GRAPH WRITING
Data Representation
Bar graph Pie charts
Line graph
Not assessed:
Table/ Diagram/ Hierarchy, etc.
Categories / Types of charts
1. Dynamic graphs – show time 2. Static graphs – do not show time
movements over a period of time movements. Instead, they focus on
e.g. days, months, years, time of the comparison and contrast between
day, etc. categories.
Example:
Example:
Are these graphs static or dynamic?
Graph 1 - Dynamic
Graph 2 - Static
Graph 3 - Static
Graph 4 - Dynamic
Graph 5 - Static
Graph 6 - Static
Conclusion:
• Line graphs = dynamic • Bar graphs – can either be static or
• Pie charts = static dynamic
DYNAMIC GRAPHS
• Graphs that show time movements over a period of time e.g. years, months,
days, time of the day, etc.
Movements / Trends
Trend/Movement Verb Noun
Upward increased, inclined, climbed, an increase, an incline, a
jumped, went up, rose, climb, a jump, a rise, an
improved, uplifted, grew improve/improvement, a lift, a
growth
Dramatic: soared, (sky)rocketed,
surged, leapt, shot up Dramatic: a soar, a surge, a
leap
Downward decreased, declined, dropped, a decrease, a decline, a drop,
fell, went down, reduced, a fall, a reduction, a dip, a
dipped, slid slide
Dramatic: slumped, plummeted, Dramatic: a slump, a
plunged, nosedived plummet, a plunge, a
nosedive
Stable/Stagnant • remained stable/steady/the a steadiness, a stability, a
same/constant/unchanged levelling out, a levelling off, a
• stayed stable/steady/the plateau, a flat
same/constant/unchanged
• levelled off, levelled out
• plateaued
Fluctuating fluctuated, went up and down, fluctuations, oscillations,
oscillated, palpitated palpitations
Adverbs and Adjectives
Category Adverb Adjective
Rapid change Dramatically, rapidly, sharply, Dramatic, rapid, sharp, quick,
quickly, speedily, significantly, speedy, significant,
considerably, substantially, considerable, substantial,
noticeably, wildly noticeable, wild
Moderate change Moderately, gradually, Moderate, gradual, progressive,
progressively, sequentially sequential
Steady change Steadily, ceaselessly Steady, ceaseless
Slight change Slightly, slowly, minimally, Slight, slow, minimal, mild,
mildly, tediously tedious
Examples of VERB and ADVERB usage:
• The percentage of students in CFS inclined progressively year by year.
• The temperature in Gambang fluctuated mildly every hour.
Graph 1:
1. The passenger load factor for the economy class remained the same / levelled off
from 2005 to 2010. Afterwards, the figure rose moderately in 5 years.
2. From 2005 to 2010, business class’s passenger load factor declined substantially /
slumped. After 5 years, the percentage improved slightly.
Graph 2
1. From 2015 to 2016, the percentage of first-class graduates plunged. After 4 years,
the figure fell steadily.
2. The figure for those graduating with a second class upper skyrocketed/inclined
significantly in the first 2 years. It then remained stable until 2017 before declining
slowly in 2018. In the final year, it improved slightly.
3. From 2015 to 2018, the percentage of second-class lower graduates rose
progressively. At the end, it dropped minimally.
4. Those graduating with a third class in the same university fluctuated moderately
throughout the years, but the general trend was upward.
Using NOUNS and ADJECTIVES to describe movements:
There was a + adjective + singular noun in + subject
There were + adjective + plural noun in + subject
Examples of NOUNS and ADJECTIVES usage versus VERB and ADVERB usage:
Verb + adverb Adjective + noun
The percentage of students in CFS There was a progressive incline in the
inclined progressively year by year. percentage of students in CFS year by
year.
The temperature in Gambang There were mild fluctuations in the
fluctuated mildly every hour. temperature in Gambang every hour.
The number of debit card users dropped There was a slight drop in the number of
slightly from 2020 to 2023. debit card users from 2020 to 2023.
a. There were wild fluctuations in spice exports from Africa over the period.
b. There was a gradual fall in the development of new products.
c. Research investment decreased noticeably.
d. There was a significant drop in the purchases of tickets last month.
e. There was a significant rise in the number of sites on the Internet.
f. The sale of mangos decreased suddenly.
g. The number of visitors at the theme park fluctuated very slightly.
h. Sugar imports declined gradually.
i. There was a slow increase in the quality of food in supermarkets.
j. There were remarkable fluctuations in the number of air travellers.
The development of new products → New product development
The sale of mangos → Mango sale
The purchases of ticket → Ticket purchases
Writing a Complete Graph Report
Introduction 1. Introducing what the graph is all about
2. Overall analysis / Overview – focus on MOVEMENTS
Body Paragraph Specific analysis with numbers and figures
Conclusion Recapping the overall analysis
Introduction
The line graph shows the percentage of graduates of Munchigan University from
2015 to 2019. In general/Generally/As an overview/Overall, the figure for all classes
recorded an upward trend with the exception of first-class graduates which declined.
Body paragraph
It is clear from the graph that the percentage of first-class graduates started with
the highest figure at above 60% in 2015. From then to 2016, it slumped to approximately
15%. After 4 years, there was a steady fall in the figure to reach roughly 5%, which was
the lowest in the final year. Conversely/In contrast, the figure for those graduating with a
second class upper started at precisely 20% in the first year. It skyrocketed/inclined
significantly to just beneath 60% in 2016. It then remained stable until 2017 before
declining slowly in 2018 by 10%. In the final year, there was a slight improvement to
70% which was the peak. Meanwhile, from 2015 to 2018, there was a progressive rise in
the percentage of second-class lower graduates from just above 10% to 40%. At the end,
it dropped minimally to around 25%. Finally, those graduating with a third class in the
same university began with the lowest percentage in 2015 with merely 5%. It shows
moderate fluctuations throughout the years, ranging from about 2% and 23%, but the
general trend was upward.
Conclusion
In conclusion/To summarise/To recap, the percentage of Munchigan University
graduates from 2015 to 2019 depicted increasing movements for all classes except for
those in first class which fell throughout the years.