Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Pará - IFPA

Professor: Francisco do Nascimento Felix

EXERCISES IN DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

1. Classify the following variables below as: Nominal or ordinal qualitative, or discrete or continuous quantitative:
a. Speed of a car Km/h;
b. Number of pairs of shoes produced per day in a factory;
c. Length of 20 pieces of fabric sold in a store;
d. Marriage records in a particular parish;
e. Nationality;
f. Weight of the contents of a cereal package;
g. Diameter of a bearing;
h. Number of defective articles produced;
i. Number of individuals in a geographic area;
j. Profit of companies in the metallurgical sector;
k. Duration time of a transistor;
l. Student's performance note;
m. Number of students in a class;
n. Number of accidents in Almirante Barroso;
Quantity of books in a library;
p. Number of daily sales in a company;
q. Number of transactions in the checking account of individual customers of a bank;
r. Number of financial transactions
s. Value of daily sales of a company;
The value of the current account transactions of individual clients of a bank;
The monthly energy consumption;
v. Hierarchy in a company: president, director, manager, etc.;
w. Resposta em um questionário de pesquisa onde existe uma escala: bom, regular e ruim.
x. The positions of the 10 most profitable financial institutions: first, second, etc.;
Occupational situation of an individual;
Civil status.

The sequence below represents the scores resulting from an intelligence test applied to the students of 'Alfa' School.
in the month of March 2000. Fictional data. (Data: Log. 140 = 2.15 Log. 150=2.18 Log. 160 = 2.20). Build
a frequency distribution with these data according to the method given in class. Observe what the data already
they are arranged in the vertical direction (by column).

42 63 72 75 80 84 89 93 98 101 106 110 117 125

51 63 72 76 80 84 90 94 98 102 106 110 117 125
52 63 72 77 81 85 90 94 99 102 106 113 119 128
56 65 73 77 81 85 90 95 99 102 107 113 120 128
57 65 73 78 82 85 90 95 100 102 107 114 121 129
57 67 74 78 82 86 91 95 100 103 108 115 121 131
60 69 74 79 82 86 91 95 100 103 108 116 122 134
60 69 74 79 82 86 91 95 100 104 108 116 123 137
62 71 74 79 82 86 92 96 101 105 109 116 123 139
62 72 75 80 83 87 92 98 101 106 110 117 123 146

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 3. The incomes of the residents of Neighborhood 'A' are presented in the frequency distribution below, please respond:

Income No.
(minimum wages) residents
0 |--- 03 1548
03 |--- 06 825
06 |--- 09 784
09 |--- 12 625
12 |--- 15 541
15 |--- 18 254
Total 4577

(a) Calculate: the simple relative frequency, accumulated simple frequency, and the cumulative relative frequency.
How many residents have incomes in the range of 09 |---12 minimum wages?
What is the percentage of residents with incomes in the range of 03 |---06 minimum wages?
How many residents have incomes below 12 minimum wages?
What is the percentage of residents with income below 9 minimum wages?
How many residents have incomes of 6 minimum wages or more?
What is the percentage of residents with an income of 12 minimum wages or more?
How many residents have incomes in the range of 6 to 15 minimum wages?
What percentage of residents earn between 3 and 12 minimum wages?
How many residents have incomes in the range of 03 |---10 minimum wages?
What is the percentage of residents with incomes in the range of 6 to 10 minimum wages?
(l) Calculate the range of the second class.
(m) Calculate the midpoint of the fifth class?
What are the lower and upper limits of the sixth class?

The following table represents the heights (in cm) of 40 students from 'Bravo' School in the year 2000. Hypothetical data.
Log 40 1.60
162 163 148 166 169 154 170 166
164 165 159 175 155 163 171 172
170 157 176 157 157 165 158 158
160 158 163 165 164 178 150 168
166 169 152 170 172 165 162 164
It is requested:
(a) Build a frequency distribution with this data according to the method given in class.
(b) Calculate the simple relative frequencies, simple cumulative frequencies, and accumulated relative frequencies;
How many students have a height between 158 and 163 cm?
How many students have a height less than 173cm?
How many students have a height of 173cm or above?
What is the percentage of students with a height between 173 and 178 cm?
What is the percentage of students with a height less than 168cm?
(h) How many students are between 153 and 173 cm tall?
What is the percentage of students with height between 158 |--- 173cm?
What is the midpoint of the fifth class?

5. Calculate the arithmetic mean of the sets below:

(a) X ={1, 2, 8, 10, 12, 16, 21, 30}
(b) Y ={5, 6, 6, 10, 11, 11, 20}
(c) Z ={3,4 ; 7,8 ; 9,23 ; 12,15}

6. Determine the median of the sets below:

(a) X ={2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 8, 5, 12}
(b) Y ={3,4 ; 5,2 ; 4,7 ; 6 ; 8,4 ; 9,3 ; 2,1 ; 4,8}

7. Determine the mode of the sets below:

(a) X = {2, 3, 5, 4, 5, 2, 5, 7}
(b) Y = {4, 12, 5, 9, 12, 4, 3}
(c) J = {7, 7, 7, 7, 7}

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(d) Z = {4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11}
(e) T = {2, 5, 9, 8, 10, 12}
8. The interest rates received by 10 shares during a certain period were (measured in percentage) 2.59; 2.64; 2.60; 2.62;
2,57; 2,55; 2,61; 2,50; 2,63; 2,64. Calcule a média, moda e mediana.

9. The minimum average for passing the statistics course is 8.0. If a student receives the grades 7.5; 8.0; 3.5; 9.0;
7.5; 10.0; 8.0 and 7.9 in the monthly assignments of the subject in question, the question is: was he approved or not?

10. A person spends an average of 45 minutes a day listening to music (The Des Moines Register, December 5, 1997).
The following data was obtained for the number of minutes spent listening to music in a sample of 30 individuals.
88.3 4.3 4,6 7.0 9.2
0,0 99.2 34.9 81.7 0,0
85,4 0,0 17.5 45.0 53.3
29.1 28.8 0,0 98.9 64.5
4,4 67.9 94.2 7.6 56.6
52.9 145.6 70.4 65.1 63.6
a. Calculate the arithmetic mean.
b. Are the data consistent with the average announced by the newspaper?

11. A product is packaged in batches, each containing 10 units. The batch is only approved if it presents weight
superior to 40 kilos. If the units that make up a certain batch weigh: 3; 4; 3.5; 5.0; 3.5; 4; 5; 5.5; 4; 5, this
Will the batch be approved? What is the average weight of the product?
12. The American Association of Advertising Agencies records data on the minutes of break per half hour of
prime time television programming (U. S. News & World Report, April 13, 1992). Below are the data
representatives of minute intervals for a sample of prime time shows on the main networks at 8:30 PM
min.
6.0 6.6 5,8 7.0 6.3 6.2 7.2 5.7 6.4 7.0
6.5 6.2 6.0 6.5 7.2 7.3 7.6 6.8 6.0 6.2
a. Calcule a média e a mediana.
b. Using the sample mean, find the percentage of time spent during prime time watching advertisements.
promotions and credits of the programming. What percentage of time is spent watching the programs.

13. During a period of one hour, an ice cream shop received 20 customers, and the purchase amounts in dollars were

1,25 2,50 1,25 5,50 3,25 3,75 2,75 6,25 4,00 2,50
1,25 1,25 3,75 6,00 4,50 3,25 1,25 4,50 2,50 1,50
a) Calculate the average value of the purchases.
b) If each purchase under $5 qualifies for a bonus of 50 cents, and each purchase of $5 or more qualifies for a bonus of
1 dollar, find the average value of these 20 bonuses.

14. As part of the laboratory work on nutrition, fifteen students determined the number of calories contained
on a plate of lasagna, obtaining the following results.
329 335 347 318 322 330 351 362 315 342
346 353 316 327 333
a) Calculate the average.
b) Subtract 300 from each value and calculate the average of the new values obtained. Then add 300 to the result. This suggests
a simplification for calculating an average?

15. A bridge was designed to support a maximum load of 150,000 pounds. This bridge is overloaded if it is
giving passage to 18 vehicles whose average weight is 4,630 pounds?

16. An elevator in an office building, designed to support a maximum load of 2,000 pounds, is
overloaded carries nine women whose average weight is 123 pounds and five men whose average weight is 174
Libras?

17. An employee lost one of the 10 purchase receipts at the time of closing. The average value of all 10
The bill was worth US$7.20, and the nine remaining bills had the values.
$4,80 $7,10 $7,90 $9,55 $4,45 $5,72 $7,54 $8,34 $$9,70

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What is the value of the lost note?

18. In three rounds of golf, Peter scored 88, 79, and 82 points. What score is necessary in a fourth round for the
Peter's average score was reduced to 81 for the four rounds?

19. Precise measurements show that the effective amounts of coffee in six 4-ounce cups of instant coffee are

4,02 3,98 4,01 4,05 3,97 4,03

a) Find the average coffee content in these six cups.
b) What would be the error in calculating the average content of the six cups if the fourth value had been incorrectly recorded as
4.50 instead of 4.05?

20. A public school, which operates on a schedule of 35 weeks per year, reported the following numbers of absentees.
due to measles:
0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 1
1 1 4 8 15 39 42 12 6 4
2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
Calculate the average and the median of these values, and indicate which of these measures gives a better indication of the 'average' number of absences.
for measles.

In one month, 13 sellers achieved

10790 80 92 86 109 102 92 35378 74 102

106 95 91
% of sales quotas. Calculate the average and the median of these percentages and indicate which of the two measures provides a better indication.
of the 'average' performance of these sellers.

22. In an entrance exam, a student obtained the number of points in the table below. Considering the weights of the subjects and
assuming he can choose the calculation formula for his average (simple or weighted average), what criteria will be used?
more advantageous?

Matéria Matemática Física Português Inglês História Geografia

Points 60 50 80 70 60 70
Pesos 6 6 5 5 4 4

23. The reaction times of an individual to certain stimuli were measured by a psychologist as being (in seconds)
0.53; 0.46; 0.50; 0.49; 0.52; 0.53; 0.44 and 0.55 respectively. Determine the average reaction time of the individual to
these stimuli.

24. A student's grades in the laboratory, reading, and declamation subjects were 7.1, 7.8, and 8.9, respectively. If
the weights assigned to these degrees are 2, 4, and 5, respectively, what is the average grade of the student?

25. Classes that have a certain subject in common present, in this subject:
Class A (40 students) media 6.5
Class B (35 students) media 6.0
Class C (35 students) media 4.0
Class D (20 students) average 7.5
What is the overall average with the union of all the classes?

26. The average monthly salary paid to all employees of Company Alpha S/A was US$500. Knowing that the salaries
médios mensais de homens e de mulheres foram de US$520 e US$420, respectivamente, determinar as percentagens
of men and women employed in the Company.

27. Suppose that several children were playing and the game consisted of throwing a ball into the basket, for each
one of the children.
Knowing that:
Each child threw the ball once.
(b) Each correct answer was worth 1 point;

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(c) The average score of the girls was 30 points;
The average score of the boys was 45 points;
The average score in total was 40 points.
It asks for the percentage of boys and girls who were playing.
28. A store sells five basic products A, B, C, D, E. The profit per unit sold of these products is worth
$200.00; $300.00; $500.00; $1,000.00; $5,000.00. The store sold in a given month 20; 30; 20; 10;
5 units respectively. What was the average profit per unit sold by this store?

29. The following are the number of students and their average IQ in three educational institutions:
Establishment Nº de alunos Average IQ
A 790 104
B 455 110
C 530 106

What is the global average IQ of the three establishments? What type of average did the reader use?

30. It is alleged that, for sample sizes n = 10, the sample range (SR) should be approximately three times the
standard deviation. Check the claim regarding the following data that represents the speed of 10 cars
timed at a control station (in km/h):

97 80 88 62 93 105 74 75 86 83

31. To compare the precision of two micrometers, a technician studies measurements taken with both devices. With one,
he repeatedly measures the diameter of a small ball bearing; the measurements show an average of 5.32 mm
standard deviation 0.019mm. With the other, he measured the natural length of a spring, having the measurements indicating
mean of 6.4 cm with a standard deviation of 0.03 cm. Which of the two devices is relatively more precise?

32. A truck with an empty weight of 3,000 kg will be loaded with 480 boxes of 10 kg each, 350 boxes of 8 kg each, 500
4 kg each and 800 boxes of 5 kg each. The truck driver weighs 80 kg and the cover tarp for the load weighs 50 kg.
If this truck has to pass through a scale that only allows trucks with a maximum weight of 15 tons,
Will this truck pass by the scale?
What is the average weight of the boxes loaded on the truck?

33. The human resources department of a company, considering the increase in productivity of its salespeople,
decided to reward half of its most efficient salespeople with a 5% salary increase. For this, it made a
weekly sales report by seller, obtaining the table:

Sales $ Number of sellers

0 |--- 10,000 1
10,000 |--- 20,000 12
20,000 |--- 30,000 27
30,000 |--- 40,000 31
40,000 |--- 50,000 10
Total 81
From what sales volume will the seller be rewarded?

[Link] intelligence test, conducted among the 1st grade students of School 'A', showed the following results:
IQ Points No. of students
90 |--- 95 40
95 |--- 100 60
100 |--- 105 140
105 |--- 110 160
110 |--- 115 180
115 |--- 120 120
120 |--- 125 40
125 |--- 130 30
130 |--- 135 20
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 135 |--- 140 10
Total 800
(a) Calculate the average intelligence coefficient of the students.
(b) Calculate the modal intelligence coefficient of the students.
(c) Calculate the median intelligence coefficient of the students.
(d) Calculate the variance, standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation of the coefficients.
(e) Calculate the skewness coefficient of the coefficients and classify the distribution regarding its skewness.

35. A group of 700 surveyed workers provided the following information about their salaries: median salary
R$500.00, salary corresponding to decile eight R$750.00, salary corresponding to decile one R$400.00 and the salary
corresponding to the third quartile R$700.00. Based on the information, determine:
The number of workers with a salary greater than R$700.00.
The number of workers with a salary less than R$500.00.
The number of workers with a salary in the range of R$400.00 to R$500.00.
The number of workers with a salary in the range of R$400.00 to R$750.00.

36. In a group of 600 guests at the Espeluke Hotel, the following values are related to the length of stay.
hotel:
Median = 9 days
1st Quartile = 5 days
3rd Quartile = 15 days
How many guests stay more than 15 days;
(b) How many guests stay between 5 and 15 days;
(c) How many guests stay between 5 and 9 days;

In four days, a person took

37 32 35 41
minutes to get to work by car.
a) Calculate the standard deviation.
b) Subtract 30 from each value and calculate the standard deviation. What is the general rule that suggests this trick for calculating the standard deviation?
standard?

The human resources department of a company conducted a survey of the salaries of 120 employees in the administrative sector,
obtaining the following results:
Salary range Frequency
(minimum wages) Relative (fr) (%)
0 |--- 2 25.00
2 |--- 4 40.00
4 |--- 6 20.00
6 |--- 8 15.00
(a) Calculate the simple frequencies
(b) Calculate the average salary of the employees.
(c) Calculate the modal salary of the employees.
(d) Calculate the median salary of the employees and interpret the result.
(e) Calculate the first and third quartiles and interpret the result.
(f) Calculate the variance, standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation of the salaries.
(g) Calculate the coefficient of skewness and classify the distribution according to its skewness.

39. The number of separations in a city, according to the duration of the marriage, is represented in the table below:
Anos de casamento N.ºde desquites
0 |--- 6 2.800
6 |--- 12 1.400
12 |--- 18 600
18 |--- 24 150
24 |--- 32 50
Total 5,000
Qual a duração média dos casamentos? E a mediana?
(a) What is the standard deviation?

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(b) Calculate the coefficient of variation?
Find the 1st and 9th decile and interpret the result.
d) The coefficient of skewness and classify it?

40. In the salary distribution described below, determine:

What is the minimum salary for a worker to be among the top 10% best-paid?
What is the maximum salary for a worker to be among the 15% lowest paid?
(c) Complete:
➢ 75% of workers earn salaries less than .....................
➢ 15% of workers receive salaries greater than ......................
Salaries ($) Number of workers
5,000 |--- 6,000 28
6.000 |--- 7.000 32
7.000 |--- 8.000 20
8,000 |--- 9,000 6
9,000 |--- 10,000 4
Total 90

41. In company 'A', the average salary is 10,000 units and the 3rd quartile is 5,000.
(a) If you were to present yourself as a candidate for this company and your salary was chosen at random from all possible salaries,
What would be more likely: to gain more or less than 5,000 units?
(b) Suppose that in company 'B' the average salary is 7,000 units and the variance is practically zero, and there your salary
It would also be chosen at random. At which company would you apply for a job?

42. The following are the numbers of students and their respective average IQs in three educational institutions:

Establishment Nº de alunos Average IQ

A 790 104
B 455 110
C 530 106

What is the global average IQ of the three establishments? What type of average did the reader use?

It is claimed that, for sample sizes n = 10, the sample range (SR) should be approximately three times the
standard deviation. Verify the claim regarding the following data representing the speed of 10 cars
timed at a control checkpoint (in km/h):

97 80 88 62 93 105 74 75 86 83

44. To compare the accuracy of two micrometers, a technician studies measurements taken with both devices. With one,
he repeatedly measured the diameter of a small ball bearing; the measurements indicate an average of 5.32 mm
standard deviation 0.019mm. With the other, he measured the natural length of a spring, with the measurements indicating
mean of 6.4 cm with a standard deviation of 0.03 cm. Which of the two devices is relatively more accurate?

45. At Mercury Ltda., the distribution of employees in the production sector with respect to salary was observed.
weekly, as shown in the following frequency distribution:
Weekly Salary No.
(in US$) Employees
25,00 |--- 30,00 10
30.00 |--- 35.00 20
35.00 |--- 40.00 30
40.00 |--- 45.00 15
45.00 |--- 50.00 40
50.00 |--- 55.00 35
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 Total 150
It is requested:
The average weekly salary of the employees;
b) The weekly modal salary of the employees;
The median weekly salary of employees;
The standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and skewness of the weekly salaries of the employees;
(e) If the businessman divides the employees into three categories regarding salary, so that:
- 25% less productive are from category A;
- the next 50% should be of category B;
- the following 25%, that is, the most productive, are of category C;
Determine the salary limits for categories A, B, and C.

46. On a farm, the distribution of chickens concerning weight was observed as follows:
Weight (grams) No. of chickens
960 |--- 980 60
980 |--- 1.000 160
1.000 |--- 1.020 280
1.020 |--- 1.040 260
1.040 |--- 1.060 160
1.060 |--- 4.080 80
Total 1000
(a) Qual a média, moda e mediana da distribuição?
What is the standard deviation of the distribution?
(c) What is the coefficient of variation of the distribution?
What is the coefficient of skewness of the distribution and how would you classify it?
(e) Queremos dividir os frangos em quatro categorias, com relação ao peso, de modo que:
- the 20% lightest are in category D;
- The next 30% should be from category C;
- the following 30% should be from category B;
- the next 20% (that is, the heaviest 20%) should be from category A.
What are the weight limits between categories A, B, C, and D?

47. The following table represents the weekly milk consumption of 30 families in the Paraíso building:
Consumption Number of
(Em litros) Famílias
00 |--- 03 02
03 |--- 06 07
06 |--- 09 12
09 |--- 12 04
12 |--- 15 05
Total 30
It is requested:
(a) The average, modal, and median milk consumption per family;
(b) The variance and the coefficient of variation for weekly milk consumption;
(c) Calculate the skewness coefficient of the distribution and classify it.
(d) If another building with 25 families has a milk consumption of around 7.5 liters per week, the coefficient of variation is
of 23%, it is asked: where was there a greater variation in milk consumption.

The average age of candidates for a certain improvement course has always been low, around 22 years.
Since this course was planned to cater to all ages, a promotional campaign was decided upon. To
to verify whether the campaign was effective or not, a survey was conducted on the age of the candidates for the last promotion, and the
results are in the table below.

Age No.
candidates
18 |--- 20 18
20 |--- 22 12
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22 |--- 26 10
26 |--- 30 8
30 |--- 36 {"text":"2"}
Total 50

(a) Based on these results, would you say that the campaign had any effect (i.e., increased the average age)?
s
(b) Another researcher decided to use the following rule: if the difference X 22 is greater than the value 2 , so the
fi
The campaign had an effect. What is his conclusion, based on the data?

49. Based on the data presented in the table below, calculate the percentage change (February minus January, divided by
by January, times 100) of the unemployment rate. Then, check:
a) What was the average of this variation?
b) What was the median?
c) Which capitals had variation above the median?

Average open unemployment rate over two consecutive months

Capital Janeiro de 1999 Fevereiro de 1999
São Paulo 9.18 8.38
Rio de Janeiro 5.37 5.04
Belo Horizonte 8.62 7.96
Recife 7.60 7.78
Salvador 8,41 9.72
Porto Alegre 5.71 7.43
Source: IBGE (1999)

50. Two countries listed in the table below:

a) In which one do the top 10% hold the largest percentage of national income?
b) In which one do they have the least?
c) What is the median?
d) Which countries are below the median?

Latin America and social inequality

Country Share of the top 10% richest in national income
Argentina 35.9
Bolivia 42.1
Brazil 47.0
Chile 45.8
Costa Rica 34.2
Ecuador 44,0
El Salvador 39.4
Mexico 44.4
Panama 42.7
Paraguay 46,5
Peru 35.4
Uruguay 32.3
Venezuela 35,8
Source: IDB (1999)

51. Two countries listed in the table below:

a) In which of them do the top 10% have the highest education level?
b) Which one has the smallest?
c) What is the median?
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d) Which countries are above the median?

Latin America and social inequality

Country Education among 10%
richer
Argentina 13.57
Bolivia 13,12
Brazil 10.53
Chile 12.83
Costa Rica 11.53
Ecuador 11.83
El Salvador 10.27
Mexico 12,13
Panama 8.49
Paraguay 10.72
Peru 10.80
Uruguay 11.87
Venezuela 10.81
Source: IDB (1999)

52. To establish the price of a product, it is necessary to estimate the cost of production. One of the elements of the cost of
production is the time that the worker spends to manufacture the product. To measure production time, one divides the
task into subtasks and record the time each worker takes to perform each subtask multiple times.
Then, the average and standard deviation are calculated. The total time to complete the task is the sum of the averages of the various
subtasks. The data in minutes in the table below resulted from a time study of a production operation that
it involved two subtasks.
a) Find the total time of each worker
b) Find the standard deviation of the two tasks for each worker;
c) In which subtasks and for which worker did the greatest variability occur?

Worker A Worker B
Repetition
Subtarefa 1 Subtarefa 2 Subtarefa 1 Subtarefa 2
1 30 2 31 7
2 28 4 30 2
3 31 3 32 6
4 38 3 30 5
5 25 2 29 4
6 29 4 30 1
7 30 3 31 4
Source: McClave; Benson; Sincich (1998)

53. The table below shows the equity and net profit of the ten most profitable banks in Brazil.
a) Calculate the return on equity
b) Specify the unit of measurement
c) Calculate the variance and standard deviation of the equity return.

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Tip: to calculate profitability, divide the net profit by the equity and multiply by 100, to get the profitability in
percentage).
Bank Patrimônio Líquido (1) Lucro Líquido (1)
Bank of Brazil 6629.9 869,9
Banespa 4143.2 158.4
Bank Boston 693.0 123.1
Good View 419.6 30.9
Bradesco 6320.9 1012.4
HSBC 1176.5 190.6
Itaú 4650.7 879.9
Safra 931.2 142.1
Santander 960.7 37.5
Unibanco 2906.3 454,1
Note: (1) In millions of reais
Source: EFC/Banks 1999

In 1994, the United States imported goods valued at 664 billion dollars and exported goods worth
value of 513 billion dollars. The difference between the two values (export minus import) is known as
trade balance. Since the value of imported goods is greater than that of exported goods, the trade balance has
negative at 151 billion dollars, that is, there was a deficit in the trade balance. The table below provides the values.
the American imports and exports for a sample of ten countries in 1994. Based on the table, calculate the
trade balance with each country. For which one is the American trade balance lower? Between which quartiles did it fall?
Brazil? Calculate the average and the standard deviation. What does that mean?

Country Exportação Importação

Brazil 8118 8708
China 9287 38781
Egypt 2844 548
France 13622 16775
Italy 7193 14711
Japan 53481 119149
Mexico 50840 49493
Panama 1276 323
Sweden 2520 5044
Singapore 13022 15361

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