JUAREZ AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF TABASCO

Academic Division of Health Sciences

Coordination of Nursing Studies

Subject:

Child and Adolescent Nursing

Professor:

Oscar Jesús Zurita Sanlúcar

Bachelor's Degree in Nursing

Educational talk:

Personal hygiene and oral health in schoolchildren

Presents:

Itzel Gabriela Rodríguez González

Diana Guadalupe Gómez Arzat

Dina Beatriz Córdoba Cruz

Villahermosa Tabasco, September 24, 2015

 INTRODUCTION

Throughout the entire process of growth and development of the child, there are
simultaneously two processes: on one hand, its socialization, which is accompanied
of the increase of the circle of material and social factors; and on the other hand,
growth of their functional possibilities, which allows them to react
adequately in the face of the influence of these factors. Of the level of agreement of
these processes depend on the relationship of the growing organism with the environment, and

as a consequence, his health condition.

Hygiene is a whole series of habits related to personal care that

positively impact health and prevent possible diseases;
Considering thepersonal hygieneas the act, generally autonomous, that a
An individual takes actions to keep their external parts clean and free from impurities.
Maintaining hygiene is important not only to prevent infections or
inflammations, and evendiseases, but also for us to feel more
insurance about us.

It is also important to mention that, just like personal hygiene, health

Oral health is an integral part of overall health, which is why acquiring good oral habits is important.

From the early stages of life, it will certainly ensure a healthy life.
the mouth as an entryway to the body responds to the outside world but also
it reflects what happens inside.

Taking these aspects into account, this manual includes

information that supports promotion and prevention activities in
oral health and personal hygiene subject and the necessary elements are shown
to carry out an educational talk aimed at school-age children,
addressing the previously mentioned topics, thus promoting self-care, and
the correct techniques for it
 JUSTIFICATION

We consider that education is a process aimed at perfecting the being.

human in all its dimensions (physical, psychological, social, and spiritual) and that
In addition to the intervention of health personnel, it is important for both the
parents, like teachers, to enhance in children, those
knowledge, skills, and attitudes that allow them to live and coexist with the
others with healthy lifestyles, intimately linked to quality of life.

The preparation of this manual introduces us to the knowledge of the importance of

oral health, the structures that make up the oral cavity, the measures for
to care for and maintain oral health in school children, as well as some
measures that we can adopt in special circumstances, taking into account
according to the World Health Organization, diseases
The most prevalent oral diseases are dental caries and periodontal disease.
which affect more than 90% of the Mexican population.

While not neglecting that the application of hygiene principles responds to

satisfy the peculiar conditions of the environment in which the child must spend the majority
part of the day, and the activity that one engages in it. Sometimes, it has been identified the

school hygiene with health education, which is a confusion in the

respective objects of each subject. In this sense, hygiene deals with the
relationship of children with their environment; on the other hand, the other one deals with the ways

so that they internalize how to maintain and strengthen their health. It is logical, for
so much so that in the context of Early Childhood Education Centers the predominance is
educational actions; however, if the laws are not properly addressed and
regularities of school hygiene, those actions would have no reason to exist. One
One of the areas of health promotion is the school context, as children
they have a great capacity to learn and assimilate the habits that will lead them
towards a healthy lifestyle.
 OBJECTIVE

Provide education to school-aged children about the importance of a

adequate personal and oral hygiene, in order to improve lifestyles.

Specific objectives

For the listener:

Recognize the importance of proper personal and oral hygiene.

Raise awareness among students about the care and conservation of their health.
Ampliar los conocimientos que tienen los estudiantes sobre educación en
personal hygiene.
Promote through the development of learning sessions the
positive modification of personal hygiene and oral health practices.

For the presenting group:

Describe the concept of personal hygiene and oral health as well as their
benefits.
Achieve the attention of students so that they understand what is conveyed by
the nursing students.

TALK PLAN
Tema:Higiene personal y salud bucal.

Date:

Duration:

Place:

Group: School-age children.

Methodological strategy: Dynamic and demonstrative.

INTRODUCTION TO THE AUDIENCE

Good morning, we are students of the 5th cycle of the Nursing Degree of the
Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, today on this occasion
We want to provide you with a talk on health education about oral health and hygiene.
personal, considering that hygiene is important at this stage through which
you are currently studying. Hoping it is to everyone's liking, and if
We are happy to answer your questions.

DEVELOPMENT
 PERSONAL HYGIENE

Hygiene, in addition to cleanliness, enhances the feeling of well-being.

personal and facilitates the approach of others and consequently, improves the
interpersonal relationships encompass other aspects such as physical exercise,
nutrition, sleep, personal hygiene and environmental hygiene.

What is personal hygiene?

Personal hygiene is defined as "the self-care by which people

they perform functions such as bathing, grooming, general hygiene of the
body and personal hygiene. The practice of personal hygiene is a matter of
individual responsibility, which is acquired through the process of education; and
It is the responsibility of parents and teachers to instill healthy habits.

Likewise, personal hygiene is the basic act of taking care of the body for
health maintenance consists of:

El baño diario
Hair washing
Washing of hands and feet
Cleaning and nail trimming
Teeth brushing.

The family plays an important role in the acquisition of hygiene habits,

since the child tends to do what they see, even though at school, it is discussed
about hygiene and having a series of habits established, it will be difficult to reach
to be part of their lifestyle if their parents do not with their attitude and behavior
they contribute to it. In school, these habits must be reinforced or
replaced according to their healthy or non-healthy character.

Personal hygiene habits are manifested in daily bathing, washing hands.

before each meal and after going to the restroom, brush your teeth afterwards
change underwear every day, wear clean clothes and footwear
adequate. Personal hygiene aims to place the individual in the best
health conditions.

Why should we maintain good hygiene?

Cleaning is essential in the prevention of diseases and also

contributes to positive self-esteem. Lack of hygiene is the main reason for
diarrhea, skin diseases, and allergies. That is why we must clean the
child, put clean clothes on him and teach him appropriate hygiene habits.

What importance does the skin have?

The skin is an active organ that has the functions of protection, excretion,
regulation of temperature and sensitivity. It contains the glands.
sweat glands and sebaceous glands responsible for secretion, so it is
important to keep it clean by bathing.

What materials should be used for good skin hygiene?

Neutral soap (with acidity similar to the skin) that does not irritate.
Water
Personal towel
Deodorant

It is important to remember that...

The bathroom and skin care are part of total hygiene, the duration of
the person's bath and the methods used depend on their physical abilities, the
health problems and the level of hygiene required. Daily bathing is essential.
To keep the body healthy, the shape and material must always be considered.
what is required for its realization. Daily bathing and at any time of the year has
has been a decisive factor in ending many infectious diseases. It is
saying that lack of hygiene and personal cleanliness promotes infections.

HAIR HYGIENE

Hair growth, distribution, and pattern can be indicators of

general health status of a person. Hormonal changes, stress
emotional and physical, aging, infection, and certain diseases can
affect the characteristics of the hair. The frequency with which a person needs
Washing your hair depends on the activities and the amount of secretion.
sebaceous that secretes the scalp.

Why is hair hygiene important?

Because it helps us reduce dirt, since it gets dirty easily.

because it retains dust, secretions from the scalp, and its peeling.
It also helps us prevent the onset of pediculosis.

What are the essential hair hygiene care tips?

Wash 2 or 3 times a week depending on the hair type and have

count by rubbing with the tips of your fingers, never with your nails.
For proper hair washing, a shampoo as neutral as possible is required.
possible and clean water, avoid the use of laundry soap or detergent
because it causes damage to the hair and skin.
To wash the hair, first wet it with clean water, then apply the
shampoo and massages the scalp with the fingertips and finally
rinse.

It is recommended that...
This should be trimmed every month and a half to maintain a proper cut shape.
Use tied-up hair for as long as possible in the case of girls when
there may be possible outbreaks of lice, as well as not using combs, brushes,
hooks, from other people.

It is very important to know that...

Hair hygiene is the basic concept of grooming, cleanliness.

and taking care of our body is not just about keeping our hair well styled and
brushing your teeth; it is important for the health and safety of families,
maintain good hygiene at school or the place where they are or are
they develop daily because it provides us with guidelines to maintain health of the
body and it's to enjoy life and make it more beautiful. That is why the washing of
hair should be washed 2 to 3 times a week, as the germs that reach it
they find grease and the atmospheric dust that settles, creates dandruff, a medium
favorable for the proliferation of scalp diseases.

Ear hygiene

The ear canal cleans itself. It is important to know that nothing should be inserted.
no objects like cotton swabs because they can harm delicate skin
that covers the ear canal and increases the risk of having infections, itching and
earwax problems in the ears.

To dry the outer part of the ear, it is advisable to use a paper towel.
dry or alcohol-free baby wipes.
Hand and nail hygiene

Regarding hand hygiene, they should be washed after going to the

bathroom, also before starting to prepare food and before eating. Another
the moment when hands should be washed is when you come in from the street
home. It is advisable not to touch babies' hands, as they take them.
frequently to the mouth and can contract microbes and diseases. With the
clean hands and short nails can prevent many diseases
gastrointestinal

Why is hand and nail hygiene important?

The hands need constant cleaning, they are one of the most important mechanisms
frequent transmissions in the chain of infection.

It is important to know that...

Most children know that they should wash their hands before eating and
after going to the bathroom, but it is also convenient to teach them the appropriate way
to do it: pay attention to the cleanliness of the fingertips,
dolls and the back of the hands.

Recommendations...

The dirt found under the nails should be removed with a

nail clippers or brush and, if necessary, you should wash several times the
hands until the foam comes out completely clean.
The child must be taught that there are other occasions when it is
it is important to wash your hands, like after playing on the street,
especially if it was done on dirty surfaces.
Nails should be trimmed every 1 to 2 weeks, depending on how quickly they grow.
grow.
The correct way to cut fingernails is by following the contour.
from the edge.
Toe nails should be cut straight across to prevent them from
bury them.
 It is of enormous importance to establish the habit of washing oneself.

the hands and trimming the nails, not just as part of the
normal cleaning, but also to protect health.

FOOT HYGIENE

Cleaning the feet is of great importance, as they are poorly ventilated.

the use of footwear easily accumulates sweat in them that promotes the
appearance of infections and bad odor. They must be washed daily and it is essential
a good drying, especially between the fingers, to avoid the development of possible
diseases

Recommendations...

It is recommended to wash your feet every day with cold or lukewarm water and using a

acidic pH soap or gel.

Nails are frequently cut straight to avoid
incarnations.
The washing duration will not exceed 10 minutes, to avoid the
skin maceration.
Likewise, for footwear, natural materials must be used that
allow perspiration, mainly leather and especially in summer,
And one should not wear the same pair of shoes every day.
Socks and stockings must be made from natural materials and
to use, especially in winter, wool and cotton.
Wear shoes that fit well, that do not pinch or rub any area.
Avoid walking barefoot, as injuries and infections can occur.

Foot hygiene prevents bad odors and prevents infections that could
lead to altering people's health; it is necessary to apply the technique
correct and the necessary means to clean them.
Genital hygiene

The hygiene of this area is important because it is close to the

urine and feces exit holes, which require special attention; to avoid
the appearance of germs and infections.

Recommendations for girls...

Because the anus and the vagina are very close together, it is
It is necessary that, after defecating, you clean yourself very well by stretching the paper.

from front to back and not the other way around, to avoid remnants of feces
they reach the vagina and cause some infection.
The entire genital area should also be washed and dried well, using soaps.
neutrals that do not alter vaginal pH, especially those of the folds that
they form the labia minora and labia majora, given that the moisture and the
Heat favors the development of fungal infections.

Recommendations for children...

Between the head of the penis and the foreskin, or at the tip of the head of the
In a circumcised male, a layer forms with the remnants of fat,
sweat, urine, semen or shed skin cells. To prevent this from
If any substance causes an infection, it is necessary to wash this area well.
Every day with water and soap, carefully removing the foreskin if necessary.
of not being circumcised.
It is also necessary to wash and dry well underneath the penis and the testicles, as
that important folds in the skin are formed there which may favor the
development of fungi due to the accumulation of sweat and heat.

DRESS HYGIENE
Clothing should be worn loose so as not to hinder blood circulation, the
the material used must be made of natural fibers, to avoid allergies, rashes
and eruptions. It is also recommended to wear shorts that strengthen the
legs and allows contact with the air and the sun, including winter and prevents that the
the suit dries on the body. Just like the body, and by being in contact with it,
Clothing and footwear should be the subject of special attention.

Recommendations and importance of dressing...

It is essential to change clothes after taking a shower or bath.

Underwear should be changed daily, wear comfortable clothes, not too...
easy-to-wash adjustments suitable for every moment and situation of the day.
The body needs clothing for physical protection and warmth.
In addition, the dress retains bodily secretions.
The use of corsets, tight bras, and pants should be avoided.
tight jeans and narrow shirt collars.

Hygiene habits in dressing should be practiced from the early stages.

years of life, taking into account that its neglect or improper use can
contribute to the manifestation of diseases.

FOOTWEAR HYGIENE

Shoe hygiene also takes into account the size, which should fit properly.
usually at the foot, which are for personal use and should not exceed one
person to another. In addition, it should not be kept for a long time without being used.

new footwear. It is recommended to wear sandals in summer, which allow

greater ventilation of the feet and reduce the accumulation of sweat,
preferring those made of non-synthetic material.

Recommendations...

The footwear must be flexible and comfortable to avoid chafing.

 It should not compress the foot, the heel should not be more than 2 or 3 cm.

it has been verified that from that height tensions occur in the
ligaments, tendons, and muscles of the leg and foot.
Shoe hygiene requires considering the material for its
the making, the size and the season.
Therefore, natural materials must be used that allow for the
sweat, mainly leather and it must also be for use
personal.

ORAL HEALTH

Health begins in the mouth; it is where nutrition starts and subsequently

digestion through the chewing and swallowing of food. The mouth is
essential for the communication process to take place through the
oral language; the different organs that compose it allow a correct
phonation, this will not be possible if there is any injury to the cheeks (bad
cheeks), the palate, the tongue or due to the loss of an anterior tooth.
Likewise, bad teeth cause people from simple
discomfort, loss of them influencing appearance and with it in the
social relationships and self-image, even alterations in the organism.
Importance of the oral cavity and its functions

a) The mouth: The mouth is very important for health and self-image.
humans, it is the initial part of the digestive system, through which the
organism receives what is necessary to nourish and develop. Additionally,
through the mouth, human beings can speak, enjoy the taste of
the food, to suck, to chew and to kiss.

b) The teeth:
Parts of the tooth:
1.-Crown: It is the part of the dental organ that is seen in the mouth.
2.-Neck: It is the part that divides the crown and the root.
3.-Root: It is the part that holds the tooth in the maxillary bone.

Actions of the teeth in chewing

Each tooth has different functions and according to these, they are divided into four.
groups.

1) Incisors: They are the front teeth, used for cutting food.
2) Canines: They are used to tear food, they have a cone shape.
3) Premolars: They are used to crush and tear food (fine chewing).
Molars: They are used for crushing and grinding food (coarse chewing).

Human beings have two types of dentition:

The first dentition or temporary teeth: (misleadingly called milk teeth):

It appears in the mouth at approximately 8 to 12 months of age and
finishes erupting at about 2 years old. At this age, children
they have 20 temporary teeth that also fulfill the functions mentioned before
described serve as a guide for the permanent teeth to emerge in the
correct space and position, so it is very important to keep them healthy.
The second dentition or permanent teeth: It is the one that replaces the
temporary teeth and occurs between the ages of 7 and 12 years. Approximately at
the 6 years, behind the temporary molars, both upper and lower,
the first permanent molars or "6-year molars" come in, there are four of them and
they do not replace any temporary tooth; that is why they must be taken care of to
keep them for a lifetime.

Between the ages of 11 and 12, four new permanent molars erupt.
at the ends of each jaw, behind the first molars
permanent; its eruption can cause discomfort in the gum that covers it,
that will disappear when the molar has erupted.

Healthy gum

The gum surrounds the teeth, is a dull pink color, with a speckled appearance.
all of the orange peel; the color may vary in people with brown skin, in
which may present dark areas ranging from brown to the
The gum has the functions of covering and protecting the jawbone.
support the function of support and fixation of the teeth to the bone.

How to maintain oral health with preventive measures

a) Bacterial plaque

Dental plaque is a transparent film, formed by different

microorganisms that constantly adhere to the teeth, the
gums and the tongue. When foods containing sugar are ingested
(candies, chewing gum, pastries, and chips among others) the bacteria in the plaque those
They are used to produce acids that destroy tooth enamel. Also others.
bacteria eliminate irritating substances called toxins that act on the
gum, inflaming it.

How to eliminate it...

This staining can be removed by sweeping the bacterial plate with
toothbrush and dental floss. It is recommended to do the plaque coloring activity
bacterial 4 times a year at least (The pill or dye that is used is
place it in the mouth and it passes through the whole mouth, the areas that are observed

more coloring indicates a greater accumulation of bacterial plaque, that is,

these are the areas that are not being brushed properly, so it is necessary to
be more careful with them.

c) Brushing technique

Importance of oral hygiene

Oral hygiene is the key to the prevention and maintenance of health.

teeth, gums, and tongue; therefore, the removal of bacterial plaque in these
parts of the mouth is the main objective of the various existing techniques,
dental floss, plaque detection, and brushing. Oral hygiene starts from the
birth.

To properly brush the teeth, the toothbrush should be placed on

the tooth and the gum.
The upper teeth are brushed downwards.
The bottom teeth are brushed upwards.
taking into account that they should be brushed on their inner and outer surfaces

to achieve a good dental brushing.

 Subsequently, the chewing surface of all the molars is brushed and
premolars with circular movements.
To facilitate brushing the teeth on the left side, the elbow must
to be at shoulder height and for those on the right side the elbow should
place it as close to the body as possible.
Once the brushing of teeth and gums is finished, the tongue is brushed.
in a sweeping form from back to front.
When the bristles of the brush are worn or bent, it's time to
change it.
We should visit the dentist at least every 6 months. It is recommended.
that brushing should be complemented with the use of dental floss.

d) Use of dental floss

Importance of dental floss

Dental floss is essential in the care of teeth, as it

the thickness of the brush bristles does NOT allow for cleaning the area between teeth and

tooth, because the space between them is very small, which is why
it is recommended to use dental floss. If dental floss is not used, one will be
doing only half the work to maintain good cleanliness
dental.

Technique for using dental floss:

Take approximately 30 cm of dental floss and wind it around your fingers.

means, leaving a short distance between them.

2) Once the above has been done, use the thumb and index fingers of both hands.
hands to guide the thread.
 3) Keep the thread stretched and with movements from back to front
Introduce it between the teeth, be careful not to hurt the gum. Hold
the rigid thread against one of the teeth and slide it from top to bottom
keeping it in contact with the tooth and repeat the movements against the other
tooth. Repeat this step between each of your teeth. As they go
cleansing, change the length of dental floss.

The first times dental floss is used, the gums may hurt or bleed.
A little, but once the technique is mastered, this discomfort will disappear.
little by little.

e) Fluorides

Importance of fluorides as a preventive measure for dental caries

Fluorides are chemical compounds that occur naturally and

in low concentrations in food and drinking water. The
fluorides such as sodium, potassium, tin, or monofluorophosphate; they are
compounds that strengthen tooth enamel and make them more
resistant to the acid attack produced by bacteria, which makes them
widely used by dentists in the prevention of this disease.

Routes of administration of fluorides

Ingested (taken).

• Topic (applied on the tooth).

Harmful habits that occur most frequently in children

A habit is a fixed practice resulting from the constant repetition of an act.
There are a large number of habits that people acquire and that can
cause disorders in the development of the bones and muscles of the face,
misalignment of the teeth, as well as promoting the presence of cavities and
gum disease. The following habits are mentioned that
more frequently found in children:

• Digital Sucking: During the first months of life, the mouth is used for
excellence the sensory pathway that connects the child with the environment that surrounds them. It is

It is common for a baby to suck their thumb during the first few months of
life, however this habit should disappear after about a year and
middle age, since continuing with the same until three years causes
problems with the upper teeth, pushing them forward and causing that
the palate becomes deeper, which later makes it difficult the
pronunciation of some letters like s, t, r, f.

Oral respirator: It is very common to find children who breathe through the
mouth, this can be caused by nasal problems or by poor positioning of the
teeth (central incisors forward), this habit causes dryness and
irritation on the lips and gums, so the child should be referred to the
doctor.

Nail biting (onychophagia): This habit usually appears

after three years and may occasionally cause wear of the
front teeth, as well as infections caused by microorganisms
what goes to the mouth when biting nails. It is important to raise the child's awareness.

to eliminate the habit.

• Object biting: This habit is one of the most common among

children from 6 to 12 years old, the objects they usually bite or suck
they are pencils, pens, the spiral that some notebooks have, their hair, etc.

To eliminate this habit, it is recommended to make the child aware by reminding them

constantly the consequences of it and thus prevent accidents such as

fractures in the front teeth, wear of them, injuries in the
palate and gum, as well as dental misalignment.

It is important to mention that if proper oral hygiene is not maintained

Various diseases of the mouth can occur, such as...

Dental caries

Dental caries is an infectious process that progresses gradually.

from the surface of the tooth enamel to the inside of them.
This disease, if treated when it is in its early stage, may not
advance. Factors that cause dental caries Dental caries is a
disease caused by many factors, of which the main ones are
bacterial plaque and the ingestion of refined sugars, with others existing
elements or factors that influence its appearance such as the resistance of the
structure of enamel, as well as nutritional deficiencies.

Gum disease

Periodontal disease is a disease that affects the gums and the

support structure of the teeth. The bacteria present in the plaque
bacteria cause periodontal disease. If not removed every day with
an appropriate brushing and flossing technique, plaque hardens and becomes
converts into a hard and porous substance called calculus (also known as
like tartar).

Gingivitis

One of the early stages of the disease in the gums is gingivitis.

which is produced by the accumulation of plaque that adheres
around the tooth and the gum. Gingivitis is reversible if addressed in time.
with good oral hygiene care at home.
 CONCLUSION

Throughout the preparation of this manual, we were able to revisit some rules.
basics for improving hygiene habits of children in school age.
After family, schools are an important place of learning for
Children, education in school hygiene is a specific form of concept.
wider education, referring to all the activities that promote the
health and reduce the risks of the school population. The contents described here
their purpose is to provide the necessary elements to communicate
information to the population on how to care for and maintain oral health, as well as
knowing the correct terms for proper personal hygiene. The lack of
continuous application of preventive strategies aimed at risk groups
specific (schoolchildren, pregnant women, elderly adults, patients with
chronic degenerative diseases, people living with HIV/AIDS and with
different abilities) translates into a higher incidence of oral diseases.
inadequate hygiene habits. In the group of schoolchildren, due to the scarcity
Human, material, and financial resources have been found to be insufficient.
promotion of oral health, irregularity in the application of the basic scheme of
prevention, as well as limited curative care. It is the role of nursing to raise the
level of self-care of individuals, or to compensate for its deficiency,
defining 'self-care' as: all actions that allow the individual
maintain life, health and well-being, that is, what the person would do for and
for herself. Nursing encompasses both autonomous and collaborative care.
dispensed to people of all ages, families, groups, and communities,
sick or not, and in all circumstances. This is why it is important to carry out a
Directed work to promote health in school stages, since from an early age
it is easier to educate and correct lifestyles and determinants at an early stage than at
some future may harm health.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Fundamentals of Nursing. Barbara Kozier, S.A. McGraw-Hill / Interamericana

Spain, 2005

[Link]
s/pdf/manual_educational_contents.pdf

[Link]
INFORM
MACIÓ
N VERY
COMP
LETA,
ALONE
ANNEX
In LA
LETTER
DESCR
IPTIVA
AND THE
EVALUATE
TION
ES
IMPOR