I.

DEFINITION
A formwork is the system
ofmoldstemporary or permanent
that are used to shape concrete
before forging.
Coatingmade of wood that is placed
in galleries of underground works for
prevent them from collapsing.
If denomina formwork to element
intended for on-site molding of [Link] could be
recoverable orlostunderstood by the latter as the one that remains
encompassed within theconcrete.
They can be made withwoodmetal or other materials are used at
to contain the poured concrete and give it shape until it has
hardened or set.
Has likefunctionfirst give the concrete the desired shape, provide
their stability as fresh concrete, ensuring protection and proper
placement of the reinforcements, but also to protect the concrete from impacts,
of the influence of external temperatures and of the loss ofwaterthe
the most fluid ingredient of the three elements that compose it–cement
aggregates and water - at the time of their creation.

DESIGN CRITERIA
Permissible Effort
It has commonly been thought that formwork is a temporary structure.
due to the fact that it remains in its place for a short time, and the effort of work
work fatigue is often high.
Deflection
The formworks must be designed so that none of its parts deflect.
beyond the permitted limits. Otherwise, wavy lines, buckling and
possible breakages will spoil the appearance of the concrete. The exact limit of
permissible deflection depends on the desired finish, as well as on the
location of the structural element.
The deflection must remain within specific limits. In the absence of
work specifications, an acceptable and commonly used value of deflections
The permissible limit for formwork work is L/240.
 Flexion
The flexural moment for a simply supported beam with uniformly distributed load
the distributed load is W* L2/8 (kg*m) and for continuously loaded beams uniformly
is W* L2/10 (kg*m).
Shear Stress
In a beam that is loaded, there is the inclination that a part of
this moves vertically with respect to the adjacent part; this trend
of movement at right angles the axis of it is referred to as a stress
vertical cutter.
Another effort called horizontal shear force, this is based on that the
Fibers tend to slide past one another in the horizontal direction, parallel.
along the beam.

II. ROOFS

The roof is the culminating part of the structure of the

housing. It is responsible for keeping the columns together,
the beams and the walls, as well as the transmission of weight
from the structure to these. The roofs are composed of
through beams and slabs.

The beams can be of three types: confinement beams, which are supported
about the walls; battered, whose thickness is greater than that of the roof slab;
and flat, whose thickness is the same as that of the roof.
Regarding ceiling slabs, there are also several types. The most...
the lightened ones are well known, which are also the most used in the
house construction and are made up of beams, slabs, and some type
made of light material. The most used is the hollow clay brick.

III. FORMWORK ON SLABS

The formwork is the temporary support that serves
to give the slab its final shape.

On this platform, the reinforcement steel is

placed in the right spot; the concrete takes
shaped and has support until it hardens. It is
consisting of the mold and the struts (blocks),
which can be metallic, wooden, and made of cane
rolliza.
The lightweight roof consists of joists, slab, and hollow bricks.
The ceiling bricks generally measure 30 cm wide by 30 cm
long, with different heights that depend on the free length of the ceilings and
which can be 12 cm, 15 cm, or 20 cm. According to the thickness of the lightweight slab
indicated in the plans, the height of the bricks must be 5 cm less than the thickness
of the proposed ceiling. For example, if it is a 25 cm lightweight structure, the height of the
bricks will be 20 cm.
A lightweight slab that has a thickness of 20 cm supports a weight of 1 m2.
Approximately 300 kg. Likewise, for a determined thickness of the slab.
we have the temperature Iron beam Iron roof brick 12, 15 or 20
5 cm 10 cm Beam 2 cm Roof slab 30 cm 10 cm 30 cm 30 cm.

LIGHTENED ROOF.

Friezes Planks Soleras 2"x 4" 2"x 3" Wedges 90

80 cm Straight legs to plumb following
pesos. (These values do not consider the weight of
the workers and tools during the
construction).
The formwork for the lightweight slabs is
consisting of:

1 1/2" thick by 8" boards

minimum width.
2” x 4” section slats.
Straight legs (or struts) of 2" x 3" of
section.
1 1/2" section mouldings, at heights
variables, according to the thickness of the roof
lightened.

TRADITIONAL FORMWORK SLAB

When the first concrete slab structures emerge, for the construction of
temporary structures used techniques that came from masonry and the
carpentry. The traditional slab formwork technique consists of supports of
wood (logs from young trees), arranged in rows, from one to two meters of
distance, depending on the slab thickness, that the formwork elements can support.
Among these elements, the sopandas, acting as beams, are placed approximately
every thirty cm, along with overlapped plywood. These wooden beams
They are generally five to ten cm wide and about fifteen high.

METAL FORMWORK SLAB

Similar to the previous one, but replacing the auxiliary beams (supports) with other metal ones.
made of aluminum or steel. The struts are also usually metallic, and they can be reused.

ALUMINUM FORMWORK

Quality aluminum formwork systems for rapid construction of

concrete structures such as walls, platforms, beams, columns, etc.

MODULE FORMWORK PANEL

They are mounted with wooden, plastic, steel, or aluminum modules.

EXECUTION PROCESS

1. FIXING OF SUPPORTS:

Present the baseboards on the floor. We check simply

see that their songs are straight.

Indicate the location of the uprights in the

slats; marking on one side the places
where they will be placed; keeping in mind that the feet
extreme rights will be placed 25 centimeters from
the ends of the slab.

We fixed the vertical posts at the ends:

Nailing the ear of the prop or right foot to the

solera, on the marks made in point 2,
leaving out the heads of the nails.
Checking that the vertical posts are aligned.
perpendicular to the rail.
Place the foundation in the position it will occupy.
Raising the right feet until
they will remain vertical, the sill will remain horizontal
at the required height.
Securing the set (uprights,
slats) with strips, boards or fixed wires
to the walls.
 Place the sill at the other end and continue to the next step.
4.
Fix the remaining vertical supports.
Nailing the ears to the sole on the
marks made at point 2, pressing the
straight up, against the beam
.

Observation:
The intermediate soles will be fixed to the boards placed between the two.
extremes.
Wedges will be placed to reach the required height.

2. FIX BEAM FOUNDATION

We mark the axes of the beams.
On the wall or next to the beams.
Measuring from one of the ends
first 35 cm, then 40 cm,
Repeating the measurements on the wall or beam
opposite.
Joining the corresponding brands, with
a string.

Observations:
If at the end of marking the axes of the beams there is a lower dimension
A 35 cm board will be placed.
Trace the longitudinal axis of the table:
Dividing the width into two parts
equal at both ends.
Connecting the marks with a straight line
made.
Secure the table to the base.
Starting at one of the ends.
Matching the axis of the table with
the cord, placed in step 1.

3. REINFORCEMENT DE PIES
RIGHTS.

We locate the height of the brace.

Measuring from the floor and marking
about the straight feet.
Taking into account the length of the foot
law and the weight that it will bear, must
to remain at approximately a third
central.
We nailed boards one after another.
another.
Matching one of its songs
with the marks and hitting the walls
if they had.
Leaving out the head of the nail.

4. Fixing of friezes

We fix wire No. 16 to the board (beam)

what will the slab support
Introducing a nail, 2/3 of it
length approximately 10 cm from the
inner part of the wall.
 Bending the wire in half giving
a turn on the nail that must be
folded in the opposite direction to the frieze.
We put in tacos
At the top and back of the wall
separated by approximately 1.20 ml.
Checking that the tacos are the same
thickness than the frieze.
Nailing them 1 cm below the edge
superior of the wall approximately.

We present the table or frisa, about tacos.

Marking the location of the tacos on the
bottom of the table.

We nailed sheets to the frieze

About the marks made at the point
3.
Fixing them with nails, making sure that
protrude from the song a length equal to
the height of the brackets fixed to the wall
Leaving out the heads of the nails.

We fix the frieze to the blocks.

Placing the table over the tacos
matching with the plates.
Leaving one end of the wire
under the edge of the table.
Nailing sheets to the screws.

We tied the wire.

Hugging it to the table, checking its
verticality.
Tightening the wire.
IV. FORMWORK IN BEAMS
The beam is a structural element predominantly subjected to demands.
by bending and eventually to others that do not compromise its load-bearing capacity
(shear, torsion, compression or low magnitude tension).
Generally, the dimensions of the beams are primarily conditioned
by the length (span) between supports and by the magnitude and type of acting loads.
Likewise, these dimensions may vary conditions due to control of
deflections more than by resistance limitations.
Beams can be of three types:
Of confinement, which are supported against the walls.
Ribbed, whose thickness is greater than that of the ceiling slab.
Plates, whose thickness is equal to that of the roof.

The aim of performing formwork is to be able to confine a volume of

concrete during the setting and hardening of it.
The formwork for the beam must allow for a structure that meets
with the profiles, levels, alignments, and dimensions of the elements according to
indicated in the design drawings and in the specifications.
In addition, the formwork must be sufficiently airtight to prevent the
mortar escape.
The formwork must be properly braced or tied together,
in such a way that they maintain their position and shape.

The formwork and its supports must be designed in such a way that they do not harm the
previously constructed structures.
 The design of the formwork for a beam must take into account the following
factors:
The speed and methods of concrete placement.
All construction loads, including impact.
The requirements for the special formwork necessary for the
construction of some beam.

The beam formwork systems are diverse, depending on the type of beam:
Whether flat or deep.
Those that only receive the weight of the beams.
those that support part of the weight of the roofs (as is the case
of formwork with extendable metal beams.

V. ELEMENTS OF THE FORMWORK IN BEAMS

Main elements:
Formwork Bottom:
It is usually made up of boards or planks of 1.1/2" section, the
width corresponds to the width of the beams. The base rests on the
heads of the sawhorses.
The side panels:
Made of boards, they are used in 1" or 1.1/2" mounted on
2" x 3", 2" x 4" or 3" x 3" section bars.
Wooden sawhorses and braces:
They fulfill the function of supporting the loads. The vertical posts of the 'T's
and the sawhorses are 3”x3” or 3”x4”.
The following chart shows the different elements that make up the
encasing of a beam with common characteristics.

Formwork or support board for the slab.

2. Table slab clamping straps.
Extreme sliding support formwork for slab.
4. Upper support rails for the board.
5. Bottom slide.
6. Side sliding door.
7. Formwork support head.
8. Lower crossbars.
9. Longitudinal braces.
[Link] strut.
11. Adjustment wedges.
[Link] code.
Upper slide.
14. Side panel.
15. Union fastening.
16. Background board.
17. Buckling braces of the strut.
 FORMWORK PROCESS
We will detail the formwork process of a beam based on what
it is usually carried out in the area, that is, with formworks
sequential. To do this, the columns are prepared and emptied beforehand.
that will serve as references for levels and supports
of beam boards.

The steps indicated are made of wood.

Traditional Formwork.

a) The columns have been previously emptied and

the subfloor and the planks are prepared
props.

b) The props or vertical supports are placed that

they will support the loads and the necessary braces.

c) The props are adjusted upon contact with the

floor using wooden wedges.

d) The bottom beams are placed.

(quarters or metal profiles).
e) The ribs are placed, with the separation
necessary.
f) The back panel is placed and leveled.
g) The side panels are placed and
it is laterally braced (side rails).

h) The release agent is applied.

i) The longitudinal and transverse steel is placed.
according to the project.

j) The tails and tensors are placed to be

necessary.
k) The concrete is poured.
 MAXIMUM SEPARATION BETWEEN BRACES
For conventional formwork of 0.20 and 0.25m, whose height, from floor to ceiling,
if no more than 3.00m, the maximum spacing between uprights will be 0.90
as long as the vertical posts are 3" x 3", and the bottom plates are 2" x 4",
3" x 3" or 3" x 4". It is reiterated that it is advisable not to use upright feet.
2" x 3" or 2" x 4".
To see greater the distance of separation between the props or vertical supports, it
it could produce sinkholes in the flooring

CONSIDERATIONS
Before starting to formwork, it must be verified that the surface of the ground
on which the supports will rest, is well compacted and has
false floor preference.
In this way, we will prevent the props from sinking and causing unevenness.
encrypted.
It is not advisable to use uprights made up of pieces.
made of laminated wood, as the joints could fail during the
emptying and causing sinking of the formwork and possible accidents.

VI. IRON IN BEAMS

The structural plans will specify the measurements of the cuts and of the
bending of the longitudinal bars and of the stirrups of the beams.
During the installation of the framework, the diameters must be checked.
the rods used match the structural plan. Also,
it must be verified that the spacing of the stirrups is as specified,
especially in the areas next to the columns, since there it always
specifies a higher concentration.

For example, if the plan says:

2 at 0.05, 4 at 0.10 and the rest at 0.25 each.

This means that the stirrups should be placed as follows:

It should also be checked that the iron reinforcements do not collide in
no point with its formwork. This will ensure that after the
Emptying, the iron pieces should have the proper concrete coating.
For this, concrete dice must be used that allow the following
coatings.

In confinement beams, the covering must be 3 cm.

For the cambered beams, this covering must be 4 cm.
For flat beams, 2 cm will be enough.

Another important aspect to review is the location and the length of

splice between longitudinal bars. Regarding the location, the
joints of the iron, which are found at the top of the beam,
They should be made in the central area; while the junction of the
iron bars, which are found at the bottom of the beam, must be made
near its ends.
When two beams meet at a corner, they should be made
horizontal bending hooks on both. The length of these hooks
it is specified in the structural plans.

All bends must be made cold, respecting the diameter.

minimum bending to avoid causing cracks in the bar.

Considerations

You should splice at most half of the rods that

are in the same section.
The splices must be alternated. If it is not possible, and only
they are going to place concentrates in a section, it will be necessary to

increase its length by a factor that depends on the diameter

of the rod.
You should never splice in section changes.
VII. PROPORTION OF THE CONCRETE MIX

For the preparation of the mixture, the indicated resistance should be consulted.
the plans. Generally, just like in beams and columns, for a house
For 2 or 3-story buildings, the compressive strength of the concrete is 175 kg/cm2.
This means that over a square surface of concrete of 1 cm of
On the side, a load of 175 kg can be applied before it breaks.
The recommended proportion to achieve this resistance is one bag of
cement, with 1 buggy of coarse sand, 1 buggy of crushed stone and the
amount of water needed to obtain a pasty mixture that allows a
good job.
The amount of water varies according to the state of humidity in which it is.
find the sand and the stone. If they are completely dry,
the amount of water for a bag of cement can be 40 liters; but if they are
completely soaked, about 20 liters will be enough