COURSE CODE: ME 121 – THERMODYNAMICS 1
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
A.Y. 2021 – 2022, Second Semester
Module 7
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Heat engine or thermal engine is a closed system (no mass crosses its boundaries) that
exchanges only heat and work with its surrounding and that operates in cycles.
Elements of a thermodynamic heat engine with a fluid as the working substance:
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1. A working substance, matter that receives heat, rejects heat, and does work;
2. A source of heat (also called a hot body, a heat reservoir, or just source), from
which the working substance receives heat;
3. A heat sink (also called a receiver, a cold body, or just sink), to which the working
substance can reject heat; and
4. An engine, wherein the working substance may do work or have work done on it.
A thermodynamic cycle occurs when the working fluid of a system experiences a
number of processes that eventually return the fluid to its initial state.
Intended Learning Outcome/s
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• Identify the different Processes of Ideal Gases.
• Solve problems on Carnot Cycle and three process cycle.
Topic 1 : CYLCE WORK AND THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Available energy is that part of the heat
Heat Added that was converted into mechanical work.
Unavailable energy is the remainder of
the heat that had to be rejected into the
receiver (sink).
Net Work
(Work of a cycle)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
All energy received as heat by a heat-
engine cycle cannot be converted into
Heat Rejected mechanical work.
The Carnot Cycle
It is the most efficient cycle conceivable. There are other ideal cycles as efficient as the
Carnot cycle, but none more so, such a perfect cycle forms a standard of comparison for
actual engines and actual cycles and also for other less efficient ideal cycles, permitting to
judge how much room there might be for improvement.
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𝑄𝐴 = 𝑇1 (𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐴 )
𝑊 = 𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝑅
𝑄𝑅 = −𝑇2 (𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐴 )
Work in a TS Diagram:
𝑊 = 𝑄𝐴 + (−𝑄𝑅 ) 𝐴𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑢𝑚
𝑊 = 𝑇1 (𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐴 ) + (−𝑇2 (𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐴 ))
𝑊 = 𝑇1 (𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐴 ) − 𝑇2 (𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐴 )
𝐖 = (𝐓𝟏 −𝐓𝟐 )(𝐒𝐁 − 𝐒𝐀 )
Efficiency (e):
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𝑊 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 )(𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐴 )
𝑒= =
𝑄𝐴 𝑇1 (𝑆𝐵 − 𝑆𝐴 )
𝐖 (𝐓𝟏 −𝐓𝟐 )
𝐞= =
𝐐𝑨 𝐓𝟏
The thermal efficiency (e) is defined as the fraction of the hear supplied to a
thermodynamic cycle that is converted into work.
Work from the TS plane
𝑽𝟐
𝐐𝑨 = 𝒎𝑹𝑻𝟏 𝒍𝒏
𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝟑
𝐐𝑹 = −𝒎𝑹𝑻𝟑 𝒍𝒏
𝑽𝟒
From process 2-3,
𝑻𝟑 𝑽𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
=[ ]
𝑻𝟐 𝑽𝟑
From process 4-1,
𝑻𝟒 𝑽𝟏 𝒌−𝟏
=[ ]
𝑻𝟏 𝑽𝟒
But 𝑻𝟒 = 𝑻𝟑 and 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐
Therefore,
𝑽𝟐 𝒌−𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒌−𝟏
[ ] =[ ]
𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟒
Then,
𝑽𝟑 𝑽𝟐
=
𝑽𝟒 𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝟐
𝐐𝑹 = −𝒎𝑹𝑻𝟑 𝒍𝒏
𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑊 = 𝑄𝐴 + (−𝑄𝑅 ) = 𝒎𝑹𝑻𝟏 𝒍𝒏 −𝒎𝑹𝑻𝟑 𝒍𝒏
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟏
𝑽𝟐
𝑊 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇3 ) 𝒎𝑹𝒍𝒏
𝑽𝟏
V2
W (T1 − T3 ) mRln V1
e= =
QA V
mRT1 ln 2
V1
(𝐓𝟏 − 𝐓𝟑 )
𝐞=
𝐓𝟏
Work from the pV plane.
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𝑊 = ∑ 𝑊 = 𝑊1−2 + 𝑊2−3 + 𝑊3−4 + 𝑊4−1
𝑉2 𝑝3 𝑉3 − 𝑝2 𝑉2 𝑉4 𝑝1 𝑉1 − 𝑝4 𝑉4
𝑊 = 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛 + + 𝑝3 𝑉3 𝑙𝑛 +
𝑉1 1−𝑘 𝑉3 1−𝑘
Mean Effective Pressure (𝒑𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒑)
𝐖
𝐩𝐦 =
𝐕𝐃
VD = displacement volume, the volume swept by the piston in one stroke.
Mean effective pressure is the average constant pressure that, acting through one
stroke, will do on the piston the net work of a single cycle.
Ratio of Expansion, Ratio of Compression
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
• 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐕𝟐
• 𝐈𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐕𝟏
𝐕𝟑
• 𝐈𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐕𝟐
𝐕𝟑
• 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐕𝟏
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
• 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐕𝟑
• 𝐈𝐬𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐕𝟒
𝐕𝟒
• 𝐈𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨, 𝒓𝒌 =
𝐕𝟏
𝐕𝟑
• 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 =
𝐕𝟏
The isentropic compression ratio 𝑟𝑘 is the compression ratio most commonly used.
Example:
1. A Carnot power cycle operates on 2 lb of air between the limits of 70℉ and 500℉.
The pressure at the beginning of isothermal expansion is 400 psia and at the end
of isothermal expansion is 185 psig. Determine (a) the volume at the end of
isothermal compression, (b) ∆𝑆 during an isothermal process, (c) 𝑄𝐴 , (d) 𝑄𝑅 , (e)
W, (f) e, (g) the ratio of expansion during isothermal heating and the overall ratio
of expansion, and (h) the mean effective pressure.
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THESE MIGHT HELP!
Additional Reading:
• TEXTBOOK: Thermodynamics – Hipolito Sta. Maria
[Link]
8lDAK
Supplementary Video:
The Carnot Cycle
[Link]
QUIZ
Kindly click and answer the questions under the link below.
[Link]
dpkruF6MBMmU6R_FU3DqA/viewform?usp=pp_url
Deadline: May 11, 2022
If you have come this far, pat yourself on the shoulder and
say congratulations for you have done a great job. See you
again next week!
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