An essential operation in the

drilling in gas wells or

oil is periodically
lining the gap in the pipe
made of steel, casing.

The liners or sleeves,

also called in English:
CASING, its tubes of
protection or coating
that will isolate the well from the
formations for which
crosses, in amounts
sufficient to encompass the
drilled depth.
length of each lining
it's around 40 feet.
 FUNCTIONS OF
COATING
Avoid collapses and concavities.

Prevents the contamination of aquifers.

Confines the production of the selected interval.

Provides support for the installation of the surface control equipment.

It facilitates the installation of the termination equipment, as well as the systems.

production artificial.

The casing pipes represent about 18% of the total cost.

from the well.
Prevent the widening or washing of the hole due to erosion.

Prevent contamination of the interconnected areas.

Provide greater tolerance in case of a kick (the deeper it is)

the greater the coating, the higher the fracture pressure necessary for the formation
in which the casing has settled, which means that they can be controlled
increasing pressures as the well gets deeper.

Allows production tests.

Serve as a conduit for the fluids produced

 COATINGS
The casing pipes are made of the highest quality steel and under
strict security controls in manufacturing processes.
They are of the seamless type, obtained by fusion in a furnace and welded.
electrically.

The casing program must be appropriate for the geological environment and
allow the safe production of the well.

The size and weight of the selected casing will determine the internal diameter.
of the casing. In this way, it affects the selection of the maximum diameter of the
next drill and limit the size of the next casing string.

The basic loading conditions that must be considered in the design of

un programa de casing son colapso, burst y tensión.
TYPES OF PIPES
IN COATING
CONDUCTIVE COATING
Raise the level of the circulating fluid so that it is possible to
return of the fluid.

Prevents landslides near the surface, normally of

unconsolidated formations.

Allows the installation of a diverter or flow diverter in order to be able to

manage flows of saline water or surface gas.

Common depths and sizes:

-16"- 36"
-10´- 300´
SURFACE COATING
They protect the surface formations of water.

Sell formations not consolidated and circulation loss zones.

Provide a location for the installation of the BOPs (blowout preventers).

Provide protection for a leak-off test.

They hold back rear lining strings.

Common depths and sizes:

20" - 13 3/8" with thread

100'-3000' (or more)
Intermediate coatings
Provides wellbore integrity during subsequent drilling operations.

Protects previous formations from high mud weight.

Allows control of the well when formation pressures are encountered

higher than the weight of the sludge.

Separate the hole into work sections: Loss of circulation, section of

salt, overpressure zones and floating shales.

Most common sizes and depths:

–13 3/8”,10 3/4”,9 5/8”
-3000 to 10,000
Production Coating
Isolate the productive zone in relation to other formations and the fluids in them.

Protective wrapping for production equipment:

Artificial elevation of the subsoil
Completion of multiple areas

Grilles for sand control.

Worn covers or damaged intermediate string.

The size of the production casing will depend on the production rate.
expected. Common sizes: 4 1/2”, 5”, 7”, & 9 5/8”.
LINERS (OPTIONAL)
 CHARACTERISTICS
EN LINERS
Requires less casing pipe.

Deeper wells.

Small annular clearance.

Specialized team.
 REASONS TO USE
LINERS
Well control.

Casing pipe economy.

Quick installation.

Helps to correct the wear of the last cemented casing pipe.

Avoid very large volumes of cement.

Allows the use of larger diameter packers and production tubing.

 COATING RACE
TYPICAL
DEPTHS

CONDUCTOR (26" – 20")

40-1500FT

SURFACE (20” – 13-3/8”)

100-3000 FT

TIE-BACK LINER (9-5/8” – 5”)

INTERMEDIATE (13-3/8” – 7”)

4000-16000FT

LINER (9-5/8” – 5”) GREATER THAN

20000 FT
 PIPELINE DESIGN OF
COATING
The selection of grades and weight of the casing pipe will depend on
the requirements of the loads resulting from the calculations made with
the well parameters (depth, density of the drilling fluid and
of training, etc.).

The configuration of the predominant values will define that the design will
start with internal pressure, external or collapse.
Range - approximate length of each segment
Size - External Diameter on the body of the
tube
Weight – Weight per unit length of the tube
•Connection - Geometric design of the threads and the
coupling
•Grade–Tensile Resistance (point of
cession
The manufacture of pipe for casing strings and of
production, as well as for the drilling pipe, is
it adheres to the specifications set by the American Petroleum
Institute (API, Standards RP7G and 5A, 5AC, 5B, 5C1, 5C2, 5C3).

The quality of the pipe that is desired to be obtained is designated with

a letter, followed by a number representing the minimum
tensile yield point, in thousands of pounds per square inch
square: H-40, K-55, C-75, C-95, L-80, N-80, P-110 (40,000 x
0.0703 = 2.812 kg/cm2, and so on.)
Tabla 1. Revestimiento en API con grados y propiedades

Degrees API Yield effort, psi Tensile Strength, psi

H-40 40000 60000

J-55 55000 75000

K-55 55000 95000

C-75 75000 95000

L-80 80000 100000

N-80 80000 100000

C-90 90000 105000

C-95 95000 105000

P-110 110000 125000

 • PAINTED OR STENCILED
YEAR THE PIPE WAS MANUFACTURED
AND MARK OF THE INSPECTION CARRIED OUT BY PEMEX
• 6. NUMBER OF STRIPS ACCORDING TO THE THICKNESS OF
PIPE AND THE COLOR OF THE STEEL GRADE ACCORDING TO THE
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)
1. MONOGRAM TAMSA • 7. NAME OF THE MANUFACTURER 'T A M S A'
printed • 8. MONOGRAM API
• 9. DIAMETER OF THE TUBE IN MILLIMETERS
2. MONOGRAM API (stamped)
• 10. THICKNESS OF THE TUBE IN MILLIMETERS
3. GRADE OF STEEL (stamped) • 11. STEEL GRADE
4. THICKNESS OF THE TUBE IN • 12. TYPE OF MANUFACTURING (seamless)
MILLIMETERS (printed) • 13. TOTAL LENGTH OF THE PIPE (in meters)
5. TYPE OF MANUFACTURING (WITHOUT • 14. UNIT WEIGHT (POUNDS PER FOOT)
SEWING) (seamless) • 15. PLACE OF MANUFACTURE
• 16. TYPE OF INSPECTION CONDUCTED
 OUTBREAK
They are internal pressures acting from the center of the pipe towards the walls of the
same.

These loads result from internal hydrostatic pressure, pressures during cementing,
changes in fluid densities and other factors (Example, tests).

The strongest internal load situation is when an onslaught occurs or

burst attempt and the well closes with the entire hole filled with gas.

It is important to highlight that the tension of a tubular influences the resistance to

burst.
 COLLAPSE
External pressures are caused by the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the
well and act on the pipe trying to crush or collapse it.

The greatest external effort or collapse pressure occurs at the bottom of the well with the
empty inner part of the cladding and the fluid column on the outer part.
Tension also affects the collapse effort.

There are four types of collapse, namely:

Yielding failure
Plastic collapse
Transition collapse
Elastic collapse

These depend on the external diameter / wall thickness ratio.

 TENSION
It is the stress to which the pipe is subjected due to its own weight.
is associated with the resistance to the minimum yield of the tubular.

Of course, this shows that the tension will be maximum on the surface and at
As it deepens, it decreases.

This effort entails that during the design it is anticipated that the liner
greater effort or resistance is placed on the surface.
 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
FOR PIPE DESIGN OF
COATING
Drilling in high-pressure zones (high-collapse resistant pipes).

Presence of salt domes (pipes resistant to high collapse).

Presence of bitter gases (H2S) and sweet gases (CO2resistant pipes to

corrosion.

Directional and horizontal drilling.

Metal to metal connection (Premium)

Before lowering a covering into the shaft, a record is run to
confirm the formation where the footing of the lining will be seated, and the
depth of the well to know what length of casing will be lowered,
in addition to the diameter of the hole and the volume of cement required.

Before running the casing, the drilling mud is circulated to remove

cuts and mud cake from the well, to condition the hole and the mud to ensure
uniform properties. Failing to do this can lead to a pipe joint, bad
cementation, additional costs for remedial cementing, and even re-drilling
from the well.

When the well is conditioned, the mud must be pumped by at least two
times around the well, while the weight, viscosity, and filtration are recorded. If
treatment for the sludge is needed, circulation is done with gentle rotation and
working the pipe until the mud is in suitable conditions to lower
the coating.
As a coating is being lowered, it is periodically filled.
with drilling mud.

Since it is usually not possible to fully fill each joint, it is

a common practice is to stop the lining run every five or ten
together to completely fill the string.

It is of crucial importance that the movements of the volume of sludge

They should be strictly monitored throughout the lining run.

The lining is lowered at low speed to avoid pressures.

emergence but if these pressures are sufficiently large, the
more fragile formations could be fractured. Due to the
fracturing can not only result in poor cementing work
quality, if not also in a blowout, if so much mud is lost in the
training to lose hydrostatic pressure in a formation
permeable at any depth of the well.
The casing head is part of the installation
permanent of the well and is used to anchor and seal around the
next string of casing pipe.
•By design, it can be threaded, welded, or bridged; it is also used
as a base for installing the set of protectors.
Accessories for coatings
The centralizers are installed in the
points that are made necessary with the
to ensure that the string remains
centered with respect to the hole, avoiding
that it can lean against the
wall of it. Before its use
it is necessary to verify if in the materials
the requested ones were sent
respective securing nails
of the centralizer.

To ensure uniform distribution

of the cement around the
coating
A shoe is a cylindrical section of
steel, filled with concrete placed at the end of
the lining thread. This guide the
lining inside the well, passing
any obstruction and minimizes the risk
that the casing gets trapped in
irregularities when going down the
well
It has a mechanism inside
blocking that prevents fluids from
drilling can enter inside the
Zapata. Its functionality is
check before lowering the cover
adding water at one end of the
Zapata, which must prevent, of being on
perfect condition, let the water penetrate in its
interior and it fell underneath.
The float collar is placed
between two tubes that will be
downloaded immediately or a little
after the first tube to which
the shoe had gotten wrapped around it.
This neck or joint has as
functionality allow the
inlet of the fluids of
drilling towards the hole, but
prevent the entry of fluids
from the hole to the pipe,
through a mechanism of
one-way valve.
 The well lining may wear after being introduced into the
training, this wear mainly obeys factors such as:

Friction due to travel and rotation of the pipe.

The friction caused by the contact of the pipe with the casing during the
trips and jobs where it is necessary to rotate the pipe (fishing, drilling)
plugs, sand cleaning, etc.) causes wear with damage to the casing.

FISHING AND GRINDING WORKS.

The efforts that the casing endures at the fishing and drilling points of
Permanent plugs cause wear. The damage increases when the
pieces or remnants of the perforated plug are not recovered in a timely manner.

BUBBLE POINT BY PRODUCTION SYSTEM.

Corrosion failures occur from the bubble point to the surface, in
At this point, CO2 separates from the crude oil and begins to dissolve in the salt water.
carbonic acid is generated that corrodes the metal.

Inadequate cementing.
 To assess the feasibility of a casing repair job, it is taken into account
count the following factors:

OIL RESERVES.
It is the volume of existing and recoverable oil barrels within a
reservoir. If the well's reserves justify the investment in a repair
provisional or permanent.

MAGNITUDE AND LOCATION OF DAMAGE.

The magnitude of the damage, whether it is localized or generalized corrosion, and its location
(depth of the damaged casing interval), allow determining the type of
repair to be carried out.

DESIGN AND COMPLETION OF THE WELL.

The quality of cementing jobs and the completion with intermediate casing,
liner and production casing are decisive factors for selecting the technique of
proper repair.