Scribd
Upload
9 views20 pages

Vector Calculus

The document outlines engineering mathematics topics including vector calculus, differentiation, and integration. It covers concepts such as scalar and vector fields, gradient, divergence, and curl, providing definitions and examples. Additionally, it includes worked problems and exercises related to these mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

fegali4807
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
9 views20 pages

Vector Calculus

The document outlines engineering mathematics topics including vector calculus, differentiation, and integration. It covers concepts such as scalar and vector fields, gradient, divergence, and curl, providing definitions and examples. Additionally, it includes worked problems and exercises related to these mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

fegali4807
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
236 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 40} Show that Bon) =| [40] Show that dee © Consider RHS: Put x= tan’ -. dx =2 tan 6 sec’ 6 dd; 0<0 # F _, a ae ap oF OF [712] Gradient, Divergence and Curl Gradient of a scalar field i 4 (4 y, 2) is a continuously difereniable scalar functo n, then the gradient of ( grad 4 in precise) is defined to be V4. ie, |grad 6= Vo = oi + ait oy K|(Vector quantity] Divergence of a vector field i Ji(esyj2yisa:comtinuously differentiable veetor function , then the divergence of A (div Ain precise ) is defined to be V+ | | IC A= ai ay) agk where a4, areal factions of % 9? then wehave | div A=V-A= (Ze ais pa taie4 i468 | ox < da, On, AA, 7 | i == 3 Scalar quantity ic, HivA=V-A may” 5, Banta y) | Curl of a vector field Ir earl of A (curl A ineprecise) is defined tobe VxA, Ie Asay i ay) ask where dyiipn areal functions of, y,2then we have [yEAR- ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 239 curl haves curl Vector quantity] in the Laplacian of as follows. a FH 7, 4 : Laplacian of =Vo= we ay 7 {Scalar quantity] Obviously Laplacian ofa scalar function is a scalar quantity. Remark: The computation of gradient, divergence, curl and laplacian isa combination af the concept of vector algebra and partial differentiation. Here are few i ustrations. ped. Ginen = ay + yz 2 x let us find V6 and V? 4. ab 6 «, 06 Ven at ay ae ie, Vo = (Dry az! Jin (x? +2yz) j+(y? + 2x2)k CC Next, V7) = ae Op oe = x +2y 422 2. Given A = x* yzity? zx j+z? xyk letusfind div A and curl A. _ _. (8@,,8,.4 : . dv A=v-A = (Sirgpinge} e weiey exjetayt) . ...2 a a div A=V-A = 3, (ue)¥e (yf anes (ay) div A= V-A = 2xyz+2xyz42xyz = 6xyz 240 TYEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME i oj ok culAzvxA-|2 2 2% Gx by az 2 yz ybex 2? xy i(etx—yP x)=j( yay) thy 2-2) curl A =x(2°-y*)ity(x?-2)j+2(y?-x7)k © Geometrical meaning of the gradient IF (x.y, sa salar fncton, ten grad isa wector normal tothe sures (3, y, ae ve Note: 1. Obviously thewnit elor normal fi along V4 is given by 7 2. The angle between the two surfaces is defined to be equal to the angle between their normals. If ®, (19,2) = 6, and, (X/yp2) = C, be teequations of the too surfaces V6, :¥6, rave a v ‘, ‘where Bis the angle between the normals, | If B= 5/2 then the surfaces are said to intersect enc other orliogonally. Wien 0 = 7/2, cos 0=cos (r/2)=0 = V6, -Vo, =0. This is the condition for the surfaces to intersect atrightangles. ¢ Directional derivative then,|cos® = If (x, y, z) isa scalar function and d is a given direction, then Vq- fi, where fi = d/|d| is called as the directional derivative of } along fi, ¢ Physical interpretation of divergence If V (x,y,z) represents any physical quantity, the divergence of ¥ gives the rate at which the physical quantity is originating at that point per unit volume, An illustration : Let us suppose that a fluid is moving such that its velocity at any point P (x,y, 2) is given by the vector point function V(x, y,z). Consider a small parallelopiped of volume 6x 6yz through which the fluid is passing, ay - 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 241 = : . _ 5 Ov dv, dv, , EV (x/y.2) = 0, i+0, j+0,k then divV = ox by ae gives the total gain in the volume of the fluid per unit volume per unit time. divV = 0 iscalled as the continuity equation of an incompressible fluid. ‘Avector V whose divergence is zero is called a “solenoidal vector”. e Physical interpretation of curl Curl means rotation. A vector function V (x, y,z) is said to be “irrotational” if curl 7 =0. An illustration : Let us suppose that a rigid body is rotating about a fixed axis through a point O. If @ is the constant angular velocity and 3 is the velocity of aparticle ata point P (x, y, 2) of the body having the position vector 7 then we know that 3 = x7. We can easily show that, curl 3 = 2@ (Refer [12]) Thus curl of the velocity vector is equal to twice the angular velocity of rotation. This is an illustration to show that “curl” is analogous to “rotation”. Ingeneral we can as well say that the curl of any vector point function will give the measure of the angular velocity at any point. Summary of all the concepts useful for problems 2 grad §= Vb; divA =V-A; curlA = VxA; Vb =V-V6 3. Visa vector normal to the surface (x, y, 2)=cand ¥9/|V6] is the unit vector normal to the surface. 4, — Directional derivative of $ ( x, y, z) along a given direction D is Vo-i1 where i= D/|D| and also directional derivative is maximum along V¢. 242 TYEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME WORKED PROBLEMS Find the unit vector normal to the following surfaces at the indicated points, 1. x y+2xz = 4 at (2,-2,3) 2 xyz = 4 at (-1,-1,2) @ Solutions [1] Let, @ =x? y+2xz. V9 isa vector normal to the surface. Wehave, vo = 2; 98 j.8 ox Oy ie, VO = (Qxy+2z)itx? j+2xk [Vb ]o.a5) =—2itdjedk = 2(-i+ 2+ 2k) ality vel The required unit vector normal, ft = i k 2j+2k Tus, a= 26 i+2j+2k) + ye (14444) 3 [2] Let, ¢ = xy*z*. V6 isa vector normal to the surface, 4; iinet ox oz Vo= ie, Vo = y 2ti+3xy? 2? j+2xy? 2k [90h an) = Ai 1p 4k = -4(F43/-K) = VO/VOL Mi43j- (i+3j-h) ? (14941) vit Thus ii = Find the directional derivative of the following. 3. = x? yzt4xz? at (1,-2,-1) along 2i- j-2k [Dec 17] 4. = 4x2? —3x"y?z at (2,-1,2) along 21-3) + 6k © Solutions Bb = yzt dee? 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 243 v= is je, Vo = (2xyz4 4a? jit (x? 2) j4(2? y+8.2xz)k [VO]i 2a) = Bi- j-10k ‘The unit vector in the direction of 2i — j- 2k is, Di= ja 2k _ 2i-j-2k | The required directional derivative is ae 44144 3 Vo-fi = (si j10y) 1-24) Thus vpn = BAND TVC?) 17 [4] $= 4xz°-3x°y"z a. ab. a = Bi, i Oy v ax ay! ae ie, Vo = (42° - xy? z)i-(6x7yz) j + (12x2" - 3x? y? )k [V6 Jaa = 81448) +84k ‘The unit vector in the direction of 2i-3j + 6k is, . 21-Bj46k _ 21-3) + 6k "= 9236.7 + The required directional derivative is Vb-ii = (8i+ 48) +84k)- 2i-3) + 6k L 16-144 +504 te 376 7 7 7 [5] Find the angle between the surfaces P+ y+ 22=9 andz=x2+y-3 at (2,-1,2). [une 17, 18, 19, Feb 21] @ The angle between the surfaces is defined to be equal to the angle between their normals and we know that V6 is a vector normal to the surface. We have the equation of the two surfaces given by, Peypr2=9 and v+y-2=3 244 TEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME P and §, = 4y-z Wehave, 9 = Bite Vo, = 2xis2yj+2zk and V6, = 2xi+2yj-k (6, ] gua) = 4iR Disk = 2(2i-j+2k) [¥eliaasy =4i-2/-k ¥4,-¥6, 1¥4,11¥9,1 _2(8+2-2) 8 os = Ee ae 321) Aa] Fin tagline ronal othe surface =a he pits (4,1,2) and (3,3, -3). © let o=x If Gis the angle between these two normals, cos® = and we know that V6 isa vector normal to the surface. & oy ye yitxj-2zk [VO] 19) = i+4j-4k--A (ay) [0]. = 3443) 6k =3(i+ [+ 2k) -B (sry) If Gis the angle between A and B , cos® = —— 1A] [BI 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 245 A Find the ualue of the constants a and b such that the surfaces ax* ~ byz= (a+ 2)x and 4x* y + 2 =4 are orthogonal at the point (1, -1,2). © First we have to ensure that the given point lies on both the surfaces. Substituting (1, -1, 2) onto the equation ax? - byz = (a+2) x we obtain a+2b=a+2 = 2b=2 orb=1 Alsoif (1, -1,2) is substituted onto the LHS of the equation 4x*y + 2=4 we get 4 which is equal to the RHS. where, 6, = ax? ~byz-(a+2)x and ¢, = 4x’y+7° Now, V6, = (2ex-(a+2)}i+(—bz) j+(—by)k Vo, = Sxyi+ 4x? j+32*k 190, ]oyoyay = (@-2)i-25j+bk ; (94, ]0, 42) = ~8i+4j+12k V9, -¥o, = 0 gives -8a+4b+16 = 0. ie, But b= 1and hence a= 5/2. Thus} a=5/2, b =1 [B)If A = 2x? i—3yz j+xz k and § = 22-2 y, compute A-V4 and AxV6 at(1,-1,1). Vo = -3x? yi-v? j+2k 5140] 4) = 5i-f+2k Now, [A] ) = 2i+3j+k (ta) a [A-¥O] oy) = +N @)+2)0) = ij K Also, AxVg=|2 3. 1) =i(6+1)-j(4-3)+k(-2-9) =|7i-j-11k B -1 J yor 0 => the given point lies on both the surfaces when b = 1. Inoxder to find '¢ we have tous the orthogonality conto, V9, = 0 | 246 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME Vo Find div F and curl F awhere F = V(x? +y' +2" ~3xyz) June 16, 19,Dec 19} Sxyz 365, 8, Ob Ox Oy” Gz © Let, gexrey F = grad 9 = VO= F = (3x -3yz)i+(3y? - 3x2) j+(3z* -3ry)k vFe(Zi isd jobs} { (3x" —3yz)i+ (Gy? — Suz) j+(32? Sry) } Loar mae) -3n)+Z(5¢ ~ ary) = V-FE ox i i k 7 2 a a a =VxF=| = = < Also, curl F = VxF ax ay " (3x -3yz) (Gy? - 3x2) (32° -3xy) . 7 iar =f 562-3) Jey -s)} -if (02 -a0y)- 508 -am)}otl (3y? - ~)- 0" ~3y2) or Vx = i (-3x-(-3x)}-j{-3y- (-3y)} +k{-32-(-32)) {10} If F = V(xy?2*) find div F and curl F atthe point (1,-1,1). [Dec 17, June 18, Sep 20] @ Let p= xyz? pave = iH a : " 3y! 7s Shey 2 isdry? 2? j+2ry zk ingit =} (y 2 i+3xy? 2? jt 2xy? zk) | le 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 247 eo Baty, 2 pay? ty, Zou VF = ye egy (By 2) (xyz) V-B= 2xy(32?+y’) ; divF at (1,-1,1) =E8] i oj ok es oz.}2 2 2 tgevxF=[2 2 2& Also, can Tae ty yz? Sxy? 2? Qxy?z VxF = i (6xy? 2—6xy" 2) ~ j(2y? 2- 2y? z)+k(3y°2? -3y* [1] fF = (x+y 41)isj-(x+y)k, show that F- curl F = 0 [Dec 17, June 18] ij k © culfevsk=| 2 =e ox oy az (xty+1) 1 -x-y curl F = i(-1-0)- j(-1-0)+k(0-1) ie, curl F=-i+j-k Fe curl B= ((x+y+1)it j-(x+y)k)-(-i+j-k) ooo ecurl B= (x+y+1)(-1)+(1)(1)#(x49)(1) on curl F=-x-y-1+14x+y =[)] x [12] If V = GxF prove that curl V = 2% where @ isa constant vector. © letd=a,ito, jro,k; P= xityj+zk = i (o,2-0,y) 248 1 YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME i j k culVever=| 2 - a ox oy oz (0,2-0,y) (0,x-0,2) (0, y-0,x) curl = 2i(0,-(-0,)) = £20, = 2(0, i+0, j+0,k) =a] Remark: We have referred to this example while giving the physical meaning of “curl”, The theoretical version of the problem is as follows : When a rigid body is in motion, the angular velocity is equal to half the curl ofits linear velocity at any point. If F = xityj+zk and r =|F| prove the following. 13, V(r") = nr? 4 V(r") = (043)r" 15. Vx(r"F) =0 16. V'(r")=n(n41)r"? June 16] Note: These arealsoa set of problems based on the aspect of symmetry and the problems are worked in the general form involving “n". Particular cases for n can also be asked. Thenotation and meaning concerning F and rare standard which need not be explicitly merttioned while asking these problems or particular cases of these. © Solutions [13] r=|7[= fe ey+2 => P=x2+y+ 2 and differentiating partially wy! xwe get, ot 2 oy or HAE Also, by Wt a a or ay or Note: The expression for these three partial derivatives will be used in all the problems cand the same will not be worked in every problem, y(r)e(2i}or) =Es =on"(2} V(r" )= mnt xi snr ys xi lar IYEAR- ENGG, MATHS -2022 SCHEME a0 [i] AF =P axis (r'x)i v¢ri)=(shi} ete nier2 (ry or ax Vi(rtFy=z (rene fta}= ofrrsne 2) =E (ren x) ox r V(r F) = (rmx?) +(e net y+ (2 ¢nr"? 2?) Ve(rtF) = Sr" nr" (xt ey az’) = Set ene? =[ine3)r 15) MF =r" axi=5(r*x)i i jk a 0 vx(r#y=|2 2 2 ofa a are ay a n3i Ee alr oy} mx ory rz] ft OF a OF very for ra “S| Vx(r°F)= Zi fuerte a "4,| ee EEA na Mr y=2 Serer 2d (ny V(MEE Ga 2) = 12 {or-(2} V(r) r— 2 (urs) <2 rrs(ne neds) V(r") = nd (resqneaye>2x) =n (%(n-2ye) 250 I YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME V(r) = f(r 4(n-2) rx? )4( 2° 4(n-2) ry ) +(r"*4(n-2)r"*2*)} Ve (r') = n[3rh? +(n—2)r4 (x? +y? +2") } (nt)? V(r) = n{3r°?+(n- 2) 77} Note: A feco important particular cases ofthese are giaen and is left asan exercise for the reader lo:eork out these independently, Prove with usual meaning the following: ti) o{5)=0 Fr) v(2)-0 Solenoidal and Irrotational vectors. We have already referred to these while giving the physical meaning of divergence and curl. Avvector F issaid to tb solenoidal if div F = 0nd irrotational ifcurl F = 0. Jrrotational vector field is also called as conservative field or potential field When Fis irrotational there always exists a scalar point function 6 such that V6 = F. Then 6 iscalled a scalar potential of E WORKED PROBLEMS [17] Show that F = (y+z)i+(z+x)j+(x+y)k isirvolational, Also finda scalar [Dec 17, June 18, Feb 21] function ¢ such that F = V6. © — Wehaveto show that curl F = VxF=0. ji i Ps -| 6 26 “ee iz y rs (y+2) (24%) (449) ox can = i(0-1)-j(0-4)4401-1) i) YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 251 Now let us consider, V9 = F ,, bin jn Be = (yeryit(zex)je(xey)k ies Gy ay’ az = Beyer sdeflysz)ars f(y) ie, Ge aytxa+f (y,2) -() Beees 2.g=f(z42) dy+f(x,2) oy ie, b= yetayt f, (x2) --Q % axty 22 f(xty) dzt f(xy) oz ie, $e aztye+f (xy) ..Q) [Now we need to suitably choose the arbitrary functions f,(y,2),f, (x42), f, (2.9) such that we obtain an unique expression for §. To choose ‘fy (2) wwe look into the equations (2) and (3) and select terms wohich [Link] x. It can be terms with yor ory and z Similarly we aoe to chose f(x, z) from (1) and (3 f(x,y ) rom (1) and (2)} Its the union of (),Q), (3) avoiding repetitions. — Letus choose, f,(y,z)=yz,f,(2,1) = x2 f, (x,y) = ay from (1), 2) & @). Thus the required [$= xy + yz + zx [18] Show that F = (2uy! + yz)i+(2x? y+x24 yz?) j+(2y? 2+ry)k is a conseruative force field. Find its scalar potential. i z a VxF = aa © Ox oy (2xy? + yz) (2x7y-+x24 2yz) (2y2z+xy) yon. k £ a VicF = i(dyztx—x-Ayz)-j(y-y)+k(4ry+2-4xy-2) =6 Thus, Fis conservative, Now we have to find 4 such that Vo=F. Proceeding as in [17] we obtain, [= ry’ +y'2" +xyz a 252 I YEAR- ENGG, MATHS -2022 SCHE\p [19] Find the value ofthe constant‘ such that the vector field, B= (axy-2)i+(a-2)x° j+(1-a)12°k isirolational and hence find a scny function & such that F = Vo. [Sep 29 © Wehave tofind'‘d such that curl F = 0. k a on (axy-2) (a-2)x? (1-a)xz* j vie] 2 2 ay ie, i(0-0)-j{(1-a)z*+3z"]+k{(a-2)2x-ax} = 0 ja=4 ie, (a-4)2* j+(a-4)x The above equation is identically satisfied when a = 4, Now consider, V6 =(F),_, a. a, esate i Beit gglt gh (ty) j-3t were, a a sdry-2 2. p= Bye xe +f, (y,z), onintegration watx. ...(1) a 7 =r. g= drys f(x,2), onintegration witty. + Q) & e-Burl s. b=-x2 + f(2,y)onintegration wit, 8) Let, f,(yi2) = 0, f,(3.2) 2x2, f(y) = 2e'y, from (1), 2) & 0) Thus |6 = 2x*y- xz" {20} Find constants a and buch that F = (nxy + 2°)i-+ (3x? ~ 2) j+-(bua® -y) isirrotational. Also finda scalar function such that F = 4, [Dec 19] © — Wehaveto find aand b such that curl F Proceeding as in [19] we obtain 1 YEAR - ENGG, MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 253 [20] If = (x-+y-+az)i+(bx + 2y-z) j+(x-+cy + 2z)k find a,b, such thal curl F = 0 and then find 4 such that F = V9. June 18) i j k z a 6 a 7 VxF= = — = =0 oe & ay a (x+y+az) (bx+2y-z) (x+cy+2z) ie, i(c+1)-j(1-a)+k(b-1) = 0 >[a=1,b=1,c=-1 Now consider. Vo =F whena=1,b=1,c=-1. ie, inte = (x+y+z)it(x42y-z) j+(x-y+2z)k 8 ary 42004 b= I (xtytz) det Sg tte 8 b= [(xtytz) drt f(y,2) v ie, d= pt aytaze f, (2) «(1) 8 rao -z 4 b= f(xt2y-z) di ay TER 8 b= [(at2y-2) dys f (312) ity Ge xyty!~ yt f (2,2) 1Q) 4 Be Yt 8 b= S(x-y +22) det f(xy) ie, ge xz-yatz? +f, (x,y) + Q) Thus the required, 254 I YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME EXERCISE Find the nnit vector normal to the following surfaces at the indicated points 1 ety t3uyz=3 at (1,2,-1), Raxytytex=5 at (1,-1,2), Find thedirectional derivatives of the following : 3. pay tyctox at (1,2,3)along 3i+4j+5k, 4. geayetye al (2,-1,1)alongi+2j +2, 5. IF A =xy8i+ tye j- 3y22kfind div A, curl A and div (cutl A )at the point (2,1,1). 6, Find the values of the constants a, b, c such that P= (x+2y+0z)i+(bx—3y~z)j+(4x-+ cy +2z)k is conservative. Also find its scalar potential, ANSWERS 5.6, -1i+4,0 a a 6 0=4,b=2,c=-1 ita Feng pea! | YEAR - ENGG. MATHS - 2022 SCHEME 255 [7.2] Vector Integration (Not included for CS stream) Tai] Vector Line Integral Consider a curve C in space which consists of infinitesimally small line elements of length dr. Then the line integral of a vector A( x,y,z) along the curve C is defined to be the sum of the scalar products of A and d? and is represented by jadi c If C is a closed curve which do not intersect any where, the line integral around C is denoted by |. A-d? IF Fis the force acted upon by a particle in displacing it along the curve C then fF -dF represents the total work done by the force. It also represents the c circulation of F about C where F represents the velocity of the fluid. F is said to be irrolationa if [F-a7 =0, z WORKED PROBLEMS [22] If F = xyityzj+zrk, evaluate fF +d where C is the curve represented z byx=ty=P,z=P,-1¢t<1. [Dec 19] © Wehave P= xyityzj+zxk and 7 = xityj+zk will give dF = dis dy j+dek Fed? = xydr+yzdy + 2xdz Sine, x=ty=Pz=8 by data, we obtain dx = dt, dy = Qtdt, dz = 3F dt Ped? =P dt+t (21)dt+0(3)Al

You might also like