Table of contents
❖ Certificate
❖ Declaration
❖ Acknowledgement
❖ Objective of the project
❖ Introduction
❖ Theory
❖ Apparatus required
❖ Diagram
❖ Procedure
❖ Observation
❖ Calculation
❖ Result
❖ Precautions
❖ Conclusion
❖ Bibliography
1
Certificate
This is to certify that Asita kumari students of class XII
(sci.) has successfully prepared the report on the topic
interference of light under the guidance of Mr. Shiv
Shankar (PGT Physics).
This project is the result of his sincerity, initiative efforts
and endeavours. The report is found worthy of
acceptance as the final project report for the subject
Physics of class XII (sci.).
….…………………………. ….………………………….
Signature of Physics Signature of External
Teacher Examinar
.……………………………
Signature of principal
2
Declaration
I, Asita kumari , hereby declare
that this project, "Interference of
Light," has been compiled from
my own study, research, and
experimental work. The findings,
conclusions, and interpretations
presented are my own, submitted
to the Department of physics.
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya.
Asita kumari
Class :- XII (Sci.)
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Acknowledgement
II would like to express my profound gratitude to all the individuals who contributed to the
successful completion of this project on the topic Interference of light.
I would like to express my deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my project guide Mr. Shiv
Shankar sir for guiding me immensely through the course of the project. He always shows
interest in my project. His constrictive advice and constant motivation have been responsible
for the successful completion of the project.
My sincere thank goes to our principal sir for his coordination in extending every possible
support for completion for this project.
I must thanks to my classmate for their timely help and support for completion for this project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all those who had helped directly or indirectly
towards the completion of this project.
Asita kumari
Class:-XII (Science)
4
Objective of the
project
To study and understand
the phenomenon of
interference of light and to
verify the conditions for
constructive and
destructive interference
using Young’s Double Slit
Experiment.
5
Introduction
Light behaves both as a wave and a particle. The wave
nature of light is beautifully demonstrated by the
phenomenon of interference.
When two or more coherent light waves overlap, they
superimpose, resulting in a pattern of bright and dark
fringes due to the constructive and destructive
interference of waves.
This experiment, first demonstrated by Thomas Young
in 1801, proved the wave nature of light.
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Theory
1. Principle of Superposition
When two or more waves meet at a point, the resultant displacement is
the vector sum of the individual displacements.
y = y1 + y2
2. Conditions for Interference
● Constructive Interference (Bright Fringe):
Path difference = nλ
where n=0,1,2,3...
● Destructive Interference (Dark Fringe):
Path difference = (2n+1)λ/2
3. Fringe Width Formula
β = λD/d
where:
● β = fringe width
● λ = wavelength of light
● D = distance between slits and screen
● d = distance between slits
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Apparatus
required
➢Monochromatic light source
(Laser light)
➢Double slit arrangement
➢Screen
➢Lens (optional)
➢Measuring scale
➢Stand and holder
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Diagram
Below is the labelled diagram of Young’s
Double Slit Experiment showing how
interference fringes form on the screen
Fig. 1: Young’s Double Slit Experiment
illustrating Interference Pattern
9
Procedure
1. Arrange the setup in a dark room.
2. Allow monochromatic light from the
laser to pass through the single slit
and then through two narrow slits S1
and S2
3. Observe the bright and dark fringes
on the screen.
4. Measure the distance between two
consecutive bright fringes (fringe width
β).
5. Note the distance between slits (d)
and the distance between slits and
screen (D).
6. Use the formula λ=βd / D to calculate
the wavelength.
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Observation
Observati Distance Distance Fringe Waveleng
on Between Between Width th
Slits Slits & (β) (λ)
Screen
(d) (D)
1. 0.25 mm 100 cm 0.25 mm 6.25 ×
10⁻⁷ m (≈
6250 Å)
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Calculation
λ = βd/D
Substituting values:
-3 -3
λ=(0.25×10 )(0.25×10 )/1
λ=6.25×10−7 m
12
Result
The wavelength of the
monochromatic light used is
found to be 6.25 × 10⁻⁷ m
(≈ 6250 Å).
The interference pattern confirms
that light exhibits wave nature
13
Precautions
1.Use coherent
(monochromatic) light source.
2.The two slits should be
narrow and very close to each
other.
3.The setup should be
vibration-free.
4.Take readings carefully.
5.Perform the experiment in a
dark room for clear fringes.
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Conclusion
The interference pattern of
alternate bright and dark
fringes obtained during
Young’s Double Slit
Experiment confirms that
light is a wave. The
experiment verifies the
principle of superposition
and provides a method to
determine the wavelength
of light.
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Bibliography
●NCERT Physics Textbook – Class XII
●Concepts of Physics – H.C. Verma
●Practical Physics Manual – CBSE
● Online Resource (byju’s app)
Thankyou
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