y12 = = = Y21 = = Y22 = =
Dzz 12 6 Dzz 12 6 D zz 12 Dzz 12

4.6. Find the Y-parameters of the two-port network in Fig. 4-20 and thus show that the networks of
Figs. 4-19 and 4-20 are equivalent.

Fig. 4-20

Apply KCL at the ports to obtain the terminal characteristics and Y-parameters. Thus,
V V
Input port: I1 = 1 + 2
6 6
V2 V
Output port: I2 = − 1
2.4 12
1 1 −1 1 5
and Y11 = Y12 = Y21 = Y22 = =
6 6 12 2 . 4 12

which are identical with the Y-parameters obtained in Problem 13.5 for Fig. 13-19. Thus, the two networks
are equivalent.

4.7. Apply the short-circuit equations (10) to find the Y-parameters of the two-port network in
Fig. 4-21.

Fig. 4-21

1 1 1
I1 = Y11V1 = +  V1 or Y11 =
V2 = 0 12 12 6
 
V2 V2 1 1 1
I1 = Y12 V2 = − = − V or Y12 =
V1 = 0 4 12  4 12  2 6

V1 1
I 2 = Y21V1 =− or Y21 = −
V2 = 0 12 12
V2 V2 1 1  5
I 2 = Y22 V2 = + = + V or Y22 =
V1 = 0 3 1 2  3 12  2 12

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 4.8. Apply KCL at the nodes of the network in Fig. 4.21 to obtain its terminal characteristics and
Y-parameters. Show that the two-port networks of Figs. 4.18 to 4.21 are all equivalent.
V1 V1 − V2 V2
Input node: I1 = + +
12 12 4

V2 V2 − V1
Output node: I2 = +
3 12

1 1 1 5
I1 = V + V I2 = − V + V
6 1 6 2 12 1 12 2

The Y-parameters observed from the above characteristic equations are identical with the Y-parameters of
the circuits in Figs. 4.18, 4.19, and 4.20. Therefore, the four circuits are equivalent.

4.9. Z-parameters of the two-port network N in Fig. 4.22(a) are Z = 4s, Z =Z = 3s, and Z = 9s.
(a) Replace N by its T-equivalent. (b) Use part (a) to find input current i1 for us = cos 1000t (V).
(a) The network is reciprocal. Therefore, its T-equivalent exists. Its elements are found from (6) and
shown in the circuit of Fig. 4.22(b).

Fig. 4.22

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 Z a = Z11 − Z12 = 4 s − 3s = s

Z b = Z 22 − Z 21 = 9s − 3s = 6s

Zc = Z12 = Z 21 = 3s

(b) We repeatedly combine the series and parallel elements of Fig. 4.22(b), with resistors being in kΩ
and s in krad/s, to find Zin in kΩ:
(3s + 6)(6s + 12)
Z in (s) = Vs / I1 = s + = 3s + 4 or Z in ( j) = 3 j + 4 = 5 / 36 . 9  kΩ
9s + 18
and i1 = 0.2 cos(1000t − 36.9°) (mA).

4.10. Two two-port networks a and b, with open-circuit impedances Z and Z , respectively, are connected
in series (see Fig. 4.12). Derive the Z-parameter equations (31a).
From network a we have

V1 a = Z11, a I1a + Z12, a I 2a

V2 a = Z 21, a I1a + Z 22, a I 2a

From network b we have
V1 b = Z11, b I1b + Z12, b I 2b

V2 b = Z 21, b I1b + Z 22, b I 2b

From the connection between a and b we have
I1 = I1a = I1b V1 = V1a + V1b

I 2 = I 2a = I 2b V2 = V2a + V2b

Therefore,
V1 = (Z11, a + Z11, b )I1 + (Z12, a + Z12, b )I 2

V2 = (Z 21, a + Z 21, b )I1 + (Z 22, a + Z 22, b )I 2

from which the Z-parameters (31a) are derived.

13.11. Two two-port networks a and b, with short-circuit admittances Ya and Yb, respectively, are connected
in parallel (see Fig. 4.13). Derive the Y-parameter equations (32a).
From network a we have

I1a = Y11, a V1a + Y12, a V2a

I 2a = Y21, a V1a + Y22, a V2a

and from network b we have
I1b = Y11, b V1b + Y12, b V2b

I 2b = Y21, b V1b + Y22, b V2b

From the connection between a and b we have
V1 = V1a = V1b I1 = I1a + I1b

V2 = V2a = V2b I 2 = I 2a + I 2b
Therefore,
I1 = ( Y11, a + Y11, b )V1 + (Y12, a + Y12, b )V2

I 2 = (Y21, a + Y21, b )V1 + ( Y22, a + Y22, b )V2

from which the Y-parameters of (32a) result.

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 13.12. Find (a) the Z-parameters of the circuit of Fig. 4.23(a) and (b) an equivalent model which uses three
positive-valued resistors and one dependent voltage source.

Fig. 4.23

(a) From application of KVL around the input and output loops we find, respectively,

V1 = 2I1 − 2I 2 + 2(I1 + I 2 ) = 4 I1

V2 = 3I 2 + 2(I1 + I 2 ) = 2I1 + 5I 2

The Z-parameters are Z11 = 4, Z12 = 0, Z21 = 2, and Z22 = 5.

(b) The circuit of Fig. 4.23(b), with two resistors and a voltage source, has the same Z-parameters as the
circuit of Fig. 4.23(a). This can be verified by applying KVL around its input and output loops.

4.13. (a) Obtain the Y-parameters of the circuit in Fig. 13-23(a) from its Z-parameters. (b) Find an
equivalent model which uses two positive-valued resistors and one dependent current source.
(a) From Problem 13.12, Z11 = 4, Z12 = 0, Z21 = 2, Z22 = 5, and so DZZ = Z11Z22 − Z12Z21 = 20. Hence,

Z 22 5 1 − Z12 − Z 21 −2
2 1 Z11 4 1
Y11 = = = Y12 = =0 Y21 = = =− Y22 = = =
DZZ 20 4 DZZ DZZ 20 10 DZZ 20 5
     

(b) Figure 13-24, with two resistors and a current source, has the same Y-parameters as the circuit in
Fig.13-23(a). This can be verified by applying KCL to the input and output nodes.

4.14. Referring to the network of Fig. 4.23(b), convert the voltage source and its series resistor to its
Norton equivalent and show that the resulting network is identical to that in Fig. 4.24.
The Norton equivalent current source is IN = 2I1/5 = 0.4I1. But I1 = V1/4. Therefore, IN = 0.4I1 = 0.1V1.
The 5-Ω resistor is then placed in parallel with IN . The circuit is shown in Fig. 13-25 which is the same
as the circuit in Fig. 13-24.

Fig. 4.24 Fig. 4.25

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 4.15. The h-parameters of a two-port network are given. Show that the network may be modeled by the
network in Fig. 13-26 where h11 is an impedance, h12 is a voltage gain, h21 is a current gain, and h22
is an admittance.

Fig. 4.26

Apply KVL around the input loop to get

V1 = h11I1 + h12V2

Apply KCL at the output node to get

I 2 = h21I1 + h22V2

These results agree with the definition of h-parameters given in (23).

4.16. Find the h-parameters of the circuit in Fig. 4.25.

By comparing the circuit in Fig. 4.25 with that in Fig. 4.26, we find

h11 = 4 Ω, h12 = 0, h21 = − 0 . 4, h22 = 1/ 5 = 0 . 2 Ω −1

4.17. Find the h-parameters of the circuit in Fig. 4.25 from its Z-parameters and compare with the results
of Problem 4.16.
Refer to Problem 4.13 for the values of the Z-parameters and D . Use Table 4.1 for the conversion
of the Z-parameters to the h-parameters of the circuit. Thus,

DZZ 20 Z12 − Z 21 −2 1 1
h11 = = =4 h12 = =0 h21 = = = −0.4 h22 = = = 0.2
Z 22 5 Z 22 Z 22 5 Z 22 5

The above results agree with the results of Problem 4.16.

4.18. The simplified model of a bipolar junction transistor for small signals is shown in Fig. 4.27.
Find its h-parameters.

Fig. 4.27

The terminal equations are V1 = 0 and I2 = bI1. By comparing these equations with (23), we conclude
that h11 = h12 = h22 = 0 and h21 = b.

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 4.19. The h-parameters of a two-port device H are given by
h11 = 500 Ω h12 = 10 −4 h21 = 100 h22 = 2(10 −6 ) Ω −1

Draw a circuit model of the device made of two resistors and two dependent sources. Include the values
of each element.
From a comparison with Fig. 4.26, we draw the model of Fig. 4.28.

Fig. 4.28

4.20. The device H of Problem 4.19 is placed in the circuit of Fig. 4.29(a). Replace H by its model of
Fig. 4.28 and find V /V.

Fig. 4.29

The circuit of Fig. 4.29(b) contains the model. With good approximation, we can reduce it to
Fig. 4.29(c) from which
I1 = Vs / 2000 V2 = − 1000(100 I1 ) = − 1000(100 Vs / 2000) = −50 Vs

Thus, V2/Vs = −50.

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 4.21. A load Z is connected to the output of a two-port device N (Fig. 13-30) whose terminal characteristics
are given by V1 = (1/N)V2 and I1 = −NI2. Find (a) the T-parameters of N and (b) the input impedance
Zin = V1/I1.

Fig. 4.30

(a) The T-parameters are defined by [see (29)]

V1 = AV2 − BI 2

I1 = CV2 − DI 2

The terminal characteristics of the device are

V1 = (1/N )V2

I1 = − N I 2

By comparing the two pairs of equations we get A = 1/N, B = 0, C = 0, and D = N.

(b) Three equations relating V 1, I1, V2, and I 2 are available: two equations are given by the terminal
characteristics of the device and the third equation comes from the connection to the load,

V2 = − Z L I 2

By eliminating V2 and I2 in these three equations, we get

V1 = Z L I1 / N 2 from which Z in = V1 / I1 = Z L / N 2

lems

4.22. The Z-parameters of the two-port network N in Fig. 4.22(a) are Z = 4s, Z =Z = 3s, and Z = 9s. Find
the input current i1 for us = cos 1000t (V) by using the open circuit impedance terminal characteristic equations
of N, together with KCL equations at nodes A, B, and C.
Ans. i1 = 0.2 cos (1000t − 36.9°) (A)
4.23. Express the reciprocity criteria in terms of h-, g-, and T-parameters.
Ans. h12 + h21 = 0, g12 + g21 = 0, and AD − BC = 1
4.24. Find the T-parameters of a two-port device whose Z-parameters are Z =s, Z =Z = 10s, and Z = 100s.
−1
Ans. A = 0.1, B = 0, C = 10 /s, and D = 10
4.25. Find the T-parameters of a two-port device whose Z-parameters are Z = 10 s, Z =Z = 10 s, and Z = 10 s.
Compare with the results of Problem 4.21.
−7
Ans. A = 0.1, B = 0, C = 10 /s and D = 10. For high frequencies, the device is similar to the device of
Problem 13.21, with N = 10.

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 4.26. The Z-parameters of a two-port device N are Z = ks, Z12 = Z21 = 10ks, and Z22 = 100ks. A 1-Ω resistor is
connected across the output port (see Fig. 4.30). (a) Find the input impedance Z =V /I and construct its
equivalent circuit. (b) Give the values of the elements for k = 1 and 10 .
ks 1
Ans. (a) Z in = =
1 + 100 ks 100 + 1/ ks
The equivalent circuit is a parallel RL circuit with R = 10−2 Ω and L = 1 kH.
1 6 1 6
(b) For k = 1, R = Ω and L = 1 H. For k = 10 , R = Ω and L = 10 H.
100 100
4.27. The device N in Fig. 4.30 is specified by the following Z-parameters: Z =N Z and
11
   22
Z12 = Z 21 = Z11Z 22 = N Z11. Find Zin = V1/I1 when a load ZL is connected to the output terminal. Show
2
that if Z11  Z L /N 2 we have impedance scaling such that Zin = ZL/N .

ZL
Ans. Z in = . For Z L  N 2 Z11 , Z in = Z L /N 2 .
N 2 + Z L / Z11
4.28. Find the Z-parameters in the circuit of Fig. 4.31. Hint: Use the series connection rule.
Ans. Z11 = Z22 = s + 3 + 1/s, Z12 = Z21 = s + 1

Fig. 4.31

4.29. Find the Y-parameters in the circuit of Fig. 4.32. Hint: Use the parallel connection rule.
Ans. Y11 = Y22 = 9(s + 2)/16, Y12 = Y21 = −3(s + 2)/16

Fig. 4.32

4.30. Two two-port networks a and b with transmission parameters T and T are connected in cascade (see Fig. 13-14).
Given I2a = −I1b and V2a = V1b, find the T-parameters of the resulting two-port network.
Ans. A = AaAb + BaCb, B = AaBb + BaDb, C = CaAb + DaCb, D = CaBb + DaDb

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 4.31. Find the T- and Z-parameters of the network in Fig. 4.33. The impedances of the capacitors are given. Hint:
Use the cascade connection rule.
Ans. A = 5j − 4, B = 4j + 2, C = 2j − 4, and D = j3, Z11 = 1.3 − 0.6j, Z22 = 0.3 − 0.6j, Z12 = Z21 = − 0.2 − 0.1j

Fig. 4.33

4.32. Find the Z-parameters of the two-port circuit of Fig. 4.34.

1 1
Ans. Z11 = Z 22 = (Z + Z a ), Z12 = Z 21 = (Z b − Z a )
2 b 2

Fig. 4.34

4.33. Find the Z-parameters of the two-port circuit of Fig. 4.35.

1 Z b (2Z a + Z b ) 1 Z 2b
Ans. Z11 = Z 22 = , Z12 = Z 21 =
2 Za + Zb 2 Z a + Zb

Fig. 4.35

4.34. Referring to the two-port circuit of Fig. 4.36, find the T-parameters as a function of w and specify their values
3
at w = 1, 10 , and 106 rad/s.
Ans. A = 1 − 10−9 w2 + j10−9 w, B = 10−3 (1 + jw), C = 10−6 jw, and D = 1. At w = 1 rad/s, A = 1,
−3 −6 −3 6
B = 10 (1 + j), C = 10 j, and D = 1. At w = 103 rad/s, A ≈ 1, B ≈ j, C = 10 j, and D = 1. At w = 10 rad/s,
3 3
A ≈ −10 , B ≈ 10 j , C = j, and D = 1.

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 Fig. 4.36

4.35. A two-port network contains resistors, capacitors, and inductors only. With port #2 open [Fig. 4.37(a)], a unit
−t −t
step voltage u1 = u(t) produces i1 = e u(t) (µA) and u2 = (1 − e ) u(t) (V). With port #2 short-circuited
−2t
[Fig. 13-37(b)], a unit step voltage u1 = u(t) delivers a current i1 = 0.5(1 + e )u(t) (µA). Find i2 and the
T-equivalent network.   Ans. i2 = 0.5(−1 + e )u(t) [see Fig. 4.37(c)]

Fig. 4.37

4.36. The two-port network N in Fig. 4.38 is specified by Z = 2, Z =Z = 1, and Z = 4. Find I, I, and I.
11 12 21 22 1 2 3
Ans. I1 = 24 A, I2 = 1.5 A, and I3 = 6.5 A

Fig. 4.38

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TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Sudhakar and Shyam Mohan Palli,” Circuits and Networks; Analysis and Synthesis”, 3rd
Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.

2. Ravish R Singh “Circuit Theory and Networks Analysis and Synthesis”,2nd Edition, McGraw Hill
Education (India) Private Limited,2019.

3. [Link], “Networks Lines and Fields”, 2nd Edition, PHI Publications, 2003.

4. Hayt W. H, Jack Kemmerly, Steven Durbin, „”Engineering Circuit Analysis”, Tata McGraw
Hill, 8th Illustrated Edition, 2011.

5. Kuo, “Network Analysis and Synthesis”, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 2014.

6. Umesh Sinha, “Network Analysis and Synthesis”, 5th Edition, Sathya Prakashan Publishers,
2010.