ECOM 442
DATA COMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKS
LAB
Noura Alderei
CH7 Notes:
When upper-layer protocols communicate with each other, data flows down the OSI layers
and is encapsulated in a Layer 2 frame. The frame composition depends on the media
access type. For example, if the
upper-layer protocol: TCP/IP the media access: Ethernet
Layer 2 frame encapsulation is Ethernet II (we will examine header in the lab)
Now I become destination
MAC address of source (the device that
asks) It knows IP address but don’t know MAC
From here
you read
data after
clicking on
manufacturer Serial number
the first
(always
check
EthernetII
Packet Details pane displays Frame 1 detail information. This window may be used
to acquire Ethernet II frame information, as indicated in the table.
1. Preamble: not shown in capture (synchronization bits processed by NIC
hardware)
2. Destination address: 6 bytes (first 3 bytes: manufacturer of NIC “vendor”) (last
3 bytes: serial number of NIC)
Can be: broadcast ([Link]) or unicast
3. Source address: manufacturer + serial ([Link]) only unicast
4. Frame type of upper layer protocol in the data field:
a. 0x0800 IPv4
b. 0x0806 IPv6
5. Data: ARP “encapsulated upper layer protocol”
6. FCS: frame check sequence not shown in capture “NIC use it to detect errors”
(42 bytes) found immediately after frame1
Task2: use wireshark to capture and analyze ethernet II frames
Step1: prepare wireshark to capture network tra ic Capture > Interfaces
Step2: open cmd, ipconfig > ping [Link]
The Wireshark Packet List window
should start with an ARP request and reply for the Gateway’s MAC address.
Next: DNS request is made for the IP address of [Link].
Finally, the ping command is executed.
CASE1: If ARP exchange is not there flush the ARP cache:
arp -a displays ARP
arp -d * flushes all cache
or arp -d 172.x.x.x delete specific
if deletion failed: double click the cmd > run as administrator > write it again
arp -a make sure it displays no ARP entries found
CASE2: If no DNS “it is in cache so flush it”
ipconfig /displaydns this has eagle-server
ipconfig /flushdns
ipconfig /displaydns this removes eagle-server
Q:
A student from another school wants to know the MAC address for Eagle
Server. What would you tell the student? Due to the fact that MAC
addresses differ between LANs. No one can know it.
CH9 Notes:
ARP is a protocol that enables network devices to communicate with the TCP/IP protocol.
Task1: Use the windows arp command (in cmd without wireshark)
cmd > arp it will show all commands that you can use and their explanation
1. What command is used to display all entries in the ARP cache? arp-a
2. What command is used to delete all ARP cache entries (flush the ARP
cache)? Arp-d *
What command is used to delete the ARP cache entry for
[Link]? Arp-d [Link]
CH5 Notes:
Two devices in same LAN communicate using Ping command
Network: [Link]
- View gateway address of this comp.: netstat –r
default gateway
U
Note: ping is successful only when the address is NOT a subnet or broadcast
= -
address
ping & wireshark
Communication Between Devices on
Different Networks
Pod host computer 2: IP address [Link] initiates
a ping to
IP address: [Link].
Because network [Link] differs from
[Link]
the pod host computer requests the MAC address of
the default gateway device. This gateway device, a
router, responds with its MAC address.
Examining a route
- Use the route command to modify a Windows computer routing table.
- Use a Windows Telnet client command telnet to connect to a Cisco router.
1. Route command: route /?
Used to view, add, delete, or change routing table entries
G
>
-
>
-
-
[ [
>
-
2. Telnet to connect to cisco router
Username for pod1: ccna1 if pod2: ccna2
Password for all: cisco
telnet [Link] enter
ccna1 enter
cisco enter
At the prompt, R2-Central#, a successful Telnet login has been created. Only limited permissions for
ccnax usernames are available; therefore, it is not possible to modify router settings or view the
configuration. The purpose of this task was to establish a Telnet session, which has been accomplished.
List of commands:
arp -a displays ARP
arp -d * run as administrator
ipconfig /flushdns
ipconfig /displaydns
ipconfig gives host info (ip and default gateway)
ipconfig /all more info
2)
netstat –r sam
View gateway address of this comp (diff
LANs)
route /? Used to view, add, delete, or change routing table entries
E
route PRINT network
route ADD route add [Link]. mask [Link] [Link]
network
route delete route delete [Link]
telnet /? To show all utilities
to start:
telnet [Link] enter
ccna1 enter
cisco enter
Building WAN using packet
tracer
Noura
When we use a serial cable we
need to establish a clock to
synchronize the serial
communication. One of the
routers should have the clock.
DCE: Data communication
equipment has the clock
enabled “usually Etisalat router”
Serial cable
DTE: Data terminal equipment
“user router”
Serial cable: has female and
male part
DCE: female end
DTE: male end
Then male and female must be
connected together to establish
a connection
Used Remote
when we configuration
want to
config a
router
using
desktop
How to configure the router? Basic steps
• How to access the router?
We need to
connect the
the desktop
to the router
using a
rollover/cons
ole po
CLI command modes
Accessing the router has
three different levels
each with its previlages:
1. User EXEC mode:
you can browse
the configuration
of the router but
you cannot
change anything.
2. Previlage EXEC
mode: only a
subset of changes
in the router but
not everything (like
name of the router
and simple)
3. Global
configuration
mode: you can
use many
configuration
The command Exit will take
Router>enable “when you see > sign you are in level one to go to level two you have to write enable” you up one level
Router#configure terminal “if you are in level 2 you will see # , to go to L3 write configure terminal”
Router(config)# interface fa 0/0 “if you are in L3 you will see (config) , to go to subset level write interface
and the interface that you want to configure, in this case we want to config fa 0/0 interface”
Router(config-if)# “now you can configure the subnet…etc”
SIMULATION: router can be accessed directly without the previous
configuration (we will see both)
For the router double click > physical > turn off router > drag the serial interface to the router > turn on
the router > wait few sec > connect serial DCE
To configure computer IP: double click >
config > FastEthernet0 > ON , Static
To configure gateway: double click PC > config >
settingss > IPv4
Use these numbers:
Router configutation
1. Real method: using a rollover cable from router to one of the
PCs
2. Packet tracer: click the router > config > GigabitEthernet0/0/0 or
the Serial0/1/0
REAL METHOD
• Now we need to configure the router “because the gateway will be
used to communicate with other LANs” to do so connect a
console cable from the router to one of the PCs in the LAN,
hyperterminal software method will be used:
Cable: console
PC: RS 232
Router: console
Now I need to run a software in the PC to connect to
the router: double click PC > Desktop > Terminal
• Step 1: Router #show interfaces
We will use the highlighted names when configuring the router
Router B:
1. Ethernet interface
#config t
(config)#interface gigabitethernet0/0/0
#ip address [Link] [Link]
#no shutdown
#exit
Router B:
2. Serial interface
(config)#interface serial0/0/0
#ip address [Link] [Link]
#no shutdown
#exit
Note: if you are in DCE “with clock” immediately after the last line write the following commandr:
Router(config-if) #Clock rate 64000
How do routers know all the paths available to
communicate? Using router protocol like arp
• At least you need to enable one of the router protocols, we will
enable arp using the command:
#router rip
#version 2 ”we need to switch to ver2 that allows subnetting”
Show ip interface br
will show you the summary of what you did
SIMULATION METHOD
• Double click the router > config
1. gigabitethernet0/0/0 “make sure it is on, and fill
values”
2. Serila0/1/0 “make sure it is on, fill IPv4 and
subnet mask
For router rip: config > rip > type > add
“don’t forget to write version 2 in the CLI “beside config” then type
the rip