TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF PERU

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEGREE

QUALIFIED LABORATORY N°2

Ica, September 27, 2022

 General Index

Introduction

1. Objectives.............................................................................................................................4

1.1. General objective..........................................................................................................4

1.2. Specific objectives...................................................................................................4

2. Theoretical Framework.....................................................................................................................4

3. Procedure.....................................................................................................................5

4. Presentation of results..................................................................................................6

5. Interpretation of results................................................................................................8

6. Conclusions

7. Recommendations.............................................................................................................11

8. Bibliography.......................................................................................................................11
 Introduction

Compression tests are used to determine the behavior of a material

subjected to crushing loads applied and, generally, develop when pressure is applied
compressive to a test specimen (often in the shape of a cube or cylinder).

To talk about resistance, a limit must first be established, and in the case of compression the
limit is the failure or fracture of the material of those rigid materials.

The importance lies in having a clear understanding of the load capacity that an element presents,
up to the point where it breaks or deforms. Similarly, materials with high
compression resistance often exhibits low tensile strength. Therefore, the
compression tests are commonly used on brittle materials such as concrete,
metals, plastics, ceramics, composites, and corrugated materials such as cardboard.

Axial load refers to the force that acts along the axis or central piece of a
structure, producing a uniform effort. This type of load can be compressive or
compression, that is to say, it can result from the application of support weight or settlement, or
is induced by operational conditions or external variables, for example, the change of
temperature that produces expansion or contraction of components.

When an axial load is due to compression, the structure is subjected to a force that
It acts in the same direction, tending to produce crushes. Its calculation is essential.
to ensure the stability of the structure.
1. Objectives

1.1. General objective

Study the compression of 3 different materials, with the aim of being able to determine their
mechanical properties and determine the factors that influence the results obtained.

1.2. Specific objectives

Study the behavior of metallic materials subjected to pressure loads

and determine their mechanical properties.
Interpret the obtained graph.
Build the stress vs strain graph of the samples.
Correctly calculate the modulus of elasticity.

2. Theoretical Framework

Axial load is the force directed parallel to the axis of symmetry of an element.
what constitutes a structure. The axial force or load can be tension or compression. If
the line of action of the axial force coincides with the axis of symmetry that passes through the centroid
The element considered is then said to be an axial concentric load or force.
Universal Testing Machine (UTM): Also known as universal tester,
material testing machine or material testing frame, is used to test the
tensile strength and compressive strength of materials. A former name
For a tensile testing machine, it is a tensiometer. The 'universal' part of the name
it reflects that it can perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials,
components and structures (in other words, that it is versatile).

Moment of Inertia: The moment of inertia reflects the mass distribution of a body or
of a rotating particle system, with respect to an axis of rotation The moment of inertia
performs a role analogous to that of inertial mass in the case of rectilinear motion and
uniform.

Sweet Steel: Carbon steel is defined as a metal that contains no more than 2%.
carbon and has no other notable alloying element. It represents the largest part of
steel production and is used in a wide range of applications. Generally, steel
sweet, or carbon, is sturdy and resistant. Moreover, it exhibits ferromagnetism (that is, it is
magnetic). This means that it is used extensively in motors and in
appliances.

Cast Iron: It is one of the most commonly used ferrous materials, it typically contains
more than 2% carbon and more than 1% silicon, as well as phosphorus, manganese, and sulfur. One of
the characteristics that distinguish this type of iron is that the carbon generally is
it is found as graphite, taking irregular shapes which are known as flakes.
To produce this material, natural minerals with high iron content are used,
which undergo a metallurgical process so that the final product is cast iron.
Scrap can also be added during the process to recycle it and make use of it.

3. Procedure

Compression test on mild steel

First, we measure the diameter of the test sample using a caliper and calculate the
moment of inertia, then we measure the length of the sample. We place the sample in the
Universal Testing Machine and we started the loading process, then we noted the
deflections using a quadrant indicator for the
intervalos de carga correspondiente. Luego obtendremos el grafico para poder realizar
subsequently the calculations of the test.

Compression test on cast iron

First, we measure the diameter of the test sample using a caliper and calculate the
moment of inertia, then we measure the length of the sample. We place the sample in the
Universal Testing Machine and we started the loading process, then we noted the
deflections using a dial gauge for the corresponding load intervals,
studying the fracture mode for brittle material. Then we will obtain the graph to be able to
subsequently carry out the calculations of the test.

4. Presentation of results

Material L0 (mm) D0 (mm)

Steel 41.3mm 22.7
sweet
Iron 45 20
Fused
Compression test results in Mild Steel
Compression test results on Cast Iron
 5. Interpretation of results

RESULTS OF MILD STEEL (STRESS VS STRAIN)

For cast iron
6. Conclusions

The use of a compression test ensures that the materials used for the
construction should be correct, as its quality has been tested.
 We can say that through a stress-strain curve, we can
identify the characteristics of a material, that is, based on its behavior
under axial load.
Through this essay, one learned about the efforts of understanding and the effects.
resulting in a body, that is to say, the physical deformation it experiences and the
qualitative changes.

7. Recommendations

In the future, when we are on a project, we must take into account that the greater it is
the proportion of cement within the mix, the compressive strength will be greater;
however, the regulated proportions in the codes should never be exceeded
technicians.
It is necessary to carefully examine the possible errors that may occur during the
completion of the essay, to correct it in time.
Make the correct measurement of the body dimension that will be used in the
essay, since this will allow for a proper management of the variations that
present at the moment of suffering the deformation.
It is recommended to have a good knowledge of laboratories, formulas, and Excel.
to be able to perform this work correctly, since we have noticed that it is
certain conversions are necessary to correctly create the graphs of
effort vs deformation.

8. Bibliography

Beer, F. P., & Johnston, E. R. J.; D. (2010). Mechanics of Materials (3rd ed.)

--.). Mexico City: McGraw Hill.

Takeuchi, C. and González, C. (2007). Resistance to compression parallel to the

fiber of Guadua Angustifolia and determination of the modulus of elasticity.

11(1), pp. 89-104. Recovered de:

[Link]