Fluid Mechanics: Continuity, Momentum, Energy
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsFluid Mechanics: Continuity, Momentum, Energy
Translated by
ScribdTranslationsCONTINUITY EQUATION, EQUATION OF THE
MOMENTUM AND EQUATION OF THE
ENERGY
FLUID MECHANICS
MEMBERS
JAIME VALENZUELA
JONATHAN SAA
DANIELA PANAMEÑO
HENRY MURILLO
TEACHER
PATRICIA
PACIFIC UNIVERSITY
TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
5th SEMESTER
BUENAVENTURA VALLEY
2022
INDEX
1 Introduction
2 Objective
3 Continuity Equation
3.1 Who discovered the continuity equation?
3.2 What is the continuity equation?
3.3 Continuity Equation
3.4 What are the applications of the continuity equation?
3.5 What is its importance?
3.6 Continuity Exercises
4 Equation of momentum
4.1 Who discovered the equation of motion?
4.2 What is the equation of momentum?
4.3 Equation of momentum
4.4 How the momentum of a fluid is transferred
4.5 Exercises on Momentum
5 Energy equation of a fluid
5.1 History of the energy equation
INTRODUCTION
The continuity equation is a product of the law of conservation of mass.
that manifests that, in a duct or pipe, regardless of its section; as long as it does not
There are derivatives, the amount of fluid that enters through one of its ends must
go out the other way.
In Newtonian mechanics, the most common way to introduce the quantity of
motion is like the product of the mass (kg) of a material body by its
speed (m/s), to then analyze its relationship with the laws of Newton.
The Bernoulli equation can be considered as a proper statement
from the principle of conservation of energy, for fluid flow. ... In flow
in high speed through a narrowing, energy must be increased
kinetics, at the expense of pressure energy.
OBJECTIVE
This equation allows us to explain phenomena such as the Venturi effect, since the
acceleration of any fluid along an equipotential path (with equal
Potential energy) would imply a decrease in pressure.
The quantity of motion, linear momentum, impetus, or momentum is a
fundamental physical magnitude of vectorial type that describes motion of
a body in any mechanical theory.
The continuity equation is a product of the law of conservation of
matter, which indicates that, in a conduit or pipe, regardless of its
section; while there are no derivations, the amount of fluid that enters
it must exit from the other end. In other words, it is conserved.
fluid through a pipe.
WHO DISCOVERED THE CONTINUITY EQUATION?
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) obtained a continuity equation for flows.
unidimensional.
What is the continuity equation?
The continuity equation is a product of the law of conservation of mass.
which states that, in a duct or pipe, regardless of its section; as long as not
if there are branches, the amount of fluid that enters through one of its ends must
exit through the other. In other words, the fluid is maintained through a pipeline.
CONTINUITY EQUATION
A1v1 = A2v2, where this result is known as the continuity equation
an ideal fluid.
The continuity equation is nothing more than a particular case of the principle of
mass conservation. It is based on the fact that the flow rate (Q) of the fluid must
remain constant throughout the entire driving.
Since the flow rate is the product of the area of a section of the duct
due to the speed at which the fluid flows, we will have that at two points of a
it must be fulfilled that the flow at point 1 (Q1) is equal to the
flow at point 2 (Q2). What is the continuity equation and where:
Q1=Q2= S1*V1=S2*V2
S is the area of the cross-sections at points 1 and 2 of the
duct.
v is the velocity of the fluid at points 1 and 2 of the pipe.
It can be concluded that, since the flow rate must remain constant throughout
Throughout the duct, when the section decreases, the flow velocity increases.
in the same proportion and vice versa.
APPLICATIONS OF THE CONTINUITY EQUATION
[Link]: The Bernoulli equation and the continuity equation also
they tell us that if we reduce the cross-sectional area of a pipe so that
increase the speed of the fluid passing through it, the pressure will decrease.
2. CONSTRUCTION: It is present in the construction of channels and
aqueducts, as well as in plumbing and shipbuilding, just like
hydraulic jacks, cranes, shock absorbers, and brakes.
3. VENTURI EFFECT: It is a consequence of Bernoulli's theorem that
it consists of the fact that the constrictions of a pipe lead to an increase
from the velocity of the liquid and as a consequence a decrease in
pressure.
[Link]: Device used to measure the flow of fluid.
For this, a gentle narrowing is practiced and a manometer is placed.
difference between that area and another part of the pipe.
5. PITOT TUBE: It is used to measure the flow velocity of a liquid.
introducing a small bent glass tube into the tube and in which it
You can take a measurement of the distances between the upper levels.
del líquido en sus dos ramas. Este dispositivo se emplea en el estudio de
speeds of airplanes etc. A device very similar to it is the Sonde
of Prandtl.
IMPORTANCE OF THE CONTINUITY EQUATION
Currently, the continuity equation is widely used to be able to carry out
different analyses of nozzles, of pipes, of the height of turbine blades and
compressors.
CONTINUITY EXERCISES
Water flows through a pipe with a diameter of 3.9 cm at a speed which
the magnitude is 4.5 m/s. At the end of the pipe there is a narrowing and the
the diameter is 2.25 cm. What speed will the water have in this?
point?
RESPONSE:
The first thing will be to gather our implicit data on the problem.
1m
d 1=3.9cm( )=0.039m
100cm
m
v1 =4.5
s
1m
d 2=2.25cm( )=0.0225m
100cm
v 2=?
Well, if we realize we don't have the area, but we do have the diameters of
the piping, which allows us to obtain the areas. So we proceed to
calculate them.
pdi1 2
π (0.039m)2
A1= = =1.19 times 10−3 m 2
4 4
Then with the other one:
pdi2 2
π (0.0225m)2
A2= = =0.398x10−3 m2
4 4
With what we establish, the continuity equation and we isolate our
unknown.
A1v 1= A 2v 2
Clearing:
A 1v1
v 2=
A2
Substituting data:
m
( 1.19 times 10−3m2 )(4.5)
A 1v1 s m
v 2= = =13.5
A2 0.398x10 m −3 2 s
The speed of the water at the outlet will be 13.5 m/s
CONTINUITY EXERCISE #2
Water is expelled under pressure from a fire hose with a diameter of 0.25 meters.
that flows at a speed of 10.5 m/s, if the hose narrows at its nozzle
Exit at 0.1 meters in diameter, what speed will the jet exit?
ANSWER:
We collect the data for the problem again.
πd1 2 π (0.25m)2
A1= = =0.0491m2
4 4
2
πd2 π (0.1m)2
A2= = =7.85 times 10−3m2
4 4
m
v1 =10.5
s
v 2=?
With that, we realize which variable to isolate and how to substitute our data:
m
(0.0491m2)(10.5)
A 1v1 s m
v 2= = =65.68
A2 7.85x10−3m 2 s
WHO DISCOVERED THE QUANTITY EQUATION
MOVEMENT?
The theory of momentum or Froude's Theory is, in mechanics of
fluids, a mathematical formulation of the physics of helices based on variation
of momentum. It was developed in the 19th century by William John
Macquorn Rankine and Robert Edmund Froude (1889).
WHAT IS THE EQUATION OF MOMENTUM?
The quantity of motion, linear momentum, impetus, or momentum is a magnitude
vector-type derived physics that describes the motion of a body in
any mechanical theory. In classical mechanics, momentum is
define as the product of the mass of the body and its velocity at an instant
determined.
WHAT IS THE FORMULA TO CALCULATE THE QUANTITY OF
MOVEMENT?
In Newtonian mechanics, the most common way to introduce the quantity of
movement is like the product of the mass (kg) of a material body by its
speed (m/s), to then analyze its relationship with Newton's laws.
The formula for Momentum is given by the following expression
mathematics
Formula for momentum
C=MV
Where:
C = Quantity of motion (kg m/s)
m = mass of the object (kg)
v = speed of the object (m/s)
For a system of bodies with masses m1, m2, mn and velocities respectively
equal to v1, v2, vn, the total momentum is the vector sum of the
momentum quantities of all points.
HOW IS MOMENTUM TRANSFERRED?
The movement is transferred in two ways, in a viscous manner when the
transfer is perpendicular to the movement of the fluid and in kinetic form if the
transfer is parallel to the movement of the fluid.
MOMENTUM EXERCISE
A truck with a mass m = 6000 kg follows a straight trajectory and
Horizontal with a speed of 20 m/s. Determine the momentum.
SOLUTION:
As we can see, the truck has a mass and at the same time a speed.
with a certain straight and horizontal trajectory, then noting our data.
Data:
m = 6000 kg
v = 20 m/s
C=?
Although the problem is very simple, since the amount of movement it
the mass according to the speed, then we have:
C=mv
m m
C=( 6000kg)(20)=120,000 kg
s s
So the amount of movement is:
120,000 kg m/s
HISTORY OF THE ENERGY EQUATION IN FLUIDS
It was exposed by Daniel Bernoulli in his work Hydrodynamics (1738) and expresses that
in an ideal fluid (without viscosity or friction) in a circulation regime by a
closed conduit, the energy possessed by the fluid remains constant throughout
of its route.
What is the energy equation for fluids?
The Bernoulli equation expresses the equality of work per unit volume.
from fluid (P2-P1) to the sum of the magnitudes of potential and kinetic energy
volume unit that takes place in the flow. This equation can also
to be interpreted in terms of pressures.