PEST CONTROL PROGRAM

WHAT TO DOCUMENT IN PEST CONTROL PROGRAM

A good pest control plan should be preventive in order to avoid the problem.
and having to undergo some more aggressive treatment. Common elements in this plan and
applicable to almost any type of agri-food industry is the appropriate design of
installations with physical barriers on windows and doors, the sealing of pipes, the
proper disposal of waste and maintenance of the exterior of the facilities.
Depending on the type of industry, there will be other more specific treatments.
as bait for rats and mice, the placement of insect catchers, traps for insects,
preventive fumigations, etc.

What is a pest? A pest is any organism that causes, transmits, and propagates.
PLAGUE? diseases, that eat, contaminate or render food useless or
processed products. Their presence is annoying and unpleasant
possibly deteriorating or damaging the establishment or the goods within it
They are found. Many pests are vectors or vehicles of ETAs.
They also bring other types of problems such as discrediting of the
company or economic losses due to product shrinkage
contaminated or eaten.

WHAT TYPE OF Among the flying ones we have: flies, mosquitoes, bats and
PLAGUES They are birds, mainly pigeons. As for the ground ones, we have:
THE More rodents (rats and mice), cockroaches, spiders, ants. Of all
USUAL? they are the most common and concerning from a perspective
hygiene-sanitary and transmission of STIs in a factory of
foods are: rodents in general, flies, cockroaches and
The pigeons.

WHAT ARE Those that affect Public Health and are concerning for their
THE PESTS live in close proximity to humans. Especially those that are
MOST COMMON related to the places where they are processed and stored
WHAT They are basically: insects (flies, cockroaches,
LINKED WITH ants, etc.), rodents (rats and mice) and some birds (pigeons
THE HYGIENE OF
THE
FOOD?

WHAT ARE Cockroaches are important vectors of Salmonella, Proteus,

SOME Shigella, helminths, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
EXAMPLES OF Flies can transmit: meningitis, cholera, salmonellosis,
ETAS typhus, leprosy, hepatitis, trypanosomes, etc.
LINKED Rodents can transmit: salmonellosis, leptospirosis,
CON trichinosis, hantavirus, pneumonia, etc.
Pests? Pigeons can transmit: salmonellosis, histoplasmosis,
campylobacteriosis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, neuroencephalitis, etc.

WHAT Inside the establishment, it is necessary to control and inspect.

INSPECT everything regarding cracks and fissures in walls and floors,
xOS? these should not exist, they must be very well sealed if they do
hey.

Roofs should not constitute areas of refuge either, about

All ceilings, which are not recommended on any floor.
that prepares food.

Also avoid leaks, the roofs should not be made of materials

that produce condensation.

Drains must always be clean; there should be no odors from.

decomposition in the plant, that means that in the drains there are
accumulation of organic matter that constitutes food for the
pests.

The doors must close well and have a perfect screen.

state.

The windows must be fixed, and if they open, they must be sliding and
to have mosquito netting in perfect condition.

The electrical installation must be inspected, avoiding cables

loose and light boxes on the walls. These not being
built-in should be distanced from the walls to avoid the
accumulation of dirt and the shelter of pests.

WHAT TYPE OF direct control is that which acts on the populations of

Control pests at any stage of development, causing them death or
USED IN other types of alterations or damages
MANAGEMENT Irreversible: THESE ARE: chemical resources, constituted by the
INTEGRATED pest control, or physical resources such as light traps,
Pests? trampers, etc.

Indirect control acts on the pest environment.

turning it into a hostile or inaccessible medium. This control is so
 as important as the direct one since the latter fails in the short or long term
deadline if the indirect is not applied. THESE ARE:
Ventilation, doors and windows with protective covers or fabric
mosquito net, and regarding routines and procedures, what pertains to
waste management, effluents, entry and exit of merchandise,
supplies and products, etc.

Among the pests, we can identify various organisms that can affect, causing
damage such as arthropods, flying insects, worms, fungi, viruses, or others

ARTHROPODS: They feed on parts of the plant such as leaves, roots causing damage.
to the physiological system of plants or allowing the entry of viruses and infections.

FLYERS: they feed on sap and cause damage by depleting nutrients

in the plants.

WORMS: They are insects in their larval cycle that develop from the
Plant nutrients primarily cause mechanical damage to leaves and fruits.

FUNGI: They are pathogenic organisms that cause damage through nutrient depletion,
or rot in stems and leaves mainly

VIRUS: These are mainly transmitted by insects and can cause rotting and
poor plant development.

CLASSIFICATION

PUBLIC HEALTH - VECTORS In general, urban pests can be classified

such as: Public Health - Vectors). When they are common vectors of diseases and/or
carriers of pathogenic germs, (rodents, flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, fleas,
lice) or when they are internal or external parasites of human beings

INDUSTRIALS: Of stored products or agricultural activities such as production of

common foods from gardens and green areas.

CIRCUNSTANCIALES: Murciélagos, palomas, arañas, escorpiones, víboras y fauna

wild that coincide with rural areas or near natural ecosystems, such as in the
case of the University being in an area with good vegetation (Rural area)

IDENTIFIED VECTORS

Flyers

Mosquitoes or Gnats belong to the order of Diptera or flying insects.

The Nematocera suborder of the Culicidae family has a complete metamorphosis of 4.
stages (Egg-Larva-Pupa-Adult), the majority of which develop in habitats
Aquatic. Adult females are hematophagous. The diversity among the different
species, all of them share a series of common characteristics: With their mouthparts
picador and suckers, the females extract the blood they need for production of
eggs of mammals (humans or animals). The eggs always develop in the
water. Most species rest hidden during the night and are active
about the sunset and during the night. Those of the Aedes group transmit pathogens from
different diseases. For example, yellow fever and dengue. Those belonging to
Culex are transmitters of diseases such as encephalitis and filariasis. They are subdivided into
between fundamental groups:

House mosquitoes - Culex spp

Yellow fever mosquitoes -

Malaria mosquitoes - Anop

FLIES

They belong to the Order Diptera or flying insects, Suborder Brachycera contains
a division called Cyclorrapha or higher flies from which it derives
85 families, houseflies are classified within the family Muscidae.
flies are mainly bred in dry and temperate areas. Adults feed on
of vegetables and organic matter of animal origin, but also from exudates and feces.
They lay hundreds of eggs in decaying organic matter, in which they live.
the larvae. They are found anywhere: homes, restaurants, dining halls,
hospitals, stables, dumps, sewers, markets, etc. They are carriers of germs from
communicable diseases to humans: dysentery, typhus, salmonellosis. The most species
important are:

• mosca casera común -mosca doméstica

• Mosca otoñal -Fannia canicularis • mosca de la fruta o del vinagre -Droscophila spp

Blue bottle fly - Calliphora erythrocephala

Gray meat fly - (Sarcophaga carnaria)

Sharp-nosed fly - Stomoxys caleitrans

TRACKERS

Jinny

It belongs to the order Diptera, suborder Nematocera, family Simulidae, although

they are also referred to as jejenes to the flies of the genera Culicoides, Lasiohelea and
Leptoconops, belonging to the family Ceratopogonidae, are among the most flies
small (0.5 to 1.5 mm) the most important hematophagous species belong to the
genera Culicoides, Leptoconops, Forcipmya, and Austroconops. The biting midges are bred in
swampy areas, alluvial lands, wet organic soils, etc. In addition to the
annoying bites, some species of Culicoides transmit certain nematodes
causative agents of filariasis and parvovirus, among other diseases, to men and animals.
Culicoides
Cockroaches

They belong to the Order Blattodea, are divided into 6 families, and have a metamorphosis.
incomplete (Egg-Nymph-Adults), within the large variety of cockroach species
the most important are:

American cockroach
{"Periplaneta americana":"American Cockroach","Cucaracha orientalis":"Oriental Cockroach","Blatta orientalis":"Oriental Cockroach","Cucaracha alemana":"German Cockroach"}

Blattella germanica The Periplaneta americana requires a year to complete its

development similar to Blatta orientalis, dark brown in color. The smallest of all
They, yellow-brown in color, the Blattella germánica has a shorter evolutionary cycle for
its development: from 2 to 3 months. Cockroaches originate from the tropics, but they
they are found in all regions of the globe. They develop in temperate environments with
humid air. In hotels, restaurants, kitchens, hospitals, homes, plants
food processors, supermarkets, airplanes, ships, etc. They avoid sunlight.
staying hidden until night, except for rare occasions when they can be seen during hours
Diurnal. They are omnivores. They have a particular preference for foods high in
starch and sugars, dairy and plant-based products. Food contamination
for human consumption, it is one of its main harms. As a result of this, a
wide variety of pathogenic organisms (for example: streptococci, salmonella, cholera)
They can be transmitted to humans and animals. German cockroach Blatta orientalis
American cockroach

Rats The most important species that predominates in urban areas is the brown rat.
(Rattus norvegicus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus). Rural areas and establishments
Agricultural farms can also be infested by Rattus argentiventer and other species.
such as Bandicota, Tatera, and Meriones. They live in small groups, in burrows in
the field or in nests in the homes and, even, in the trees. They are of Rattus norvegicus
9 night habits. They feed at night, especially in areas where they
they store food or deposit grains or organic waste. In landfills,
markets, housing, ports, and sewers. They also cause damage to facilities.
industrial (electric cables, pipes, packaging), dams and irrigation channels. Due to
that harbor insects, are carriers of disease-causing agents such as the
murine typhus. House mice, Mus musculus are found worldwide. To
Like rats, mice have a compulsive need to gnaw (electrical wires,
pipes, packaging). However, the extent of the damage and the number of diseases
transmitted is much lower compared to rats. In addition, other known ones are
species that are of economic importance for agricultural activity. Mus musculus
domestic

CIRCUMSTANTIAL Cats are mammals and can be vectors of different

diseases that can be transmitted to humans; their behavior within the
the biophysical space of Icesi University has several connotations, the first is that
there are favorable conditions in space for them to develop their offspring,
According to the rabies cases reported in the country for 2008, mostly having
cats as the main vectors of transmission of the reported cases puts in
alert the university's internal organizations to develop activities for the
control of the population of these animals. Opossums belong to the taxonomic group:
Mamíferos, nombre científico: Didelphis marsupialis o nombre Común: Chucha,
Opossum. They are marsupials usually associated as possible vectors of
diseases

Methods to combat pests

Cultural measures: it is about raising awareness among the people who work in
the food industry, how its actions can affect the effectiveness of a
integrated pest management program, as they are the ones who create the conditions
ideal for the presence of different types of pests. For example: if it is
Leaving the waste uncovered generates the presence of flies attracted by the bad smell.
smells and if unused objects accumulate anywhere in the industry is seen
favored the reproduction and shelter of rodents.
This is why, within an Integrated Pest Management Program and especially in the
food industry, people play the most important role, even above
from the use of chemicals, which are the last resort to be used in this.
practice.

Physical measures: Correspond to those actions that must be undertaken by the

business owners to improve the conditions of the infrastructure in each of the
companies, since the entry of pests is directly related to the ease that
they have to access them. This is how special care must be taken to maintain the
hermeticity of the company in such a way that it guarantees the blockage of entry of
pests.
The actions to follow in this regard are, for example: the replacement of deteriorated grates,
installation of seals in windows and extractors, sealing of holes and cracks, among
others.

When the possibility of pest entry is reduced through the implementation of

structural improvements along with cultural actions to prevent
water management and proper handling of waste, pests are seen
forced to seek income, food, and shelter in other places and the pests that are already
they are found within the company and remain "locked in" which facilitates their subsequent control.
through the use of other control techniques, which we will discuss next.

An example of a physical control measure could be the use of airtight silos in

replacement of traditional ones for grain storage and thus avoid the
incidence of pests such as rodents, weevils, and moths.
 NON-TOXIC control measures: these are capture mechanisms that act on
multiple methods: live capture, adhesive, stunning, electrocution, among others.
These measures constitute an excellent control technique, as it reduces the
the need to use chemical substances for pest control; however, it is
it is necessary to clarify that they are only effective when the initial pest population is
tolerable, that is to say, when the population is low.

Control with non-toxic control measures constitutes a preventive control.

because what it seeks is to trap the pest when it has found ways to cross
the physical barriers and other previously installed.

PLAGUE IMPORTANCE

Mosquito or crane fly Especies:Anofeles spp (mosquito paludismo), Aedes spp

(yellow fever and dengue mosquito) and Cules spp
(common mosquito or gnat).

DISEASES HABITS Preventive Measure

Diseases They are insects. Elimination of temporary breeding sites or

zoonotic hematophagous, permanent.
malaria or malaria, mainly
yellow fever, dengue and females. Drainage of water deposits in
common, dengue gardens and patios. Cover all containers that
hemorrhagic (many reproduce in store water. Protection of people
sometimes deadly for being any (mosquito nets and buildings with screens or
human) filariasis, deposit of anjeos)
viral diseases, clean water
causing in turn rain or
dermatitis and allergies from others waters
the stings. whites
deposited.

PLAGUE IMPORTANCE

Cockroaches It can host pathogenic bacteria.

diseases They can to live Identify the shelter or refuge sites of the
gastrointestinal any place, but the same: observing the presence of excrement,
diarrhea, typhoid, prefer to serve places skeletons or shells of nymphs, smell
as warm, humid, and nauseating guests characteristic of infestations
intermediate of dark parasites In times of great.
and transport eggs from rains invade in large
helminths, protozoa quantity the environments Minimize the entries of cockroaches to the
and pathogenic fungi to domestic ones The buildings sealing holes and crevices in
man characteristic more floors, walls, ceilings and pipe ducts,
unpleasant that the even locating grids specials
potentially anti-cockroach or plastic stoppers.
dangerous, is the habit
Periodic review of packaged foods and
to regurgitate some deposits of any stored material.
of sus meals
partially Discourage the development of cockroaches,
digested, in addition to increasing the cleanliness.
depositing excrements
at the same time as Store food in containers with lids.
it feeds..

PLAGUE DISEASES

Pest rodents Daily through rat bites fever and rabies.

By direct contact with infected feces or urine such as: leptospirosis,

parasitism or by contaminating food such as choriomeningitis and
salmonellosis.

Indirectly through bites from their ectoparasites such as: tifomurino and
bubonic plague, transmitted by the rat flea.

.- Dog tinea due to rat flea ingestion.

IMPORTANCE HABITS Preventive measure

The pathogens that rodents need to inspect the entire structure. of the
rats area affected yroer to wear down the construction in order to prevent entry.
mice, can have incisors that they seal, revoke, place meshes (type of palomino)
the man of different continually grow, well closed) or supplements on the doors.
ways and causing them can damage
diseases furniture y until
buildings.

DIAGNOSTIC METHODOLOGY PEST CONTROL

Diagnostic format for pest control PEST CONTROL PROGRAM
Aspect to evaluate C NC OBSERVATIONS

BUILDINGS AND INSTALLATIONS

1.1 OUTDOOR AREAS

1.1.1 absence of shelter for pests

1.1.2 absence of pest reproduction

1.1.3 waste management system in areas

outdoors

1.1.4 trash container

1.1.5 Weed Control

1.2 LOCATION AND ACCESS

1.2.1 The plant is located in a remote place

of pest hotspots.

clean surroundings and free access

water stagnation.

1.3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

1.3.1 The construction protects the areas of

production against pests.

1.3.2 appropriate separation of areas

functional

1.3.3 absence of domestic animals.

1.4 DISPOSICIÓN DE DESPERDICIOS

1.4.1 storage area for waste

sanitarily designed.

1.4.2 suitable type containers.

1.4.3 shows evidence of regular cleaning of

the containers.

CONDITIONS FOR THE PREPARATION AREA

2.1 smooth, light-colored walls without cracks.

2.2 wastewater drainage pipes

well designed and maintained protected with
 grid.

2.3 windows-glass in good condition

2.4 windows with insect protection.

Door light no greater than 1 cm.

2.6 there is no direct access from the outside to

preparation area.

2.7 the electrical installations designed for

prevent the accumulation of pests.

2.8 protected ventilation openings

SANITATION AND CONTROL

3.1 there is a maintenance program for facilities

3.2 pest control program exists

3.3 there is a location plan of points

pest control

3.4 there are pest control records.

Integrated Pest Management in the food industry

"Today it is impossible to talk about pest control in the manufacturing process of "
foods, understanding it exclusively as the application of products
chemicals. The technically correct approach is pest management through the system of
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT.

The term 'Integrated Pest Management' refers to the use of all resources
necessary, through standardized operating procedures, to minimize the
dangers caused by the presence of pests. Unlike pest control
traditional (reactive system), the MIP is a proactive system that anticipates
impact incidence of pests on production processes.

Food safety entails the absence of contaminants (such as pests or their

wastes), adulterants, toxins that occur in nature and any other substance that
it can make the food harmful to health in an acute or chronic manner.
The presence of pests is unacceptable in both the reception and processing areas as well as
in the dispatch ones. They constitute a 'dirt' that contaminates and many times is a source
of the spread of ETAS (Foodborne Diseases). The
integrated pest management (IPM) programs lead to a reduction in the use of
pesticides through a more precise approach to pest control procedures.

Integrated Pest Management must become a cultural process and adopted by

all communities and in all areas, from the productive sectors, going through
through the service and transportation sectors, concluding the process with the consumers
potential, also from our own homes.

Integrated pest management, combined with integrated disease management, makes

fundamental part of what is today referred to as Sustainable Management of Products,
taking into account the economic, social, and environmental aspects, it also includes the
Good Agricultural Practices, Manufacturing Practices, Hygiene Practices, among others, practices that

depend directly on the work or the productive sector.

Integrated Pest Management allows for tasks to be carried out in a rational, continuous manner.
preventive and organized to provide greater safety in food safety
food, improve the quality of it and reduce losses from products
changed, and achieve a registration system of the implemented program to improve
continuously manages.

Currently, one of the major challenges we have as professionals in the sector

Agricultural, agro-industrial and food, is to generate reengineering of the complete system.
taking into account the principles of sustainability from the environmental, social, and
the economic aspect, fully guaranteeing the safety of the products; because day by day
demand for healthy products with guaranteed traceability, organic,
certificates with good manufacturing practices, among others.

For the above reason, the concept of Integrated Pest Management is a broad concept that
uses the application of different control systems that range from the cultural to the
chemical, being today the global trend in contrast to the traditional system of
fumigation that only seeks the eradication of pests, being a treatment
merely corrective.
Integrated Pest Management aims to prevent and be proactive, acting before the
appearance of the pests taking into account their ethology, that is, based on
in the behavior of pests, in the conditions of the area and the characteristics
specific to each industry, the action plan to be implemented is established.

Within that action plan, measures are taken to prevent entry,

feeding and nesting of pests, since they, like humans,
they seek to satisfy their basic needs for food and reproduction. The above is
achieves through the implementation of management techniques that are related to the
following aspects: