AP CHEMISTRY Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
1. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the
steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Examples
and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.
While investigating the chemical and physical properties of metallic element , a student conducts an experiment
by combining and , which react according to the following equation.
(a) Write the net-ionic equation for the reaction.
(b) In the reaction, is being oxidized or reduced? Justify your answer in terms of oxidation numbers.
As shown in the following diagram, samples of are added to different quantities of in
a closed test tube. At the start of each trial, the gas-collecting tube is filled completely with distilled water. The
samples of react with , and the produced is collected in the gas-collecting tube.
(c) The enlarged view of the gas-collecting tube at the end of trial 3 is shown in the diagram above. What should
the student record as the volume, in , of collected in trial 3?
(d) In the laboratory, the temperature is and the total pressure in the gas-collecting tube is .
If the vapor pressure of water at is , determine the pressure of the in the gas-collecting
tube.
AP Chemistry Page 1 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
Initial Volume of Produced
Trial Initial Moles of
( ) ( )
1 0.00220 0.500 27.02
2 0.00240 0.500 29.40
3 0.00280 0.500 ?
(e) The data from all three trials are given above. A student claims that is the limiting reactant in trial 1.
Do you agree or disagree? Justify your answer with information in the data table.
(f) A certain pure compound containing element is analyzed. The elemental composition of the compound is
shown in the following table. Determine the empirical formula of the compound using the information in the table.
Element Moles Present in the Compound
E 0.0676
S 0.0338
O 0.102
(g) A different element, , is located in the same row of the periodic table as element , but has roughly half
the atomic mass of . Is the atomic radius of less than, equal to, or greater than the atomic radius of ? Justify
your answer using principles of atomic structure.
(h) The ionic radii of elements and a different metallic element, , are shown in the following table. Both
elements form oxides, and . If lattice energy is defined as the energy required to separate an ionic solid
into individual separate gaseous ions, would the lattice energy of be less than, equal to, or greater than the
lattice energy of the oxide ? Justify your answer in terms of Coulomb’s law.
Ionic radius
Element
( )
170
110
Page 2 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
Equimolar samples of CH3OH(l) and C2H5OH(l) are placed in separate, previously evacuated, rigid 2.0 L vessels. Each
vessel is attached to a pressure gauge, and the temperatures are kept at 300 K. In both vessels, liquid is observed to remain
present at the bottom of the container at all times. The change in pressure inside the vessel containing CH3OH(l) is shown
below.
2. Which of the following best describes the change that takes place immediately after the CH3OH(l) is introduced
into the previously evacuated vessel?
(A) A chemical change takes place because covalent bonds are broken.
(B) A chemical change takes place because intermolecular attractions are overcome.
(C) A physical change takes place because covalent bonds are broken.
(D) A physical change takes place because intermolecular attractions are overcome.
AP Chemistry Page 3 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
3.
A student had two dilute, colorless solutions, and , which were at the same temperature. The
student combined the solutions, and the reaction represented above occurred. Which of the following results would
be evidence that a chemical reaction took place?
(A) The resulting solution is colorless.
(B) The temperature of the reaction mixture increases.
(C) The total volume of the mixture is approximately equal to the sum of the initial volumes.
(D) The resulting solution conducts electricity.
4. A student was asked to formulate a hypothesis about what would happen if of at
was combined with of at . Which of the following hypotheses indicates
that the student thought a chemical change would occur?
(A) The volume of the resulting solution will be equal to the sum of the volumes of the original solutions.
(B) The mass of the resulting solution will be equal to the sum of the masses of the original solutions.
(C) The resulting solution would contain a precipitate.
(D) The resulting solution will be clear.
Page 4 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
A sample of is placed in a rigid vessel with a movable piston. The volume of the gas is reduced by moving the
piston downward while the temperature is maintained at , as shown above. The pressure of the gas versus its volume
is plotted in the graph below.
5. Which of the following best accounts for the pressure in the vessel remaining constant as the volume decreases
below ?
(A) The density of the increases.
(B) The surface area of the interior of the vessel decreases.
(C) The temperature of the decreases.
(D) Some condenses to form .
6. A student was studying physical and chemical changes. The student carried out some procedures in the laboratory
and recorded observations. For one of the procedures, the student concluded that a physical change took place, but
not a chemical change. Which of the following could have been the results of the procedure?
AP Chemistry Page 5 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
(A) A cube of metal was changed into a flat sheet of metal.
(B) When two liquids at room temperature were combined in a beaker, the beaker became hot.
(C) When two clear liquids were combined, the resulting mixture was cloudy.
(D) When a colorless liquid was added to a blue liquid, the resulting solution was yellow.
At 27°C, five identical rigid 2.0 L vessels are filled with N2(g) and sealed. Four of the five vessels also contain a 0.050
mol sample of NaHCO3(s), NaBr(s), Cu(s), or I2(s), as shown in the diagram above. The volume taken up by the solids is
negligible, and the initial pressure of N2(g) in each vessel is 720 mm Hg. All four vessels are heated to 127°C and allowed
to reach a constant pressure.
7. At 127°C, the pressure in vessel 1 is found to be higher than that in vessel 2. Which of the following reactions best
accounts for the observation?
(A) NaHCO3(s) → Na(s) + HCO3(s)
(B) NaHCO3(s) → NaH(s) + CO3(s)
(C) 2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
(D) 2 NaHCO3(s) + N2(g) → 2 NaNO3(s) + C2H2(g)
8. At 127°C, the entire sample of I2 is observed to have vaporized. How does the mass of vessel 5 at 127°C compare to
its mass at 27°C?
(A) The mass is less, since the I2 is in the vapor phase.
(B) The mass is the same, since the number of each type of atom in the vessel is constant.
(C) The mass is greater, since the I2 will react with N2 to form NI3 , which has a greater molar mass.
(D) The mass is greater, since the pressure is greater and the particles have a higher average kinetic energy.
9. . . . Ca3(PO4)2(s) + . . . H3PO4(l) → . . . Ca(H2PO4)2(s)
When the equation above is balanced and all coefficients are reduced to lowest whole-number terms, what is the
coefficient for H3PO4(l) ?
Page 6 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
10. ...C3H8(g) + ...O2(g) → ...H2O(g) + ...CO2(g)
When the equation for the reaction represented above is balanced and all coefficients are reduced to the lowest
whole-number terms, the coefficient for O2(g) is
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 5
(D) 6
AP Chemistry Page 7 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
An experiment is performed to measure the mass percent of in eggshells. Five different samples of
of known mass react with an excess of in identical sealed, rigid reaction vessels. The
pressure of the gas produced is measured with a pressure gauge attached to the reaction vessel. Since the reaction is
exothermic, the reaction system is cooled to its original temperature before the pressure is recorded. The experimental
data are used to create the calibration line below.
The experiment is repeated with an eggshell sample, and the experimental data are recorded in the table below.
Mass of eggshell sample
Pressure prior to reaction
Pressure at completion of reaction
11. Which of the following equations best represents the species that react and the species that are produced when
and are combined?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Page 8 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
12.
A mixture of CO(g) and O2(g) is placed in a container, as shown above. A reaction occurs, forming CO2(g). Which
of the following best represents the contents of the box after the reaction has proceeded as completely as possible?
AP Chemistry Page 9 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Page 10 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
13.
The diagram above represents H2(g) and N2(g) in a closed container. Which of the following diagrams would
represent the results if the reaction shown below were to proceed as far as possible?
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
14. Which of the following particulate diagrams best shows the formation of water vapor from hydrogen gas and
oxygen gas in a rigid container at 125oC?
AP Chemistry Page 11 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
15.
Mass of empty crucible
Mass of crucible and sample before heating
Mass of crucible and sample after heating
A student places a sample of a pure metal in a crucible and heats it strongly in air. Data from the experiment are
given in the table above. The final mass was determined after the sample was cooled to room temperature. Which of
the following statements related to the experiment is correct?
The mass of the sample decreased, so physical changes occurred as the metal first melted and then boiled out
(A)
of the crucible.
The mass of the sample increased, so a chemical change occurred when bonds formed between the metal and
(B)
another substance.
(C) There was nothing for the metal to react with, so only a physical change could have occurred.
(D) The sample was only heated, so neither a physical nor a chemical change occurred.
16. A student mixes of white crystals with distilled water in a beaker. After the mixture was stirred, no
crystals are visible and the solution is clear. After several days, all of the water evaporates and white crystals are
found in the beaker. Which of following pieces of experimental evidence would best help the student to confirm that
a new compound had not been made and that only a physical change occurred?
Page 12 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
(A) The solution does not change color after stirring.
(B) The crystals are no longer visible after mixing with water.
(C) There is a temperature change in the solution during the dissolving process.
(D) After the water has evaporated, the white crystals in the beaker have a mass of .
17.
Substance Appearance Boiling Point Density
Water Clear, colorless liquid
White, crystalline solid
Mixture of water Clear, colorless liquid
The table above summarizes data given to a student to evaluate the type of change that took place when substance
was mixed with water. The student claimed that the data did not provide enough evidence to determine whether a
chemical or physical change took place and that additional tests were needed. Which of the following identifies the
best way to gather evidence to support the type of change that occurred when water and were mixed?
(A) Measuring the melting point of the mixture of water and
(B) Adding another substance to the mixture of water and to see whether a solid forms
(C) Measuring and comparing the masses of the water, , and the mixture of water and
(D) Measuring the electrical conductivities of and the mixture of water and
18.
When a student adds 30.0 mL of 1.00 M HCl to 0.56 g of powdered Fe, a reaction occurs according to the equation
above. When the reaction is complete at 273 K and 1.0 atm, which of the following is true?
(A) HCl is in excess, and 0.100 mol of HCl remains unreacted.
(B) HCl is in excess, and 0.020 mol of HCl remains unreacted.
(C) 0.015 mol of FeCl2 has been produced.
(D) 0.22 L of H2 has been produced.
19. A 20.0–milliliter sample of 0.200–molar K2CO3 solution is added to 30.0 milliliters of 0.400–molar Ba(NO3)2
solution. Barium carbonate precipitates. The concentration of barium ion, Ba2+, in solution after reaction is
(A) 0.150 M
(B) 0.160 M
(C) 0.200 M
(D) 0.240 M
AP Chemistry Page 13 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
Students are asked to design an experiment to determine the molarity of a solution. After examining the
values of some barium-containing compounds, the students decide to use to precipitate the
barium ions. An excess of is added to a sample of the solution, and the reaction
represented by the following equation occurs.
The is filtered, dried, and weighed. The data are recorded in the following table.
Volume of Volume of Mass of
The molar masses of and are and , respectively.
20. On the basis of the experimental data, what was in the original sample of the solution?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Reaction 1: CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) → C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)
Reaction 2: NaOCl(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) → Cl2(g) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Reaction 3: C2H2(g) + Cl2(g) → C2H2Cl2(g)
21. Reaction 2 occurs when an excess of 6 M HCl(aq) solution is added to 100. mL of NaOCl(aq) of unknown
concentration. If the reaction goes to completion and 0.010 mol of Cl2(g) is produced, then what was the molarity of
the NaOCl(aq) solution?
(A) 0.0010 M
(B) 0.010 M
(C) 0.10 M
(D) 1.0 M
Page 14 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
22. 5 H2O2(aq) + 2 MnO4-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) → 2 Mn2+(aq) + 8 H2O(l) + 5 O2(g)
In a titration experiment, H2O2(aq) reacts with aqueous MnO4-(aq) as represented by the equation above. The dark
purple KMnO4 solution is added from a buret to a colorless, acidified solution of H2O2(aq) in an Erlenmeyer flask.
(Note: At the end point of the titration, the solution is a pale pink color.)
Which of the following best describes what happens to the pH of the H2O2 solution as the titration proceeds?
(A) The +2 charge on the manganese ions maintains the acidity of the solution.
(B) The production of water dilutes the solution, making it basic.
(C) As H+ ions are consumed, the solution becomes less acidic and the pH increases.
(D) As H+ ions are consumed, the solution becomes less acidic and the pH decreases.
23. When a buret is rinsed before a titration, which of the techniques below is the best procedure?
(A) Rinse the buret one time with some of the titrant solution.
(B) Rinse the buret two times: once with some of the titrant solution, then once with distilled water.
(C) Rinse the buret two times: each time with some of the titrant solution.
(D) Rinse the buret two times: each time with distilled water.
24.
A particle view of a sample of H2O2(aq) is shown above. The H2O2(aq) is titrated with KMnO4(aq), as represented
by the equation below.
2 MnO4−(aq) + 5 H2O2(aq) + 6 H+(aq) → 2 Mn2+(aq) + 5 O2(g) + 8 H2O(l)
Which of the following particle views best represents the mixture when the titration is halfway to the equivalence
point? (H2O molecules and H+ ions are not shown.)
AP Chemistry Page 15 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
(A)
(B)
(C)
Page 16 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
(D)
25. A student pipetted five 25.00–milliliter samples of hydrochloric acid and transferred each sample to an Erlenmeyer
flask, diluted it with distilled water, and added a few drops of phenolphthalein to each. Each sample was then
titrated with a sodium hydroxide solution to the appearance of the first permanent faint pink color. The following
results were obtained.
Volumes of NaOH Solution
First Sample.....35.22 mL
Second Sample.....36.14 mL
Third Sample.....36.13 mL
Fourth Sample .....36.15 mL
Fifth Sample.....36.12 mL
Which of the following is the most probable explanation for the variation in the student’s results?
(A) The burette was not rinsed with NaOH solution.
(B) The student misread a 5 for a 6 on the burette when the first sample was titrated.
(C) A different amount of water was added to the first sample.
(D) The pipette was not rinsed with the HCI solution.
AP Chemistry Page 17 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
26.
The diagrams above represent solutes present in two different dilute aqueous solutions before they were mixed.
Water molecules are not shown. When the solutions were combined, a precipitation reaction took place. Which of
the diagrams below is the best particle representation of the mixture after the precipitation reaction occurred?
Page 18 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
AP Chemistry Page 19 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
27. To gravimetrically analyze the silver content of a piece of jewelry made from an alloy of Ag and Cu, a student
dissolves a small preweighed sample in HNO3(aq). Ag+(aq) and Cu2+(aq) ions form in the solution. Which of the
following should be the next step in the analytical process?
(A) Centrifuging the solution to isolate the heavier ions
(B) Evaporating the solution to recover the dissolved nitrates
(C) Adding enough base solution to bring the pH up to 7.0
(D) Adding a solution containing an anion that forms an insoluble salt with only one of the metal ions
Directions: Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered statements immediately following it. Select the one
lettered choice that best fits each statement. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set.
Refer to the following types of chemical or physical changes.
(A) Oxidation-reduction reaction
(B) Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction
(C) Sublimation
(D) Precipitation
28. Occurs when aqueous solutions of ammonia and vinegar are mixed
(A) Oxidation-reduction reaction
(B) Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction
(C) Sublimation
(D) Precipitation
29. Occurs when solid sodium acetate, NaC2H3O2(s), is added to water
(A) Oxidation-reduction reaction
(B) Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction
(C) Sublimation
(D) Precipitation
Page 20 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
Directions: Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered statements immediately following it. Select the one
lettered choice that best fits the statement. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
The following questions refer to the chemical reactions represented below.
(A) 2 C6H6(l) + 15 O2(g) → 12 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
(B) C2H3O2-(aq) + H3O+(aq) → HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
(C) 4 H+(aq) + 4 Co2+(aq) + O2(g) + 24 NH3(aq) → 4 Co(NH3)63+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
(D) 2 H2O2(l) → O2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
30. The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Brønsted-Lowry base
(A) 2 C6H6(l) + 15 O2(g) → 12 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
(B) C2H3O2-(aq) + H3O+(aq) → HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
(C) 4 H+(aq) + 4 Co2+(aq) + O2(g) + 24 NH3(aq) → 4 Co(NH3)63+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
(D) 2 H2O2(l) → O2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
31.
Based on the chemical equations given, which of the following statements is correct?
(A) is a weaker acid than .
(B) is a stronger acid than .
(C) is a stronger base than .
(D) is a weaker base than .
32. Which of the following is the conjugate acid of NH2- ?
(A) NH2-
(B) NH3
(C) H+
(D) NH4+
AP Chemistry Page 21 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
33. HC2H3O2(aq) + CN-(aq) ⇄ HCN(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq)
The reaction represented above has an equilibrium constant equal to 3.7 x 104. Which of the following can be
concluded from this information?
(A) CN-(aq) is a stronger base than C2H3O2-(aq).
(B) HCN(aq) is a stronger acid than HC2H3O2(aq).
(C) The conjugate base of CN-(aq) is C2H3O2-(aq).
(D) The equilibrium constant will increase with an increase in temperature.
34.
For the dissolution of in water represented above, which of the following pairs includes the Brønsted-Lowry
bases?
(A) and
(B) and
(C) and
(D) and
35. HX(aq) + Y−(aq) ⇄ HY(aq) + X−(aq) Keq > 1
A solution of a salt of a weak acid HY is added to a solution of another weak acid HX. Based on the information
given above, which of the following species is the strongest base?
(A) HX(aq)
(B) Y−(aq)
(C) HY(aq)
(D) X−(aq)
36.
The reaction between solid copper and aqueous silver nitrate produces solid silver and a blue solution, as
represented by the balanced equation shown above. Based on the balanced equation, which of the following
identifies the oxidation and reduction half-reactions?
Page 22 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
Oxidation Half-reaction Reduction Half-reaction
(A)
Oxidation Half-reaction Reduction Half-reaction
(B)
Oxidation Half-reaction Reduction Half-reaction
(C)
Oxidation Half-reaction Reduction Half-reaction
(D)
37.
Which of the following is the balanced net ionic equation for an oxidation-reduction reaction between
and based on the half-reactions represented above?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
38.
The half-reactions for the oxidation-reduction reaction between and are represented above. Based
on the half-reactions, what is the coefficient for if the equation for the oxidation-reduction reaction is
balanced with the smallest whole-number coefficients?
AP Chemistry Page 23 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Page 24 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
39. Directions: For parts of the free-response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used
and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your
answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.
While investigating the chemical and physical properties of metallic element , a student conducts an experiment
by combining and , which react according to the following equation.
(a) Write the net-ionic equation for the reaction.
(b) In the reaction, is being oxidized or reduced? Justify your answer in terms of oxidation numbers.
As shown in the following diagram, samples of are added to different quantities of in
a closed test tube. At the start of each trial, the gas-collecting tube is filled completely with distilled water. The
samples of react with , and the produced is collected in the gas-collecting tube.
(c) The enlarged view of the gas-collecting tube at the end of trial 3 is shown in the diagram above. What should
the student record as the volume, in , of collected in trial 3?
(d) In the laboratory, the temperature is and the total pressure in the gas-collecting tube is .
If the vapor pressure of water at is , determine the pressure of the in the gas-collecting
tube.
AP Chemistry Page 25 of 27
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
Initial Volume of Produced
Trial Initial Moles of
( ) ( )
1 0.400 19.95
2 0.400 25.52
3 0.400 ?
(e) The data from all three trials are given above. A student claims that is the limiting reactant in trial 2. Do
you agree or disagree? Justify your answer with information in the data table.
(f) A certain pure compound containing element is analyzed. The elemental composition of the compound is
shown in the following table. Determine the empirical formula of the compound using the information in the table.
Element Moles Present in the Compound
E 0.0167
I 0.050
O 0.200
(g) A different element, , is located in the same column of the periodic table as element , but has roughly
double the atomic mass of . Is the atomic radius of less than, equal to, or greater than the atomic radius of ?
Justify your answer using principles of atomic structure.
(h) The ionic radii of ions and are shown in the following table. Element can bond with or to
form or , respectively. If lattice energy is defined as the energy required to separate an ionic solid into
individual separate gaseous ions, would the lattice energy of be less than, equal to, or greater than the
lattice energy of ? Justify your answer in terms of Coulomb’s law.
Ionic radius
Element
( )
120
180
Page 26 of 27 AP Chemistry
Test Booklet
24-25 Unit 4 Review
40. For parts of the free response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the
steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer.
Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate.
A student wishes to determine the concentration of in a solution of . The student
combines of with excess and observes the formation of a white
precipitate. The formation of the precipitate is represented by the following equation.
(a) Write the balanced net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction.
The student collects the precipitate by filtration and measures the mass of the filter paper and precipitate every
minutes as it dries. The student records the data in the following table.
Mass of dry filter paper
Mass of filter paper and precipitate immediately after filtration
Mass of filter paper and precipitate after minutes
Mass of filter paper and precipitate after minutes
Mass of filter paper and precipitate after minutes
(b) Use the data above to calculate the number of moles of (molar mass ) that
precipitated.
(c) Calculate the concentration of in the original solution of .
(d) The concentration of determined by the student is significantly higher than the actual concentration
of . Based on the student’s data table, identify an error in the experimental procedure that led to this
result.
AP Chemistry Page 27 of 27