Index

1.0. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 2

1.1. Specific objective..................................................................................................... 2

2.0. Module ............................................................................................................................. 3
3.0. Function modular............................................................................................................... 4

3.1. Definition of the modular function..................................................................................... 4

3.2. Graph of a modular function.................................................................................. 5
First-degree modular function........................................................................................... 5

second degree modular function......................................................................................... 6

3.3. Properties of the modular function............................................................................... 9

4.0. Equation Modular.......................................................................................................... 10

5.0. Inequality modular....................................................................................................... 11

6.0. Conclusiono ....................................................................................................................... 14

7.0. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
[Link]

This work presents a study of research on modules, accompanied by

examples and figures for better understanding.

The module or absolute value of a real number will be its symmetric if it is negative.
The representation of a module or absolute value of a real number is done by two
parallel bars.

[Link] objective
Use mathematical language to interpret and express results and
conclusions involving integers
Understand how to represent integers on a number line.
numeric;
Knowing what opposite or symmetric integers are
Explain that symmetry is also a science and is present in nature.
[Link]

The modulus or absolute value of a number corresponds to the distance that this number
is derived from the number line. The representation of a modulus or absolute value of
A real number is made by two parallel bars.

The set of integers, represented by , includes natural numbers and excludes

the exclusively rational or irrational numbers. Therefore, within the integers, there are
all positive and negative numbers as long as they are not decimals. To demonstrate
the distribution of integers, we use the number line:

On this line, the numbers -3 and +3 are highlighted. We want to check the distance between them.

numbers in relation to the point zero, which we can call origin. If we consider
that the spaces between one number and another are of the same size, we can call
this distance of "one unit. Therefore, in the drawing, each arrow represents one unit.

Analyzing the image, we see that -3 is three units from the origin, and that +3
it is also three units from the origin, but in the opposite direction to -3.

This distance of a number from the origin is called the modulus or absolute value of a
number e is represented as follows: modulus of –a = |–a| = a.

O módulo de um número sempre será positivo, pois ele representa uma distância
positive variable. So, let's look at some examples of modules:

|–3| = 3

|+ 2| = 2

|0|=0

|–9| = 9

|+10| = 10

|–a|= a
We refer to opposite or symmetric numbers as those numbers that have the same
module or absolute value, that is, those numbers that are the same distance from
origin, but in opposite directions. Therefore, we can affirm that:

–2 e + 2 are opposites or symmetric

-3 and +3 are opposites or symmetrical
+ 4 e–4 are opposites or symmetric
the opposing or symmetrical causes
[Link] function

The modular function is a type of function that is characterized by its law of

formation presence of the variable within the module. The domain and the codomain of
a function of this type is the set of real numbers.

It is worth remembering that the modulus of a number is its absolute value, that is, the distance.

that this number is from 0. Distance is a quantity that is always positive, therefore, the
The modulus of a number will always be positive. Having the modulus in the formation law makes it

that the graph of a modular function remains mostly above the axis
horizontal.

[Link] of the modular function

A function f: R → R is known as a modular function when the formation law of

function presents the variable within the module.

Examples:

a) f(x) = |x|

b) g(x) = | 2x–3|

c) h(x) = | x²–5x + 4|

In this case, it is important to remember the definition of modulus. To represent the modulus of

a number n, we represent the number between straight bars |n|:

The module n can be divided into two cases:

When n is positive, |n| = n,

When n is negative, then |n| = -n.

[Link] of a modular function

To represent the modular function on a graph, it is important to understand that not

there is only one type of behavior, as we can have different laws of
training within the module. So we will make the graphical representation of the most cases

recurrences of modular function.

First degree modular function

The construction of the graph of modular functions is made where there is a first-degree function.

inside the module.

f(x) = |x|

In this case, we can divide the formation law into two cases, consequently the
The graph will also be divided into two moments. Applying the definition of module
we have to:

Thus, the graph of the function will also be composed of the graphs of the functions
f(x) = -x, before it intercepts the y-axis, and f(x) = x.
To build the graph, we must find the value for some numbers:

x f(x) = |x| (x,y)

0 f(0) = |0| = 0 A (0,0)
1 f(1) = |1| = 1 B (1,1)
2 f(2) = |2| = 2 C (2,2)
-1 f(–1) = |–1| = 1 D (–1,1)
-2 f(-2) = |-2| = 2 E (–2,2)

Representing these points on the Cartesian plane, we will have the following graph:

Whenever there is a function at the end of the module, the graph can be divided.
according to the presented graph. The point at which the function's behavior changes is
always in the function.

second degree modular function

In addition to the first-degree polynomial function, another quite common function is the function

quadratic within the module. When there is a second-degree function in the module, it is

It's important to remember the signal study of this function, to better understand it.
Now, let's solve an example of a second-degree modular function.
Example:

F(x) = |x²–8x + 12|

Step 1: find the zeros of the function f(x) = x²–8x + 12.

To find the zeros of the function we use Bhaskara's formula:

a=1 Δ = b² - 4ac

Δ = (-8)² - 4·1·12

b = -8 Δ = 64 - 48

c = 12 Δ=16

The vertex of the quadratic function must be calculated and its modulus should be calculated if it is

necessary:

xv= (6+2) : 2 = 4

yv=|x²–8x + 12| = |4²–8·4 +12 | = |16–32 + 12| = |–4| = 4

It is worth remembering that between the roots of the function, the function x²–8x + 12 would have negative values.

but by the definition of modulus this value remains positive.

Finally, the graph touches the y-axis at the point where x = 0.

f(0) = |x²–8x + 12|

f(0) = |0²–8·0+12| = 12

So, knowing that four points of the graph of the function:

The 0: A(6,0) and B(2,0)

Its vertex C(4,4)
The point where the graph touches the y-axis D(0,12)

Recalling the study of the sign of a quadratic function, in the function x² - 8x + 12

we have a = 1, which causes the concavity of the function to be upward. When this
It occurs, between the zeros of the function, y is negative. As we are working with a function
modular, among the vertices, the graph will be symmetric with respect to the x-axis of the graph

function x²–8x + 12.

Let's plot the graph of the function:

[Link] of the modular function

It is worth remembering that in a modular function, all the properties of the module are

valid, they are:

Let us consider them as real numbers.

1st Property: the modulus of a real number is equal to the modulus of its opposite:

|n| = |-n|

2nd Property: the modulus of n squared is equal to the modulus of the square of
n:

|n²|= |n|²

3rd Property: the modulus of the product is equal to the product of the moduli:
|n·m| = |n| · |m|

4th Property: the modulus of the sum is always less than or equal to the sum of the

modules:
|m + n| ≤ |m| + |n|
5th Property: the modulus of the difference is always greater than or equal to the difference of the

modules:

|m– n| ≥ |m| –|n|

4.0. Modular Equation

Equations are algebraic mathematical expressions that have one or more unknowns.
always presented with the equal sign. Modular equation fits into this
general concept, but in the case of the modular ones, the unknowns are found within the
module; thus, we must respect the conditions of the module of a number, which is the
following:

|x| = x, if x ≥ 0

-x, if x < 0

See some examples of equations that are modular:

|x + 3| = 5

|x| - 9 = 8

–|2x| = 10

3*|x|2–8*|x| + 5 = 0

|x² - 2x + 8| = 32

For a better understanding of the resolution of a modular equation, follow the

following demonstrations:
Example:

|x| = 6

To find the value of x we must think as follows: a real number will have
always a positive value as a result of its modulus, and 6 is positive, but the value of
x can be +6 or -6, since |+6| = 6 and |-6| = 6, therefore, x = 6 or x = -6

[Link] Inequality

We call an inequality a mathematical expression that involves a inequality (<,

The modulus of a number is nothing more than the distance of that number to zero.
logo, it is always a positive number.

An equation will be known as a module when it is an expression that

it has one or more unknowns within the module.

Examples:

|x| > 2

|x+1| < -5

6 ≤ |2 - x|

It is noticeable that in all expressions there is a symbol of inequality and also the
module symbol. An inequality always has a set of solutions, so,
To solve a modular inequality is to find this set of solutions.

To find the solution set of a modular inequality, one must apply the
definition of module. Having a clear definition of module, it is possible to find the
set of solutions of the inequalities.

|x| = x → if x > 0

|x| = -x → se x < 0

Example:

Let's find the solution to the inequality |x| > 3.

For |x| to be greater than 3, we will separate into two cases:

1st Case: x > 0

If x is positive, then |x| = x, therefore, we want x to be greater than 3.

X>3

It is noted that any value greater than 3 satisfies the equation, for example: x = 4 |4| > 3.
Thus, we have a set of solutions, with the restriction that x > 3.

2nd case: x < 0

If x is negative, in this case, note that -x > 3. On the other hand, multiplying by -1, we have
what:

-x > 3 (-1)

x < -3

The solution set in this case consists of values less than -3, for example, note that -4.
it is a solution, since |-4| = 4, thus, |-4| > 3.

So the solution of the equation is:

S = {x Є R | x <-3 ou x > 3}

We can also make the geometric representation of this solution:

See also: Representation of subsets by intervals

Example 2:

Com base agora em exemplos um pouco mais difíceis, vamos resolver a seguinte
inequação:|x + 2| ≤ 7.

1st case: x + 2 > 0

If x + 2 > 0, then |x + 2| = x + 2, therefore we will have:

X+2≤7
X≤5

X≤ 5

2nd Case: x + 2 < 0

If x + 2 < 0, then |x + 2| = - (x + 2), therefore, we will have that:

-(x + 2) ≤ 7 → multiplying by (-1).

x + 2 ≥ -7

x ≥ -7 - 2

x ≥ -9

S = {x ∈ R | -9 ≤ x ≤ 5}

It is important to understand that any number between -9 and 5 is a solution to the inequality.

Choosing some of these values as examples, let x = 3.

|x + 2| ≤ 7

|3 + 2| ≤ 7

|5| ≤ 7

5 is less than or equal to 7

It is noted that this is a true inequality, as 5 is less than 7. It is also

It is possible to realize that the number 6, for example, is not a solution to the inequality, x = 6.

|6 + 2| ≤ 7

|6 + 2| ≤ 7

|8| ≤ 7

8 ≤ 7, because 8 > 7. This means that 6 is not a solution to the inequality.

[Link]

In this work, the theme module was developed, and it was concluded that
the absolute value of a real number is always positive or zero, that is, the absolute value of a

A real number is always greater than or equal to zero. Properties of the modulus. Let x and y be two

real numbers.
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