EXPERIMENTS

EXPERIMENTS FOR

FAIR OF
SIMPLE WITH

No. 1
MATERIALS
HOMEOWNERS AND
RECYCLABLES

SCIENCE
BOOK IN
FORMAT
withhomemadematerials
PDF

AUTOR: MIGUEL A. VARGASPALOMEQUE

FAIR EXPERIMENTS
OF SCIENCES
withhomemadeandrecycledmaterials

Autor: MiguelAntonio Vargas Palomeque

The total or partial reproduction of this book, nor its treatment, is not allowed.
computer scientist, neither transmission in any way nor by any means, whether
electronic, mechanical, by photocopy, by registration or other methods, without permission
previously and in writing by the holders of the Reserved Rights.
All Rights Reserved 2006, Miguel Antonio Vargas Palomeque, first edition
inSpanishPDFformat.
LaPaz,Bolivia.

Science Fair Experiments - M. Vargas Page2

 INTRODUCTION
Ifyouaspiretobecomeayoungscientistandyouareexcitedtodoso
experiments that lead you to achieve your own answers for
the multiple problems that science poses, this book will be
useful for you yes we hope it is also pleasant and beneficial.

Inthisyouwillfindthatitisnotabookforreading,but
Whatisabookthatteachestodo,act,workand
to experiment.

You will learn to understand that you should not accept anything as a
madewithouthavingbeenpreviouslyverifiedandthen
you will acquire a good scientific attitude.

Asyouinvestigate,youwillrealizethatnoexperiment
itcanbeconsideredcompletelyfinishedbecauseyouwillbeableto
toconductnewinterestingresearch.

Each chapter of this book will provide you with experiments in

different fields of science, with materials that
[Link]
to carry out in your house, at your school or at your science club
Finally present them at scientific exhibitions offers of
sciences, where you will be able to value the fruit of your experiences
personal waves of your work group.

I hope you enjoy doing the experiments and devices that

theyareshownonthesepagesasmuchasIhaveenjoyed
I will write this book.

Theauthor

Experiments for Science Fairs -M. Vargas Page3

 To God our Lord

Tomywife

Tomychildren

Tomyparents

Experiments for Science Fairs -M. Vargas Page4

 INDEX
CHAPTER 1
How to choose the Project for the Science Fair..................................................... 7
Thescientificmethod........................................................................................................10
Testing the Hypothesis
Laboratory Safety .......................................................................................... 12

CAPITULO 2
Physics Experiments
Cannon with Film Canister .......................................................................................16
Radio that Works without Batteries
Copper Sheet Solar Cell .................................................................................26
High Voltage Motor .......................................................................................................29
Van de Graaff Generator...............................................................................................32
Electrostatic Motor with CD ..........................................................................................38
ElectrostaticGeneratorandLeydenJar............................................................39
Simple Voice Transmitter AM ......................................................................................41
Giant Water Prism ............................................................................................43
Water Clock ..................................................................................................................46
Levitating Train (Maglev) ................................................................................................48
Rocket with Matchstick .....................................................................................50
Simple Electric Motor ...................................................................................................52
Electrostatic Field .....................................................................................................54
Homemade barometer
Sea of Air
5.8................................T..[Link]
.....e.b..[Link]
...[Link]...
Conductive Materials .................................................................................................59
Audio Amplifier ....................................................................................................60

CHAPTER 3
Biology Experiments
How to Listen to an Electric Fish................................................................................63
Microscope with Glass Sphere ................................................................................66
Blind Spot of the Eye
Observing DNA ........................................................................................................73
The Fungi

CHAPTER 4
Mathematics Experiments
How to Measure the Number Pi
How to Measure the Height of a Tree with a Ruler ........................................................78
Measure Your Reaction Time..........................................................................................79
Archimedes and the Volume of the Sphere
TheGoadofBufon

Experiments for Science Fairs - M. Vargas Page5

CHAPTER 5
Solar Energy Experiments
Auto Solar
Solar Funnel Cooker.............................................................................................87
Parabolic Solar Reflector..............................................................................................94
Solar Reflector Oven .....................................................................................................96
Box Solar Cooker
Solar Concentrator
Parabolic Solar Cooker ...............................................................................................103

CHAPTER 6
Chemistry Experiments
Separation of Mixtures by Chromatography ................................................................107
How to Peel a Raw Egg
How to Make Soap.. ......................................................................................................109
CheckingAcids and Bases .....................................................................................110
What is in a Ink .......... ..........................................................................................114
Crystal Gardens .........................................................................................................115
Mixing Different Liquids .....................................................................................116
CHAPTER 7
Robotics Experiments
Solar Insect Robot (FRED) .. .......................................................................................118
Robot Photo Trap ...............................................................................................................123

Experiments for Science Fairs -M. Vargas Page6

 HowtoChooseaProject
sciencefair

The steps to follow for planning a science fair project are:

Choose a subject

Follow the scientific method to design an experiment

Plan project

TheReport

ThePresentation

Choose a Topic

Theworstmistakeistochooseatopicandfindoutthatwedon'tlikeit!Howtofindthe
Science fair project correct...

Choose a branch of science that interests you, such as biology, physics, chemistry, etc. Remember, your project.
itcanbeasubcategoryofspecificsportsofadiscipline.(likesportsmedicine)
it's part of biology!)

TheScientificMethod

Whatishappeningaroundyou?Ifyoulookaround,youcanprobablyfind
something that is happening in your environment. Current local events are often a
goodideasforScienceFairs!

Use your library to find science fair books!

Ask your older brother or sister, or your mother or father for some ideas...!

Use a search engine and research your idea on the Internet!

Inthisbook,youhaveadescriptionofthescientificmethodappliedtoafairproject.
of sciences.

Plan and Choose a Project!

After you have chosen a project, carry out some research. Discover it.
science or the scientific principles behind your project. This may involve making it
research in the library, interviews with people or use the internet!

Develop a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a statement that tries to explain what you think.
[Link].
Whathaveyoudoneinyourmatter?Generally,thehypothesiswillanswerthisquestion:Whatif...???
Orwhatwillhappenwhen...???
Science Fair Experiments - M. Vargas Page7
Design an Experimental Procedure

[Link]...
You should explain how you will test your hypothesis. They must be described in descending order. It is very important.
thatwhenyoudesignyourexperiment,youonlytestthehypothesis,[Link]
[Link],andindicate
Generally, the procedure was not correct! Sometimes, however, the best scientists
theycannotcontrolallthevariables,sodon'tbediscouraged!Wait,whatisavari-
Something you change on purpose to test your hypothesis, the variable.

Carry out the procedure and record your results. Your results are the things that happened.
inthexperimenD
[Link]
t,ritehemdownithfeormoaf
data table. These are your observations only!

After you have gathered the results, it's time to organize and analyze them.
In a certain way. Your data must be easily readable, so its presentation is very important.
Create a table of the data, a chart or map to demonstrate your data. Also, the
Diagrams and photographs can be absolutely useful in data analysis. A PC
puedeserunabuenaherramientaalcreargrá[Link]
theycanbeusedforsimplestatisticalanalysisandtoproducegraphsofyourdata
experimental.

Finally, you must draw conclusions. This is the point of the project where you look at your findings.
[Link]
Itcouldbeappliedtoatruesituationinlife,includeitinyourconclusions!

Plan the Project

The key to success in any project is to plan it. Projects should vary in.
Scientists take time. You have to think about how you will carry out the experiment, collect them.
results and make your presentation. You may even have to conduct the experiment several times
before achieving more accurate results. Try to follow these general rules for the
planning

Get a calendar or a notebook that you can use for daily recording.

Set the goals and deadlines for your goals. Follow the procedures shown above to
to help you. DO NOT WAIT UNTIL A WEEK BEFORE THE DELIVERY DATE!

Make a checklist to see what has been completed and what needs to be done...this
it will help you later in life too!

Take about two additional weeks to finish your project... just in case!

Checkiftheprojectworksbeforethedeadline!

TheReport

Thesciencefairreportisbasicallyawrittencopyofeverythingyouhavedoneinyour
project,thereforeyoumusttakenoteofeverystepyoutaketomakeitwork
experiment or of all the things that have even failed you while doing the experiment.
Experiments for Science Fairs -M. Vargas Page8
The presentation

Whenpresentingasciencefairproject,somegeneralrulesshouldbefollowed:

Theprojectmustdemonstratethepurpose,theprocedure,results(thetablesthatwereused)
andhtegraphs)[Link].

[Link]
aplastoform(styrofoam)oraheavycardstockasabasetosupportit!Inthephotoyoucansee
anexample.

The judges and spectators of the project... will ask you questions. Be polite and try to answer with
[Link],tlhtemhtatyouhavenotresearched.
that part and don't make things up. Many of the visitors are experts in different areas, lend them
pay attention and try to learn from them.

Experiments for Science Fairs - M. Vargas Page9

 TheScientificMethod
Scientists are curious people who ask many questions about the world around them.
[Link]ísicos,Químicos,Astrónomos,Biólogos,
, they are scientists who research various topics following their own methodology.
help to investigate different topics. This method is called 'The Scientific Method' and consists of
ofthefollowingparts:

[Link]. Look carefully. Observe. [Link].

Make drawings. Graphics. Decide what it means. Conclusions.

FOLLOW THE NEXT STEPS

Define or Identify the
Problem

Form a Hypothesis

Make Observations Checkit

Hypothesis and haz
Experiments
Make new ones
experiments
OrganizeAnalyzeThem
Data

They do not support

TheExperimentsand Didifai
t l?
Observations Experiment?
DotheysupportheHypothesis?

Ready

Communicate them
Results

DrawConclusions

Experiments for Science Fairs - M. Vargas Page10

 HowtoMakeandChecka
Hypothesis
Supposeapersonisholdingabilliardballandafeatherwiththeirhands.
He wants to find out which of these objects will fall to the ground first if they are released from the same height.
height at the same time. First, the person has to develop a hypothesis... "It seems to me
which will fall to the ground before the feather if I drop both at the same time and from the
same height.

Then, the person will drop the billiard ball and the pen a certain number of times collecting
[Link]
havingdroppedtheobjects5timesthepersonmustaddthenumberoftimeseach
the object has reached the ground, something like this is done:

Pool ball Pen

1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
5 0

Analysis of the data and conclusions

Finally, after having demonstrated that the billiard ball hit the floor first in 5
On occasions, the person could conclude that their hypothesis seems correct. The ball hits the ground.
first!!

In this way, data is collected to test a hypothesis and the analysis of the
dataisusedtoproveordisproveatheory.

NOTE:

aetruoA
[Link]
ehrttahttuotnioptekiW
ldw
eluo
[Link].

Science Fair Experiments - M. Vargas Page11

Thisbookshowshowexperimentsaredoneinthelaboratory,whetherhomemadeorfromthe
school, the university, or the Science Club. Work in the laboratory requires observation
ofaseriesofsafetyrulesthatpreventpossibleaccidentsduetoignorance
of what is being done or possible negligence of the people who are at a moment
given,[Link],butto
alltheotherareas,suchasphysics,biology,etc.

Eachworkgroupwillberesponsibleforitsworkareaanditsmaterials.

Theuseofagownisadvisable,asitpreventspossibleprojectionsofsubstances.
chemicals reach the skin. Of course, in addition, you will avoid possible damage to your
clothing

yIfohuavloenhgaits'idr,visabtlw
oe euaitpr.

Theuseofsafetyglassesisadvisable.

Ifhandlingacids,rubberglovesshouldbeworn.

And it goes without saying; but of course it is strictly prohibited in the laboratory.
smoking, nor drinking beverages or food.

Before using a compound, make sure it is the one you need, pay close attention.
thelabel.

Asageneralrule,[Link].
The laboratory will provide you.

Never return the leftover products used from the original jars without
consult with the teacher.

Itisveryimportantthatwhenthewastechemicalsarespilledonthefloor
drainage,althoughproperlyneutralized,shouldbeallowedtoflowthroughit,
abundantwater.
Donottouchwithhandsandevenlesswiththemouth,thechemicalproducts.

Do not pipette with your mouth. Use a manual pump, a syringe, or any available device.
intheCenter.

Experiments for Science Fairs - M. Vargas Page12

 Acids require special care. When we want to dilute them, we will NEVER pour
wateroveracids;alwaystheopposite,thatis,IFtheacidispouredoverwater.

Flammable products (gases, alcohol, ether, etc.) should not be near sources of
heat. If tubes need to be heated with these products, it will be done in a water bath, never directly.
to the flame.

Iafnyacidocrorrosiveproducstpilosnyouw
, ashyourseilm
f mediatelywith
alotofwaterandnotifytheteacher.

Before preparing any solution, it will be placed in a clean and labeled container.
conveniently.

Be careful with the sharp edges and points of tubes or glass objects.

Hot glass is not visually distinguishable from cold glass. To avoid burns,
let it cool before touching it.

Hands will be protected with gloves or rags when inserting a plug into a
glass tube.

Youhavteoheathtceontenotsaufboevethrfelame.

oftheessay,carefullyobservethesetworules:
Be very careful and keep in mind that the mouth...
Donotpointthetesttubeatanyclassmate.
Itcanboiltheliquidandshootout,that'swhy
youcouldcauseanaccident.
As you can see in the drawing, heat it from the side of the
testtube,neverfromthebottom;shakegently.

Experiments for Science Fairs -M. Vargas Page13

Whendeterminingthemassesofchemicalproductswithabalance,filterpaperwillbeplaced.
aboutthedishesofthesameandifitisnecessarybecausetheproduct,althoughitwascorrosive,is
It will use a watch glass. Any disturbance that leads to an error should be avoided, such as
vibrations due to impacts, devices in operation, blowing on the scales plates,
etc.

Experiments for Science Fairs - M. Vargas Page14