First Stage

Flexible Modality
Module 2

STUDENT GUIDE
This material is distributed under license
Creative Commons, you can distribute it and
copy it but do not modify it or sell it.
 This module contains the following courses:

Social Sciences
Communication and Language
Natural Sciences
Mathematics

The study time can beExtended or shortened.

depending on the ability of each student and Last areas have instructions to be between
the dedication given to the course.
physical fitness courses. Communication courses
Our advice is that you dedicate yourself for the and math has quite a few tasks to complete
four to five hours a week for studying; amano.
starting with week one of all the
courses.
All courses except for mathematics have
a duration of less than 12 weeks therefore
consider that you can complete these tasks
dedicating a minimum of four hours as it is already
he said every week.
Portfolio of
Exercises
This is a very part
important of our
work, each student is-
will study between five and seven
course by module
will do a large number of exercises in
each one of those courses. All the exercises
you should put them in a single folder, separated
through poster boards or folder cutouts.

If you do the work on the computer you can

use text file, using pages size
A line and a half letter. It can also
use PowerPoint. All these tasks are c
Win in the virtual classroom in the tasks section
of each grade. Don't forget to label your work
on the first page or slide.

If the work is printed or handwritten, it must

come duly identified, on sheets
letter size, if done by hand should use
letter size sheets with lines.
Social Sciences II
Module 2 Stage 1 of Basics
Material aligned to the National Curriculum Base

This material is distributed under license

Creative Commons, you can distribute it and co-
steal it but do not modify it or sell it.

Page 1 of 11
SOCIAL SCIENCES

Learning objective.
Through individual or group projects the
student will practice moral values that
show their respect for the
inherent rights of every person without
import its origin, ethnic group, language,
economic position, political affiliation or
religion, gender, sexual preferences, between
others more and in this way foster a culture
of peace.

Competence 3 The teachings of Hortensia

Practice values, duties, and rights She is Hortensia, accompanied by her two children Maribel and
inherent to all people without distinction
Jorge. Her husband is working. Hortensia has
of no kind (origin, ethnic group, color decided to stay at home to take care of their children,
of skin, gender, language, economic position
as a devout Catholic, she does not want another
political or religious affiliation) that strengthen the
I taught different things to the children.
mutual respect, democracy, and the culture of
peace. In the morning after her husband leaves for
work, she takes them to school and is going to bring them back
ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS: noon. In the afternoon, it is ensured that they do the
3.1 It highlights that respect and the duties while she finishes her chores of her
observance of Human Rights house.
it is one of the elements of the practice
One day a week they attend church. Marcos, the
democratic. Hortensia's husband does not like to attend church but
3.2 Associate participation and practice of does not prevent his children from accompanying their mother.
the duties and rights as a member Hortensia has taught them to pray every day and to
from the school organization, with the read the Bible.
participation and practice of duties and
rights as members of the
Guatemalan society. When an elderly person arrives at the house, the children
Hello, the other time some police stopped the...
3.3 Conceives citizenship as the vehicle in which Hortensia was traveling and they asked for her
exercise of duties and rights of identity documents. Little by little the children are
all members of society to learning to respect authorities, that pleases
to participate in certain matters that why do you think that doing it that way
the competent. They won't get into trouble when they grow up.
Maria, Hortensia's mother raised her in the same way.
his children and although sometimes mother and daughter had
problems that Hortensia is of legal age insists
in conveying to their children those good teachings
what he/she received from his/her mother.

Page 2 of 11
Comment with your relatives or others
course students:
In the Republic of Guatemala, there is talk about rights.
What are those things that
you learned from your parents and that you still
that appear in the table and fill in the blanks
white in the same.
What are you doing?
What things would you like your children to... Resources
What will you do when you are old? We will need access to a computer connected to
How do parents Internet or failing that the political constitution of the
influence the behavior of their Republic of Guatemala printed. Pencil, paper and a
When do children become adults? rule.
God has created all human beings Process
equals, as such we carry inside
we ourselves the breath of life given according to First, we must read the articles online.
the Bible to the first man. As they are all corresponding to the political constitution of the
equal in the eyes of God and like the Bible Republic of Guatemala.
he says that we are all sinners then
anyone different from us in If you do not have Internet access, you should buy at
color, in religion, economic situation and any library a copy of the political constitution
many other things; despite these from the Republic of Guatemala.
differences we are all equal before God.
After reading the mentioned documents, locate
in the political constitution of the Republic of Guatemala
Which article discusses the right to freedom?
Task 1 transportation, you write the article number in the box
This task consists of two parts. corresponding and then answer the two questions that
The first part consists of making three readings. appear in the following two boxes. We do it
whose links we provide here the same with the remaining human rights.
text. The most important is the reading about the
Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala, and
from this we will do the second task.
La segunda parte consiste en ubicar en cual
article of the Political Constitution of the

Article What can you do so that What are our obligations?

Law
constitution Is this right respected? towards others?
1 Free movement
2 Freedom of worship
3 Right to education
4 Right to health
5 Right to work
6 Right to private property
7 To choose and to be elected

8 Right to impeachment
9 Right to life
10 Free expression of thought

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Product
Using a sheet of paper size
letter or a PowerPoint presentation
For a needle..
we must reproduce similar software Mom, I feel bad, said Elvis. His mother knew that the
the checklist that appears in the Elvis's health problems were due to not eating enough, in
previous page and answer for each that distant village of Jalapa is difficult to find food, the corn
one of the human rights the three beans are usually a luxury and if they eat twice a day they have
corresponding questions. lucky.
This work can be done in groups With great difficulty, with the help of the neighbors, Elvis was taken.
but each student must submit one to the National Hospital of Jalapa, upon admission the doctor
individual task. it was detected that he was suffering from chronic malnutrition, it was necessary to

administer the serum immediately.

We need them to get a needle to inject the child.
the doctor said. A needle? Her mother wondered, but yes
The task can be submitted completed to This is the government hospital, they must have many here.
hand, with legible letters, also it Isn't that so? The doctor replies: -We don't have a budget,
can deliver on computer or by they have not sent us anything, to save their son
middle of the virtual classroom using a we need a needle.
PowerPoint presentation.
Mother and grandmother ran to the pharmacy to ask,
The needle costs Q10, the lady from the pharmacy said. Come in.
the two only adjusted Q4 and were unable to buy it.
Elvis was still waiting in the hospital bed; it was getting late
and all the pharmacies closed, the night fell over the
hospital and Elvis was agonizing in his bed. His mother begged to
God, may the child hold on until morning, so I could go to
see how to get the other six quetzals to buy the
needle. At least there was serum.
Elvis calmed down around midnight and stayed.
asleep. He fell so deeply asleep that he never woke up again.
more.

Hugo Oliva (08/16/2016). Child dies in Jalapa hospital due to lack of

Supplies. Free PressTaken from: [Link]

Very Poor Deficient Good Very good

01—49 50—69 70—85 86—100

Rubric for evaluation All answers are

He/She did not respond to all The answers are
Answered
tasks. correct, it has a good
all the the questions but correct and the presentation and also the
preguntas. some answers presentation is
student added
they are incorrect. adequate.
information that
enriches the work.

Page 4 of 11
Task 2 Article 135. Civic duties and rights. They are
rights and duties of Guatemalans, in addition to
Unfortunately, the story of Elvis is those stipulated in other norms of the Constitution and
true. It happened in 2016 in the apartment laws of the Republic, the following:
from Jalapa. After reading Elvis's case a) Serve and defend the Homeland;
you must discuss with three members of your family b) Fulfill and ensure that it is fulfilled
or of your grade if you study in the system Constitution of the Republic;
in person; answer the questions as a group c) Work for civic, cultural, and moral development,
next questions: economic and social of Guatemalans.
What were the three rights? d) Contribute to public expenses, in the form
fundamental humans that were given to him prescribed by law;
Denied to Elvis? e) Obey the laws;
What do you think are the three f) Maintain due respect for the authorities; and
main reasons why there wasn't g) To serve in the military and social service, accordingly
resources in the national hospital of with the law.
Jalapa?
When a government official steals Article 136. Duties and political rights. They are
money and it becomes corrupt, do something rights and duties of citizens
more than stealing, also indirectly a) Register in the Citizens' Registry;
b) To choose and to be elected;
kill children like Elvis. Are you in
Do you agree with this statement? Answer. c) To ensure the freedom and effectiveness of voting and
yes or no but also explain the reasons the purity of the electoral process;
for those you agree or disagree with d) Apply for public positions;
with that statement. e) Participate in political activities; and
As citizens, what are our f) Defend the principle of alternation and not
duties to ensure that they are respected re-election in the exercise of the Presidency of the
human rights, such as those of Republic.
Elvis.
Each answer must have at least between CASE 1
three to five lines of text. The work can be The president of Guatemala and his
present on a sheet of paper by hand or ministers are being accused of
printed on computer. If delivered by corruption, they have stolen a lot, the
in the middle of the virtual classroom you will be able to write hospitals, schools, and others
directly in the course's task area. government entities cannot function because the
Tax money is being stolen.

This afternoon there is a demonstration in the central park

from the city of Guatemala. Jorge invites Jafeth to go to
the demonstration to see if they manage to make the
president and his ministers resign.

Task 3 Jafeth does not want to go.

I have nothing to gain, besides I must go to
Case study. to visit my girlfriend. I don't like getting into
First we read these two articles from the he tells you problems.
Constitution of Guatemala and then
we answer the following questions. Which section or sections of article 135 is it?
disobeying Jafeth?

Page 5 of 11
CASE 2 CASE 5
A foreign military force is Rodrigo is a member of the committee
is driving through the sea towards neighbors from their village. Once at the
Guatemala. They want to invade the the week meets with the others
country, they want to take away from colleagues from the same committee and they talk
our resources because about the possible solutions to the
they declare that Guatemala gives them problems of the village. What article and
owes a lot of money. The government decrees that what clause is Rodrigo fulfilling and
round the people older than 18 years your companions?
they charge in the army.
CASE 6
Carlos arrives home and says goodbye to his Adelina presents herself at the office of
family. His mother and his wife do not want Citizen Registration of your
let it go but he says: "it is my duty to defend municipality, carries a series of
to my country documents that have been requested for
What is the article and the section that Carlos is register as a candidate for mayor
complying? from his city.
___________________________________ The person in charge of the Electoral Register
sympathize with another candidate.
CASE 3
Edgar is driving his The person in charge doesn't want to register her because Adelina doesn't
vehicle on one of the terminó el bachillerato.
main avenues of the What article and what section is the person in charge violating?
city where he/she lives. of the Citizens Registry?
Suddenly, in one of What article and what section is being complied with?
At the corners, there are several traffic police officers and Adelina?
they are stopped.
Edgar does not obey and flees the place because he does not
wants to be fined.
What article and what section has Edgar violated?

_________________________________
CASE 4
Hernán is the owner of a Then He said to them: Well, give to the
huge warehouse in your town Render to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what is God's.
native.
Many of the customers that What is of God. LUKE 20:25 LBA
They arrive at the place and ask for an invoice.

for the purchases they make

but Hernán tells them that if they request an invoice they
items will be more expensive for them. Customers
they prefer to take the cheaper things.

What article and what section is being violated?

Hernán?
What article and what section are they violating?
clients who agree to buy items without
invoice?

Page 6 of 11
 Sometimes mothers accompany the children but
other times they have to stay to work. They have
It's a shame that children could be assaulted by someone.
criminal or they will probably use the money that they
and to spend it on other things instead of paying the
Internet.

Learning objective. The mothers want to know how Rodrigo could.

Through the use of the methodology of help them solve that problem but they themselves
action research and sources of information they don’t know what to do. They have asked the teacher not to
digital and printed establishes three main I left them tasks that require the use of the Internet but
causes of academic failure in students Rodrigo and the teacher believe that children need
from the locality where he/she lives. learn to use these technological tools because
they will serve them when they grow up.
COMPETENCE 4
Apply social research criteria to Which of the three things do you think is the
analyze, classify, and organize information, in problem?
the search for alternative solutions of El profesor deja tareas para hacer en Internet.
problems and challenges with their life. Mothers do not want to accompany their children.
ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS: There is no computer lab in the
4.1 Efficiently handle the browser school.
the internet search engine in the
acquisition of social information. Rodrigo promises the mothers that he will investigate about
4.2 Use library services, about the situation and then he will contact them to see
archives and research centers what they can do.
social.
4.3 Applies selection criteria and Rodrigo is a person who knows a lot and has good
organization of various sources of intentions, the first thing he does is talk to him
social information professor to inquire about the assignments he leaves and
why she leaves them, talk to more mothers of family to
The problems of to know if they also have the same problem, talk
Rodrigo with the students to ensure what they
they also think.
Rodrigo is a member of
neighborhood committee of the
He even went to the Educational Supervision to find out if
hamlet El Cuje, a
In other schools, they have had the same problem and how
community located in
They have solved it. The day he went, they gave him several
one d e l o s
brochures and even books to see if he can apply them.
departments of the east of Guatemala.
They also advised him.
How Rodrigo is a leader in his community
visit the municipality
Many times people come to present the
of the place.
problems.
Finally gathers the
This week some mothers have
mothers of the family, the
I came to talk to him and explain the following:
teacher and the students
The school children have to walk 4
and explains the following:
km to reach the municipal seat, only
in the supervision
there you can find computers to make they explained to me educationally
some of the technology tasks that the
that most of the courses
the village school teacher leaves them.
that now our children

Page 7 of 11
studies require the use of a computer and computers for which they will have to pay Q4,500.00to the
Internet. over a year. This is approximately Q450.00
monthly. The school has 75 students and each parent
Of course we know that we live in a the family agrees to contribute five quetzals
poor town but still we can search for a year to pay for the equipment.
solutions to this problem. The professor claims
that aims to leave only one digital task to the The following month they already have the equipment installed but they have
week. Young people really enjoy using new difficulties have arisen, one of the monitors is not
Internet and of course they also like it it works well because this was a used team; the
viajar a la cabecera municipal.

At the municipality, they told Rodrigo that

there are certain companies that provide
very low-cost computers with the only
condition that the parents contribute
a part of the price of computers and for
supposedly this same company gifts them
modems to access the Internet.

Rosaura, one of the mothers in the family,

complaint:
I don't have money to pay for computers.
and much less pay for Internet, although not them
I wouldn't be willing to pay for gifts.
Internet because that is the responsibility of
government.

Carmen, who is another of the mothers. children complain that the Internet is very slow in this
of things in another way. place because we are far from the antennas but still
this way they can do their homework. Rodrigo knows that now
She says: -what we spend on sending to the has other problems to solve.
children to the village to rent computers
With the internet, it's almost the same as what we would pay. What is the problem that Rodrigo has to
if we buy this equipment. Wait for the resolver?
the government can bring them, it can be very long and Obviously, Rodrigo as a member of the committee
even if we made arangements or neighbors in your community are someone who likes
manifestations it is very difficult that this same collaborate with others and for that reason people
year the team would come in case it they turn to him to ask for help and resolve their
they will authorize. On the other hand, the Ministry of problems.
Education still has to send a
professor more than have offered and if they have to In this case, the problem is not the tasks that the
spending on equipment will probably us Professor, stop because it is a mandate from the Ministry of
we are left without a teacher. Education is also not that mothers do not want it.
to accompany their children because they have to work.
Finally, everyone agrees The problem here is the lack of computers and Internet.
to make a management and send a en la escuela.
application to this non-profit organization
what computer equipment offers.
They decided to request five

Page 8 of 11
 well, the Internet signal is quite slow and also
they need to organize themselves to take care of the children

What did Rodrigo do?

Rodrigo did not start looking for where they sold Now we can say that Rodrigo has departed from a
computers, nor did it organize one problem, has searched for information about it,
protest to go to the mayor's office or to the Ministry of he made a plan, executed it, and now reflects on it
Education to demand equipment. Although they could same to anticipate the challenges that are coming. The
to do it Rodrigo knows that with these things no what Rodrigo did is called action research and it is a
The problem will be resolved later. research process widely used in environments
academic and non-academic.
Something very interesting that Rodrigo did was
talk to the teacher, talk to the What is action research?
students, also talked with other mothers It is a participatory research methodology that
of family and met with the authorities consists of the following steps:
municipal and educational. This led him to have 1) Identification of a problem.
more comprehensive information about the 2) Gather information about that problem for
problem and its possible solutions. identify possible solutions.
3) Design and execute a plan to provide a solution to the

What was the proposed solution? problem.

4) Observe and reflect on the results.
With all the information Rodrigo received
****************************************
he proposed to the parents to use part of
of the money they spend to send their children to
search for Internet in the municipal seat and with 1. PROBLEM. The first step of the model of
action research is to identify the problem,
Hello, to pay for some used computers but
this can be any discrepancy between the
who can access the Internet. Some
ideal state of affairs and the current situation.
parents were not in agreement
why they consider it a duty of the 2. DATA. Once we have established
authorities to equip educational centers clearly what the problem is, we move on to
and while they are right, it is also very collect data or information about that problem.
is it true that tomorrow if the children have We can find the data by interviewing
to go get an internet coffee at the head other people, seeking information from sources
municipal will continue to have the same digital or printed and also by means of the
problems. experimentation. (The experimentation will not be
covered in this lesson
What happened after having 3. PLAN. Once we know about the problem and
installed the equipment of we have enough information we proceed to
computing? design a work plan to find a
Once they installed the equipment of solution.
computing Rodrigo notes that there are now 4. ACTION. There is a saying that goes that paper
new problems, a monitor is not working hold on with everything and we can write very things
nice but if we don't put them into practice
nothing works. The most important step of the
action research is precisely to act,
do what we planned.
5. REFLECTION. Once we have executed the
action we must observe the results for
to know if the problem was solved or if there is more

Page 9 of 11
 problems that we now have to solve. when his dad told him he couldn't continue
paying for her studies. Estela had to start to
The action research process as it is seen work since very young.
in the image above is a continuous process,
we try a solution and if it works Now that they are planning to "get together" Estela
so we have to observe to go I think it's a good idea to study; a little at a time.
improving or as usually happens, Ramiro agrees to enroll in a Center
other problems arise that we must of PRONEA Tutoring.
to attend.
Can you identify the facts or steps that
God Rodrigo to start solving the That same year they begin to study
problem at school and the mothers of they also 'come together', they start living in a
family? small apartment they rented.

At the bottom there are five questions, Half a year later, Estela begins to feel unwell, she has
answer them using a text page and vomiting and discovers that she is expecting a baby.
your own words, it must be a He must leave his studies again.
explanation of the corresponding actions Ramiro continues and completes his degree, but the year
to each of the steps of the research next already has a child and now must work
acción. more. It is no longer enrolling for the next cycle
school. Estela and Ramiro left again the
What was the problem? school. When the baby grows up and is not
necessary to take care of it Estela thinks of returning to the
What information did you obtain?
What actions did you propose to carry out? school, as long as no more children come or
his relationship with Ramiro does not fail.
What happened in the end?

Task 4
Answer the following questions:
Why did Ramiro and Estela stop studying?
when they were children?
Why did they re-enroll as adults?
Why did they abandon it for the second time?
Ramiro's girlfriend escuela?
Ramiro and Estela are two young people. What could the Tutoring Center have done to
that are in their 25 years. that both do not abandon their studies?
Ramiro works as a warehouse worker If you were the Minister of Education
in a company in Amatitlán, What would you do to help people like Ramiro?
Estela is a sales assistant in a And Estela?
warehouse in the same city.
Ramiro stopped studying when Task 5
I was in second grade. Description
he finished the degree. His father passed away In this task, we will investigate an average of
and Ramiro had to start working to five people who have abandoned their
help his mother and siblings. studies as children or probably
they started studying as adults and returned
Estela on her side comes from a family to leave school.
very poor, when she finished sixth
primaria estaba muy emocionada porque iba That means we have moved forward the first
Upon entering the basics, his sadness was great. I step from your research to provide you with a

Page 10 of 11
problem to investigate. Later on Product
you will have to conduct research in which 1. We must present a letter-sized sheet with the
you will identify a problem on your own. table equal to that of the lower model.

Resources 2. Answer the following questions:

For this task we need a computer a. What are the reasons why people
with access to the Internet, sheets, pen, and a that you interviewed dropped out of school
average of three hours to do the homework. being children?
b. What are the reasons that prevent them from
Process people that you interviewed return to the
The first step of this task is to identify school now that they are adults?
five people who have abandoned their c. What could the solutions be to the
studies as children or adults. These problems that people present
people can be partners or exes interviewed women and what prevents them from returning to the
study partners, family members or friends. school?
Remember that each person corresponds to a
We will ask each of them to answer. different solution.
a short interview whose questions
appear further down. Once we have the The work can be submitted printed in physical format.
information or answered interview or in the virtual classroom. Any questions remember that
we will proceed to 'empty' it into the table as we are at your service requesting tutoring for the
it is shown at the bottom of this text. media that we already know.

Finally, we must go online and

search [Link] following
causes of desertion
adult students" select at least
of the search results and identify three
factors or causes of school dropout in
adults.
We compare the responses of our
study or work colleagues with whom
search results on the Internet.

Why I move What situations prevent you from Do you have skill?
What is the last one he/she dropped out of school
Pseudonym What degree did you study?
study now that you are an adult or to use computer
being a child? adult? and browse the internet?

Page 11 of 11
Communication and Language II
Module 2 First Stage
Material aligned with the National Base Curriculum

This material is distributed under license.

Creative Commons, you can distribute it and
copy it but do not modify or sell it.

Page 1 of 15
 COMMUNICATION

Learning objective. The intentions of

Using the 4 phases of writing, write. Peter
texts where the organization is evident
sequence of ideas and the application of the rules of Pedro is a 35-year-old man.
spelling and punctuation. who lives in Chimaltenango.
Every day he/she wakes up very
early, at the same time
Competence 4 wake up his wife and children.
Apply it in the writing of various types of texts, After having breakfast and when
the stages of written production: planning, the sun has not yet risen, it rises
search and organization of ideas, writing and from his house to work in Guatemala City.
text review, observing the regulations of Pedro is a pilot at a company that sells devices.
language. electric
Achievement indicators He walks a couple of kilometers from his house, to the
4.1 Draft functional texts, bus stop. On the way, he finds several
understanding the four stages of the neighbors and greets them. Even a lady stops to
written production: planning; search ask for an address and Pedro points out where to go
and organization of ideas; writing and review to address
of the text.
Upon arriving at the bus terminal, ask the drivers.
4.2. Use language and structure to know which bus leaves first. Upon sitting on the bus
appropriate, according to the genre when writing texts find Jorge, a childhood friend, they chat
literary. about traffic, about the elections and about the
4.3. Apply the punctuation rules to problems of life.
writing literary and functional texts.
[Link] the usage rules of: B, V, G, J, Jorge likes politics and has participated in some.
H, C, Z, S, R, RR, K, X, W, Y, LL elections as a candidate but has not won; no
4.5. Tilde the words that require it he is a staunch advocate for the abolition of the death penalty
in the texts he/she writes. of death. Pedro on his part considers that the penalty of
death must be maintained and applied. Jorge says that
according to the statistics maintained by the UN, the penalty of
death does not reduce crime. Pedro argues
that it is not about statistics but about punishing the
guilty of atrocious crimes.
While they are talking, the bus driver turns on the radio.
to play music. A song is playing that says:
..summer love, my first love..” Pedro sighs and
Jorge laughs. -I didn't know you were in favor of the death penalty.
death but also very sentimental.
Waking up the children, greeting the neighbors, giving or asking
information, exchange ideas, discuss and even
observing a traffic light and obeying it are actions that
we call in what way?

Page 2 of 15
Those small 'packages' of information When Pedro and Jorge argue about the penalty of
what we exchange with other people death, each one supports their arguments with data or
are called messages. The message is facts.
the most important part of communication.
This is an argumentative function of communication
When Pedro talks to his children, he wants them to and intends to convince the other of
wake up, when you argue with Jorge, he wants our point of view.
convince him.
***********************************
When he stops at the traffic light, Pedro
The day Roberto Jordán recorded the
is responding to a message left there
the song 'Student Love' had
by the authorities.
the intention of entertaining the
Every message we communicate or receive people.
they communicate, whether in oral, written or by
Years later, when Pedro
through signs, it has a reason, it has a
listen to the melody on the radio and it
intention.
joy, still the music is having that effect of
*********************************** entertain.
One of these days you'll feel bad, Las películas, la poesía e incluso las novelas escritas
you go to the doctor and tell him: they intend to entertain. There is a whole theory of
My stomach hurts. this communication is referred to as literary language, but
we will study that in the basic cycle.
The doctor asks: What have you
Eaten? How long have you been feeling that discomfort? *************************************
Have you taken any medicine? She is Jackeline; she is the manager of the
Why does the doctor ask all that? Well the company where Pedro works; it is a
young lady who is between 25 and 30 years old,
to obtain information that he needs to
make a good diagnosis and prescribe the she has long hair but tied up in the
appropriate medicine. the back, it is thin, uses
dress pants, a blue blouse,
In this case, the communication has a is always cheerful.
interrogative intention. The doctor needs
find something out. What we just read is the
description of Jackeline, this is another of
*********************************** the intentions of the
When Pedro arrives at his job, communication, when we describe something
find Josefina, her or someone, we list their
companion, reading the newspaper. characteristics but we do not issue any
judgment about the person or thing we are talking about.
-What are you doing? Question.
*************************************
I am catching up with the news.
Answer Josefina. As a store manager, it is Jackeline's responsibility
sometimes provide training to your staff.
This is another of the intentions of the
communication, those who write the newspapers, the He usually explains to them what they are going to learn that day,
radio or television news programs even for what they are going to learn and in what situations
when the assistant announces loudly that the will use their knowledge. This type of communication
the bus is approaching the Clover, they are it has an intention to instruct.
transmitting a message whose interest in
inform
*****************************

Page 3 of 15
Task 1
Analyze the following paragraphs and decide that Expository text
type of message you want to send.
This is that type of text that is used to read aloud in front of
********************************** an audience, for example a speech, a lesson plan,
Pedro is reading a book that explains a sermon, etc. When we write an expository text
Bible passages, Peter has to give a We make use of examples, comparisons, and definitions
lesson in your church this Sunday and is of concepts.
preparing. When writing an expository text, we more or less follow...
What is the intention of the text you are reading? this order:
********************************** Introduction: (Here we provide a broad overview
You bought a new phone, you are reading of the content of our exhibition
the features of your new device. Central idea: It is the main point we want.
What is the intention of the text you are reading? leave in the minds of people and around which
it will revolve around our theme.
***********************************
Secondary ideas: Support the main idea.
The people walking through the station
bus have the opportunity to see those Conclusion: We summarize the most important parts
what we want to leave in the minds of our readers
big announcements on the billboards.
listeners.
What kind of message is it? When physicists talk about quarks, they have in mind
********************************** extremely small particles, fundamental building blocks
Juan is traveling, upon arriving at his destination of the matter.
show your passport to the immigration officer. The concept originated in 1964. The theoretical physicists
This tells you: Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig showed through
Where does it come from? So that protons and neutrons (tiny
How long do you plan to stay in this? components of atomic nuclei consisted of
country? even smaller units. Gell-Mann, who received
Do you have relatives in this city?
the Nobel Prize in 1969 for his theory, called them
How much money does he/she bring?
"quarks", according to a word from the writer
What kind of messages is Juan receiving?
********************************** Irishman James Joyce, included in his
novel Finnegans Wake.
In an expository text, the aim is to
informing people of some fact or data but not
it seeks to convince them of nothing.

Types of text Narrative text

Just as every message has an intention, Narrative texts, unlike expository ones,
these in turn shape the In addition to a main theme, they recount facts or events.
What do we write. There are four in chronological order. The narrative texts also
main types of text they present characters, places, and plot. That is, a
written. situation that later leads to something difficult or exciting
which is finally resolved by one of the characters.

Page 4 of 15
The events described may be real or persuasion while in a trial for example, the
fictitious, real when it comes to events lawyers use the argument.
historical, such as the conquest of The structure of these texts follows more or less this
Guatemala by the Spaniards and fictitious, by scheme:
example the story 'The black sheep' by
Augusto Monterroso. Presentation of the initial situation.
Its structure is as follows: Exposition of the discrepant data.
Situation: It serves to introduce the Argumentacióna favor o en contra haciendo
things as they are before starting the emphasis on the data or facts that demonstrate
events. our point of view.
Nudo: It is the narrative or succession of events. Conclusion. Summary of the facts and data and
which leads to a problem or event that final argumentation.
it distorts the situation. Example:
Outcome: Account of events
The loss of an active social life is one of the
what to do to make things go back to the
normality or they transform into something most harmful consequences for adolescents that
different but stable. they spend a lot of time in front of the computer; without forgetting

The next time you watch a movie or read a the danger they face by falling prey to criminals who
story or novel, you will see that they follow this they impersonate other people. We parents have
structure. a great responsibility to control the time that
Example: Our children are connected and the sites they visit.

The city of Alexandria was founded by Descriptive text

Alexander the Great in the year 331 B.C.
A descriptive text, as its name indicates,
Curcio Rufo, a Roman historian who lived describe people, things or places paying special attention
during the reign of Claudius, four centuries emphasis on the characteristics of things or people.
Later, he pointed out in his "History of Alexander"
The most important thing in a descriptive text is that
that the foundation took place immediately our readers form an image of what
after the hero's visit to the sanctuary of we are reporting.
Egyptian god Amun 'the hidden' Its structure is as follows:
where the priest headed to
Observation: We pay attention to the details of the
Alejandro as 'son of'
people, things or places.
Jupiter.
Organization: We determine how
we are going to present the characteristics of those
things.
Argumentative text
Presentation: The very account of what we have
Argumentative texts are those that are observed.
they write to convince someone of our
point of view. There are two classes, the
argumentative and persuasive. Ejemplo:Platanus hybrida (Plátano)
An argumentative text is supported by Large tree, up to 40 m tall, with a straight trunk,
data or information that proves what gray-green bark that appears torn in
We say; the persuasive ones, in turn, appeal to the
plates. The cup is oval, with extended branches. The leaves
emotions. Politicians use emotions a lot.

Page 5 of 15
They are caducous, palmate, with three very distinct nerves. varies according to the authors but these are the most
marked. important.

The flowers are presented in spherical catkins and

the fruits, in Cabezuela are also spherical. Task 2 What type of text is it?
Each of the fruits has hairs on the
From the examples below, choose the type of text
The banana is widely cultivated in streets and What is it.
parks, being very common
Platero is small, furry, soft; so gentle that
in all cities since outside, that would be said all of cotton, that does not wear
supposrt hte envroinment bones. Only the jet black mirrors of their eyes are
contaminated. hard as two black glass beetles.

["Expository","Narrative","Argumentative","Descriptive"]
Text analysis
*******************************
So far we have been reviewing the
text classes, however, most of Tobacco is composed of nicotine; therefore, it causes
these will never tell us the beginning the addiction, being a dangerous drug that tends to
intention or purpose of the writer. destroy the body. Currently, many are the
people who smoke, affecting in turn people who
There are some small rules that can help us they become passive smokers, among them; children,
help determine the author's intention of the pregnant women and elderly. Tobacco can
text that we are reading. killing people, let's avoid this and prohibit us from smoking in
Is this text a novel, a story? public places.
or a poem? If the answer is yes, with
the author's purpose is certainly
["Expository","Narrative","Argumentative","Descriptive"]
entertain us, it is a narrative text.
*******************************
Does the text provide a series of data and
facts, but don't try to convince me to Video games are becoming more and more
do something? If the answer is yes with importance in society, thanks to the innovation of
All security is an expository text. each of its games, each day we are surprised
whose intention is to inform us of something. with new surprises present in them. They are games
intended for people of all ages,
The text provides a series of steps. providing them with entertainment and innovation and therefore
to complete a specific task?
they have great importance in society.
Does the text provide evidence of what
Are you asserting? Are you pushing me to do
Something? If the answer is yes to any of ["Expository","Narrative","Argumentative","Descriptive"]
these questions, the text that we are
reading is argumentative or persuasive. *******************************
He wants to instruct us or does he want that
In the second presidential debate of the country most
let's do something.
influential in the world, Hillary was declared the winner
Does the text provide sensory details? Clinton and despite the forecasts Donald Trump
that allow us to form an image managed to survive. But the big loser remains the
mental of the person or thing? Yes, it
the answer is affirmative then American town, which is just 25 days away from going to
we are facing a descriptive text. the ballot boxes do not have a height option to cast their
There are many other types of text and the list
vote.

Page 6 of 15
For the intense contest, that not even not so much. Who doesn't like to eat everything that
it started with the traditional handshake, I want, without having to worry about knowing how many
a full-scale battle was expected, including How many calories does a certain food have? However, if
sexual scandals, corruption, and coups we abuse a low-nutrition diet, the results
low, that is to say a whole reality show. they can be serious for our health.
Expository - Narrative - Argumentative - One of the consequences of poor nutrition is
Descriptive the disease known as diabetes. It is a
******************************* disease that affects millions of people worldwide
the world. And the worst part is that until now, it has not been possible
Who would win a fight between a tiger and
a lion? find a cure for this illness.

If size mattered, the tiger would surely be ["Expository","Narrative","Argumentative","Descriptive"]

would win. This is because tigers are the most *******************************

greatest of all feline species. These The use of Internet among teenagers.
they grow up to 11 feet long and weigh
The loss of an active social life is one of the
as much as 670 pounds. This means that the
most harmful consequences for adolescents that
tigers are the third largest
they spend a lot of time in front of the computer; without forgetting the
carnivores on the earth. The other two are the
danger they face by being prey to criminals who
polar bears and the brown bears that live in the
they make us pass for other people. As parents, we have
mountains. Tigers are not only long,
a great responsibility to control the time that
they are also very fast. They can run at a
Our children are connected and the sites they visit.
speed of 60 km/h over short distances and
jump about 30 feet horizontally. It is a
very dangerous jump. Would you believe it that a Expositivo -Narrativo -Argumentativo -Descriptivo
animal so long, fast, and fierce needs
*******************************
help to survive, but only if they need it. The
Platanus hybrida (Plane tree)
Tiger is an endangered species.
Large tree, up to 40 m, with a straight trunk, of
Expository - Narrative - Argumentative -
Descriptive greenish gray bark that appears torn in
plates. The cup is oval, with extended branches. The leaves
*******************************
they are caducous, palmate, with three nerves very
marked.
Diabetes and the importance of a diet
The flowers are presented in spherical catkins and the fruits,
healthy.
in Cabezuela as well as spherical. Each one of the
Many people believe that the word diet Fruits have hair at the base. The banana is cultivated
it involves eating less and only those foods a lot in streets and parks, being very common in
that we do not like. It is a prejudice. all cities as it supports the environment
which prevails in a large part of society. contaminated.
However, diet really means the
way in which a person feeds.
Some have a healthy diet, and others,

Page 7 of 15
 Expository - Narrative - Argumentative - The 4 stages of writing
Descriptive
The biggest secret to writing is that there isn't
*******************************
secrets!
The city of Alexandria was founded by
Really, the only thing we can do to write
Alexander the Great in the year 331 B.C. Correctly, it is to begin writing.
Curcio Rufus, a Roman historian who lived
No one ever learned to write without first writing a
during the reign of Claudius, four centuries
a lot of things that he didn't like, until he em-
later, he pointed out in his "History of Alexander" The ideas began to flow.
that the foundation took place immediately
People who write well have some good habits:
after the hero's visit to the sanctuary of
They read a lot
Egyptian god Amun "the hidden", where the
the priest addressed Alejandro as "son of" They use the dictionary
Jupiter "They discuss" with the authors of the books that co-
["Expository","Narrative","Argumentative","Descriptive"] sultan
******************************* How come? Discuss?
Silvia Valdez is sworn in as president. Sure! Discussing with an author of a book is reading it from a
in a critical manner, without accepting everything as true that
from the Judicial Body. Judge Valdés
says but compare it with other sources to draw our
assumes the position and becomes the president own conclusions.
number 59 of that high state body and
replace Rafael Rojas.
Planning and information search
["Expository","Narrative","Argumentative","Descriptive"]
Our teacher has asked us to write a re-
*******************************
door about plants or vegetables that usually co-
When he woke up, the dinosaur was still memories at breakfast.
was there. First, think of a large market where there is everything.
Expositivo -Narrativo -Argumentativo -Descriptivo class of vegetables that are eaten. Next, let's think.
What are the vegetables that we eat or drink?
for breakfast. (beans, corn, coffee)
Investigating over there, we will see that there are plants called
legumes, vegetables, greens, fruits, etc. Humberto
The 4 stages of writing Eco, a great Italian writer, advises that first one should...
we create a provisional index of what we want to write
One, it can be modified later.
Provisional index:
Edible plants (General theme)
What are legumes, fruits, vegetables, and greens?
the? (To clarify possible doubts of our readers-
res)
What vegetables do we eat for breakfast?
Define the report
You can search the internet but always 'discussing'
with the authors," just because it's on the internet doesn't nece-

Page 8 of 15
It is neither good nor true. It can also... Cinco textos argumentativos
get you good books or go to some
Five narrative texts.
library.
Five expository texts.
Write.
Cinco textos descriptivos.
We already planned the topic and made an index. Each portion of text must be trimmed in such a way that
provisional, we already have several ideas that came out- the five from each class occupy a maximum of one page
we have investigated something about the 'beetle' after the complete text.
on the internet or other sources; now we only We will proceed to stick with glue or some
The hardest part is still missing! another class, the cuts on letter-sized paper.
Let's start writing.. Each type of text must be correctly labeled.
the.
After an initial struggle with our men-
we start writing and you can notice how
It's easy once you've started. Product.
We added our work to the task portfolio.
This work can be done online and submitted by
Correct middle of the virtual classroom using instead of sheets of
A draft is a 'rough' written piece, which to- paper a PowerPoint presentation or program if-
it is not finished yet, it is called a draft milar.
because usually someone else has to
read and correct. When this person has co-
governed and the author makes the arrangements with
pour into a finalized text.
A text is never finished, says Juan Carlos.
So be it, it is abandoned! And it is very true. If not
if you stop correcting you will never finish the text.

Task 3
This task consists of creating an album with
old newspaper clippings, used magazines,
text excerpts from books, and even articles
or images from the Internet.
Resources
We will need a computer connected to
Internet, (not mandatory); several magazines, li-
bros, newspapers or any other type of mate-
written document that is no longer valid.

Process.
First, we will examine each one.
from the previous resources and select portion-
paragraphs with the following types of tex-
to:

Page 9 of 15
 Task 4 case. He always likes to separate from the herd,
in one of those it gets lost. Explain how it gets lost and
Writing exercises what she and her mother and her sisters suffer for
find her.
This is one of the tasks that brings the most satisfaction.
they are going to give you. It's about writing a text of Outcome: The disobedient sheep is found.
each of the classes we have seen. You must explain how they found her,
how long did it take to find her and where.
You can use the examples provided as a basis. Explain the lesson learned by the little disobedient sheep
We struggled while doing the homework.
tooth.
Remember the 4 stages of writing. Plan-
car, Inform, Write and Correct. PIEC
4. Expository text: First, you must look for information
In all these texts, the part of 'planning' information about any tourist area that is nearby
we have already given it to you, because we are di- from your house, then we imagine that we are going to give a
deciding what kind of text to write and how it will go conference to a group of people to explain to them the
ordered, the phase of gathering information tam- beauties of the place and the importance.
it's well detailed but you must contribute the
information; finally it’s your turn to write and co- Introduction. We provide a general idea of
Rewrite. Only paper and pencil are needed or what we are going to say.
or a computer. Go ahead! Central idea. The most important data of
tourist center that you want to remain in
the mind of the people.
1) Describe the house where you live. Remember-
since the glasses for a descriptive text Secondary ideas. We add information-
I see to observe, in this case your house; that supports the central idea.
organize mentally how you are going to pre- Conclusion. We review everything we said-
set the information. We start with the we summarize or write it.
ceiling, through the door or from another place.
Remember that an expository text does not seek to
Then you make a detailed description.
about what your house is like. If you prefer, you can- to defeat people about something but only to inform them.
You should use another house, maybe the one from the ve- Each exercise must be done using at least
cino. half a page of text and at most one. The work
it can be delivered in physical format using the holder-
2) We wrote a small note addressed to
exercise sheets or in the virtual classroom writing directions
our boss, requesting permission to
specifically in the area of tasks.
leave earlier on Friday, I should-
to which we have to attend an appointment
medical. In this case, it is not necessary to pre-
to present conflicting data, only
data that supports your request, such as
for example, the appointment card from the IGSS.

3) Narrative text. The narrative text deals with-

He talks about a small story about
a sheep. We will give you most of
details and you filled it with creativity.
Situation. A mother sheep and her lambs.
You must invent where they live and
how are they.

Knot: The smallest sheep does not make

Page 10 of 15
 How is a functional text read?
To read a functional text there are two ways; the
first is reviewing only those parts that
Functional texts we are interested and the other is to read them completely.

Now we will proceed to study As we read it, we decide what the infor-
information that will be useful to us and we can stop
a class of texts that many
sometimes they do not fall into any of the side that does not interest us or that we already
previous categories and that's why we know.
we will see them separately. For
let's start by reading the following
Examples of functional texts
examples:
Ads, Advertising
Rafael has bought a new phone and now
Bank statements
he is reading the user manual.
Catalogs, Bus Schedules
Marta is reading the instructions to enroll. Directories
at the university.
Georgina is reading a recipe book. She wants to Emails
bake a cake. Food packaging labels
Instructions for games or operation of equi-
Marcos is consulting the maps page to po.
to know where the city of Quetzalte is located Websites
nango. Invitations, Letters
What do these texts have in common? Manuals, Maps
Memorandums
They are functional texts. Functional texts are those that... Menus, Brochures
those that are used to give indications, to solve a Recipes, Traffic signs
problem, operating a team, arriving at a place, etc. Billboards
They are quick reading documents that not always... Surveys,
they follow the same scheme. The recipes, the manuals of
team, announcements, flyers and other similar texts are Television programming guides
considered functional texts. Insurance policies or bonds.
Legal contracts.
Did you go to church this Sunday? Surely you understood- Public deeds.
they gave a program where the agenda of being is explained Complaints.
vice or the mass. This is an example of a functional text.
When you go to a restaurant, they give you a menu to choose from. Legal citations.
the food. Most functional texts have a Document authentication.
instructive or informative intention. Identification documents.
Instructions for assembling equipment.
Advertising brochures.
What is the purpose of a functional text?
Schedule of airplanes, trains, or buses.
The purpose of a functional text is to give us information.
Calendarios de eventos.
specific or assistance to carry out daily tasks. Algu-
our examples of functional texts are flyers, the
labels on food, recipes, and class schedules
among many others.

Page 11 of 15
How are functional texts organized? Task 5 Functional Texts
Functional texts usually consist of a 1. From the following options: Which are the inten-
index to help readers find the information functions of the functional text?
["Inform","Instruct","Entertain","Help","Persuade"]
tion they need. This type of texts is written in dis-
various types of paper and depends on the needs of the 2. What are the ways to read a fun text?
message that you want to send; usually presents an image- national?
genes or graphs to help understand the information. a) Read all the text from the back to ade-
lante.
The tutorials on the Internet that help us learn b) Reviewing only those parts that
about many software programs are also a we are interested.
example of this type of text. c) Read randomly what we want.
d) Read them completely.

How to analyze a functional text 3. Jorge has just bought a new phone, the
does not want to learn everything that the ma- says
nal?
annual, just look for how to configure your
There are four very important things email. Where does he have to look?
 You should search throughout the manual.
what we should take into account when
 You must go to the index
time to analyze a functional text.
Do you want to convince me of something? 4. Images are generally used as
complement of functional texts.
Provide a guide or specific steps
True False
to carry out a task?
Its purpose is to motivate so that 5. Internet tutorials are not considered
Shall we do something? functional texts.
Does this text want to teach me something?
True False

6. Complete the following text using in ca-

from the following words:
convince guide motivate teach
A functional text wants to __________ me from
something providing a [guide] to carry out a
task, its purpose is ______________ for
that we do something and the text pretends-
of _____________something.

7. How do you make chicken at your house? Elaborate on it.

recipe to make chicken in cream, or any
another way to cook chicken. The recipe must
to contain
a) General description of the cooked dish.
b) Necessary ingredients.
c) Steps to cook it.
d) How to serve it
You can use as an example recipes that you find
three in books or the internet.

Page 12 of 15
Tarea 6
Analysis of a functional text. Which cereals have the most sugar per serving?
Look in the job section of Prensa Libre or
Which cereal has fewer calories per serving?
any other newspaper an ad about hiring-
staff selection. We cut it out and paste it on What is the main ingredient of a multi cereal?
our portfolio of exercises and we answer the grain?
following questions: Product: In half a page of text, answer the questions.
What is the announcement about? previous ones can also be answered directly in the
What do they offer? virtual classroom. If you cannot go to a supermarket in-
What are the requirements to apply? tonces puedes usar etiquetas de comida que encuentres en tu
How does one get in touch with them? house

What is the function of this text? Task 8 Instructions for operating a cell phone.
A friend just bought your used cell phone.
The bad thing is that you have lost the user manual and your friend hasn't.
You know how to operate the device. You must write a manual that
I explain the following:
How to turn it on and how to operate it

the buttons of the device.

How to make calls, how to recharge
how to check balance and how to listen to music.

(If it's not little bean)

How to charge it, how to take care of it and

finally how to change the chip or battery.

Preferably use images or a drawing that shows the

operation of the same. We added our work to the portfolio.
tasks if you will submit it printed or in the virtual classroom,
using a PowerPoint presentation it will be done in a formal way
to digital.
Task 7 Visit to the Supermarket
Description: This task consists of visiting one of
the supermarkets that are near
to the place where you live, let's go
go to the cereal section,
we will review and then respond
some questions.
Resources: We will need trans-
door to go to the supermarket,
pencil and paper.

Process: We visit the supermarket and analyze

the labels of four boxes of different cereal
brand. Then we answer the following questions
tas:

Page 13 of 15
 Mind maps can be quite
COMMUNICATION simple or complicated, will depend on the
theme or topic and the included details. The
mind maps use visualization
to help us focus our ideas and
thoughts.
Learning objective.
People who already have experience
In this lesson, we are going to learn about one of the
more versatile tools that can be used in creating maps they add colors to
the study. This is a graphic organizer called group ideas like in the example below.
mind map. Let's see then what are the
Another popular way to create mind maps
practical applications of this tool that us
will allow to organize ideas. is to use the image of a beetle,
putting the main idea at the center of
beetle and the secondary ideas in the
Competition 6 paws of the little animal.
Develop texts, graphics, and other resources from
information obtained from written media.
Each idea can be added more ra-
but in such a way that a series is formed of
6.1. Design functional and ...
self-learning.
levels that are giving depth to the
ideas.
Sin importar qué tipo de mapa mental
you want to create, a simple one or a complex one, the

the basic principle is the same. Use help

So this is a mind map? Visual to see ideas graphically.
Brian scratched his head. It was his first day as a designer. A mind map can be a resource for
of the software and wanted to make a good impression in his the study is very useful as it will allow us
low. But when his supervisor asked him to draw a map organize ideas without the need for memory
there's so much information.
mind map to organize ideas in the morning meeting of
work, he had to admit that he did not know what he was
talking.
In the session, he took many notes, wrote several sentences.
or words and when the meeting ended he addressed his es-
desk with a bunch of ideas written on a paper. The
what they had done in the meeting was a brainstorming session Pronoun

Brian still didn't know how to make a mind map like that. Subject
adjevo
who entered the Internet and typed in the search engine "what is a ma-"
Are you crazy?
Verb adverb

Sentence
Predicate

Article

Page 14 of 15
Steps to create a mind map Then take one of those subtopics and pro-
dive a little deeper. Like Margarita she
Margarita is a first-year student of Basque. loves Christian music a lot divide that
for maturity in PRONEA. your tutor has asked you to genre in three tertiary ideas. To Margarita
Write an essay about music. He has told you that he/she likes Christian music in English,
choose the type of music you want to talk about. in our environment it is known as gospel and
Margarita starts by creating a mind map for about this is going to be written.
organize your ideas and from there write the essay-
yo.
Task 30
Create a mind map with the central idea
MUSIC fruit tray. Before starting work
busca información sobre frutas, clases de
frutas, donde se producen, beneficios para
health, and any other information im-
important or interesting about fruits.
The first thing he does is take a picture of a When you have a bunch of concepts
beetle and on the body of the insect writes the on a sheet of paper organize the ideas
word music. Music is the central idea about the following the model of the beetle.
what is going to work on his essay.
Well, presenting work on a sheet of
Reggaeton printed paper, letter size and you will be able to
Crisana
add images or drawings, how to create
Marimba
Ranchera more interesting.
If you do it in digital format, you will be able to use
MUSIC to make a PowerPoint presentation and co-
sauce pair the image of the beetle or search for one
on the Internet and then with a text box
hostage to the information.
Rock
Cumbia
Don't forget to save the document of
Ballads
PowerPoint as PDF before uploading it to the
virtual classroom.
Alrededor de la imagen coloca las ideas secunda-
rays, which are the ones that will give strength to the idea
principal. She plays the different types of music
that exist, at least the most important ones.

Gospel
Reggaeton
Crisana Spanish
Marimba
Ranchera
FRUITS
MUSIC
Salsa

Rock
Cumbia
Ballads

Page 15 of 15
 Natural Sciences II
Module 2 Stage 1 of Basics
Material aligned to the National Base Curriculum

This material is distributed under license

Creative Commons 3.1, you can distribute it and
copy it but do not modify it or sell it.

PRONEA
PRONEA:6ta Calle 2-21 Zona 9 Edificio Heralso, Nivel II,
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NATURAL SCIENCES

Learning objective. The Maya ceremony

The objective of this module is to analyze the Roberto is a chemistry teacher
religious and scientific viewpoints on it in a university extension of
origin and evolution of life, the interaction of Chimaltenango. Her friend Astrid
human being and nature according to the contributions
works in a company that
of science and the Maya worldview. furniture factory, both live in
To achieve this, we will conduct some readings. the same city. This afternoon they have arranged to go out to
that they give us some insight on the way that to walk with Ernesto, another mutual friend, and Joaquín who
the Maya conceived the world, the tradition has invited you to witness a Mayan ceremony in the
Judeo-Christian and their points of view ruins of Iximché, located in Tecpán.
scientists. For the final task we are going to make
a comparative table of the three currents of Astrid is not sure about going, but she agrees more to just pass by.
thought. a while with his friends because of the ceremony. Joaquín
He is a Mayan priest. He will perform the ceremony.
Competence 5
Relate the origin and evolution of life with Joaquín begins by placing some offerings on the
the interaction of human beings and nature altar that has been built there in Iximché, places grains,
according to the contributions of science and the some dried fruits, take something like a flute and
worldview of the Peoples. the touch. As time goes by
ceremony must have a prepared aguardiente
Achievement Indicators: especially for the occasion.
5.1 Explain the origin and evolution of the
life from the worldview of the four At some point, raise your arms to the sky and pray to the
Towns (sic) and from the perspective gods, especially the one called Ajaw, several of the
scientific. presents are there only to observe and not
5.2. Design different types of necessarily because they share the beliefs of
comparative presentation of processes Joaquín; that is the case of Roberto, Astrid, and Ernesto.
of evolution. When the ceremony ends, Joaquín collects all his
they were going to get a coffee.

What is that whole ceremony about?

Do we witness? -Asks Roberto.
For us the Mayans, -Joaquín responds- Ajaw is
who has created the heavens and the earth and therefore
we must show him respect and worship him.
No, -interrupts Astrid- Jehovah God is the one who has
the heavens and the earth, is the same one who sent to
his son Jesus Christ to die for us on the cross.
I am not too wise to deny you, I remind you Astrid that our ancestors were
Sir; I find your divine existence logical; obliged to believe in Jesus Christ by the conqueror
I just have to open my eyes to find you; Spanish.- Replica Ernesto.
all of creation invites me to worship you, Yes," Astrid says, "you are referring to Catholicism. But I am
Amado Nervo evangelical believer and I decided to believe on my own
account.

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 Roberto wants to be a mediator among everyone and Task 1
dice:-no quiero que empiecen a pelearse
Description.
for what they believe; remember that all this
This task involves creating a comparative table.
they are myths and there is no evidence
about the appearance of the universe and the human being through
that there truly exists a God. The
The only certainty is what science has a research that can be done via the internet,
discovered and until now science has not Bible or history books, use letter size sheets.
I could prove that God exists. Resources:
A computer with internet access is good
Neither has science been able to prove Get an educational poster.
that God does not exist.-Zanja Ernesto. The following topics:
We Christians believe that God Chapter 1 of Genesis, the first book of the Bible.
created the heavens and the earth and everything that is
The theory of evolution.
in the world. We believe it by faith, faith is the
The creation of man according to the Popol Vuh
certainty of things that are not seen.
Make sure, Astrid.
On the contrary, -says Roberto -So that
something must be true, it must have been
After reading, we will proceed to create a chart.
checked before. Science is not based on
In faith, it is based on facts. comparative like the model shown below.

Astrid asks: -And how is it possible

to be sure, for example of the 'Big Bang'
if no one was present? You have to have
faith in science, having faith that what
you suppose it was a great explosion because Theory How does it explain the Similitudes Diferencias
appearance of the universe
everything that science presents are theories and the human being?
because no scientist was either
present..
Evolution
Roberto says again: That is a
example of just four people Christianity
There are different ideas about the origin of life.
Different beliefs, values. This is called Popol Vuh
cosmovision, the way of seeing the world.
Now we agree with you!
They say their friends, and they go to look for something of
to eat, because that is another thing in which
they also agree. Rubric to evaluate all tasks

0—59 60—69 70—85 85—100

What is worldview? Deficient Regular Good Excellent

According to John F. MacArthur, The worldviewThe work does not The work ful- The work is completed The work is completed
understand the collection of own assumptions, delivered or met with more than with all the indi- with all the indi-
with less than 50% of the indications. songs, besides
convictions and values that a person 50% of the indications. the student has
try to understand and make sense of the world and ciones. added information
to life. additional action that
MacArthur John F. What is your worldview? Available enriches its wa-
low.
Consultation date
24/04/2017.

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NATURAL SCIENCES Characteristics of the Earth
You have probably had the opportunity to visit a
lake or a beach, you surely dove in and had
the opportunity to observe a different world that
lives underwater.
The city of Guatemala is also surrounded by
Learning objective. volcanoes and some like the Pacaya volcano,
occasionally erupt. These phenomena, the
The objective of this lesson is that through the
eruption of the volcano and the world that forms beneath the
reading and performing several exercises the
water gives us an idea of what the earth is made of.
student can describe the main points
geological and atmospheric phenomena that
occur on the earth and how these affect the The spheres of the earth.
human life.
The earth is made up of four different spheres. In
In this lesson, we will describe each of them. The Earth
it is a complex place, although it seems to be a structure
Competence 6 still there are so many things we cannot see or
Describe the main geological phenomena we need microscopes to do it.
and atmospheric related to the structure and
dynamics of the Earth, as well as its incidence All processes on earth are related to
in human activity. the four spheres that we will describe individually
however, they are all connected
between each other.
Achievement Indicators
6.1 Describe the main characteristics The names of each of the spheres come from the
physical features of the earth
{"geo":"earth","hidro":"water"}
6.2 Relate the sliding of plates with the for water; 'bio' for life and 'atmo' for air.
origin of the mountains, volcanoes and the
seismic movements.
6.3 Describe the characteristics and changes of The geosphere.
the constituent elements of the surface
Geo means earth, the earth on which we place
terrestrial and the species that inhabit it.
our feet. The geosphere is made up of all the
6.4 Establish relationships between the phenomena
rocks, minerals, and soil that is found
atmospheric and the climate
on the planet. This includes all the
6.5 Identify natural phenomena that are
mountains and liquid rocks that are
potential threats
they are found beneath us just like
the minerals and metals. The continents,
the ocean bed and any surface
rocky, including the sand of the deserts are
considered part of the geosphere.

The hydrosphere.
As we already know, hydro means
water, it's easy to guess that the hydrosphere
it is the part of the earth that contains the
water.

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This includes all the rivers, lakes, waterfalls, Most of the atmosphere is densely formed.
oceans, ice sheets at the north and south poles near the earth's surface, where most of
on, glaciers and even the humidity and the climate occurs but extends a little over 450
Clouds in the air. The hydrosphere is located km above the earth. In any case, there is no
mainly on the face of the earth but clear or exact idea of where it ends. The atmosphere
it can also be found in the acts like a huge tablecloth or sheet that wraps around
depths of it or in the form of the earth and protects it from ultraviolet rays or debris
clouds in the sky. From meteorites in addition to retaining solar heat.
Most of the water on Earth is salty,
only 3% is frozen in glaciers or
in the poles. Of all this, barely 1% is Task 2
fresh water and yet most are
hidden in cloaks beneath the earth. Read the following statements and explain with your
in your own words which terrestrial spheres interact in
that event. For each event, there are two spheres that
interact.

1) A tree is uprooted by wind.

2) A person is caught by the rain.
3) A hailstorm destroys the harvest of
corn
4) The air that escapes from the Earth's surface goes out.
hot.
The biosphere. 5) The water vaporizes and rises.
The biosphere is composed of all the 6) A lightning bolt strikes a house in the forest.
living organisms of the planet. This includes 7) A river overflows its banks flooding the plain.
human beings, animals, plants, bacteria, 8) A black cloud forms on the horizon.
fungi and unicellular organisms. The 9) A hurricane destroys the zoo.
most living organisms do not exist A man who died yesterday is buried.
more than 10 feet underground and A ship is sailing in open sea and is battered by
up to 600 feet above it strong winds.
case of the birds. An airplane experiences turbulence while flying
at 33 thousand feet in height.
Due to the fact that each organism
A horse slips in the mud.
living individually is so A farmer plants corn and beans to
small in relation to the size of the earth, to feed oneself.
living beings are organized into something A lady is milking a cow.
called biomes that are like units
regional areas characterized by vegetation and Answer each of the questions using two or
the weather. Without knowing it, you are already familiar
three lines of text clearly indicating what
with various types of biomes such as way the two most important spheres intervene in
example deserts, plains, and forests. the described action.
The atmosphere.
The last wait is the atmosphere. This is,
composed of all the air that surrounds the Earth.
This air one is mainly made of
of nitrogen, a little oxygen and small
amounts of other molecules.

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 They came together. Almost always a continent is formed
for a single plate but there are also exceptions.
How is the Earth formed? In what way?
earthquakes and tsunamis shape the
earth. Falls.
We have always been told that the earth is Two plates for
round. In this lesson we are going to see that the example be
the earth is not like a soccer ball, it is not they hit on the
a smooth balloon; even if we grab a ball of state of
football and we gently run our hand over it California.
we will notice that there are bulges in There where two
those places where the thread used for plates join
to cook one piece with another. There is also foreman a
protrusions in those places where it has failure.
received more blows.
We said ago
The Earth is actually not like a ball of a time that
football or a balloon, it doesn't even look alike sometimes these plates are placed on top of each other or
those terrestrial balloons that appear in the collide to form mountains, other times only
professors' desks. Probably they will stay there stuck together, like kissing one another
these educational objects are made up of another.
more than one piece, however the earth itself
it consists of many pieces called plates This is not peaceful at all, for example imagine that
tectonics. we grab one hand with the other and pull hard, with
all our strength, until we manage to let go of the hand of the
another and at that moment the hands move away with
Tectonic plates. violence one against the other due to the force applied.
Now imagine two enormous tectonic plates trying
As we cannot 'tear apart' the earth to free oneself from one another, when it finally happens
to test the existence of tectonic plates, there is a huge amount of energy that has to go away
this is still just a theory. to somewhere. To these sudden releases of
theory is a way of explaining something that does not
We call energy earthquakes or tsunamis.
we know. Sometimes theories are
certain and other times not. Sometimes the
theories are considered true by a Earthquakes.
time and then something more is discovered and
You probably imagined that I would mention California, right?
check that such theory did not exist.
it made no sense moments ago, the reason why
The theory of tectonic plates tells us we are talking about earthquakes is because
that these plates are continuously in California is famous for the constant danger of
movement and for that reason they change. These earthquakes, the most notable of all occurred in the
plates also cause certain phenomena city of San Francisco in 1906 and that destroyed
when they come together with each other. For completely the city.
For example, a tectonic plate can slide.
under another forming a kind of The San Andreas Fault is the most famous in the world, and
it is because the earthquakes in this place are very
trench; there is also the possibility that
a plate colliding with another, giving rise to the common. But don't worry, earthquakes occur
mountain formation. The mountains more daily but they are so small or so weak that they don't
the highest in the world are those of the Himalayas, we are sorry.
formed when the Indian and Asian plates

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Even the large earthquakes do not reach Name of the nearest fault.
cause great damage due to the
buildings are now earthquake-resistant; for A personal conclusion about what you learned.
assuming that does not rule out that in
any moment and without us expecting it
Some municipalities have this information in their
it could manifest a large earthquake
websites, if this is the case of the municipality in the
proportions. But it's still not in our What you live then is not necessary to visit, but yes it is.
hands and therefore it is of no use to grieve. it is necessary to note on your page in addition to the information
required the email address from where
Tsunamis. Did you get the information.

We would all be better off if this series of The work can be submitted in physical form using
earthquakes would occur only underwater. the task portfolio or through the virtual classroom. If
After all, they would happen in the sea and you live outside of Guatemala so the work can
gather information about the place where you now live or
far from the inhabited land. Don ’t be so
Sure. Earthquakes under the sea have You can write to your tutor for better guidance.
the ability to generate what is called form.
tsunami, which are massive waves of water that
They form when the energy of an earthquake is
transferred to seawater.
Earthquakes transfer energy to water
of the sea and these waves can reach up to
100 feet tall. Very few things or people.
can survive a flood of this
class.
Guatemala is also a country with a lot of
seismic threat, the most important faults What is an ecosystem?
that cross our country are the fault of
Motagua, the Jalpatagua fault and the fault of An ecosystem is very similar to a vehicle's engine.
When we refer to the vehicle's engine, we are referring to it
Mixco.
naming as a whole but in reality there are many
parts that work together to make the vehicle
advance. How do we define an ecosystem and what parts does it include?
Task 3 component?
This task consists of visiting the municipality. Let's think of another example, imagine your house, and all the things.
from the city or municipality where we live. What is in it. They have furniture, books, food, utensils.
Inquiry at the municipality What are the of kitchen, clothes, pets, and even other people who
contingency plans you have in case of they live in the same house with you. Your house is made up of
earthquakes and also ask what the fault is of a variety of living and non-living things.
closest one that exists in that locality.
Just like your home, an ecosystem is a community.
We prepared a half-page report on of living creatures and non-living things that work
text that contains the following information: together. Living things are called biotic.
Name of the municipality. and those that are not living are called abiotic. And
of course, just like your house has boundaries with the
Date of your visit. Other houses, ecosystems also have borders.
Description of the contingency plan in with other ecosystems although these are not always present
earthquake case. clearly defined.

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All ecosystems are different from each other, lower areas, some vegetation grows here but
however, there are three basic components in it is still quite cold. The ecosystems of this kind
each one. they are also found very far north, in these places
It is common to find conifer trees of the type that
Autotrophs: (energy producers)
it is used to decorate Christmas.
Heterotrophs. (consumers of
energy Temperate forest.
Non-living matter. In these places we find those trees that
they shed their leaves every year, these are the trees
Plants make up the majority of the that acquire a beautiful red, yellow, and
autotrophs in an ecosystem, while the orange in autumn before falling
the majority of heterotrophs are animals. The completely its leaves as preparation for the
non-living matter is composed of the earth, the harsh winter. This type of ecosystem is found
sediments, dry leaves, and any other in latitudes lower than those we find in the
organic matter that is found on the taiga ecosystems, these are those places where
land or in the bed of a body of water, there are more frequent season changes, for example
whether these are lakes, rivers, or oceans. summer, autumn, winter, and spring. It is very common
There are two main types of ecosystems, that these places have very cold winters and
closedandopen. The ecosystems very hot summers.
closed are those that do not have sheets
energy exchange with others
ecosystems that surround it. An ecosystem The ecosystems located in these places are
open is that which shares energy with the exactly as it sounds, it is a
other ecosystems. ecosystem dominated by vegetation, trees and
forests. These ecosystems are those that
Ecosystems come in many shapes and they show beautiful fields for planting or for
sizes, to help us study them and cattle raising, when you hear the word
they have been classified into several meadow you are usually thinking of an ecosystem
ways but are mainly defined from the savanna.
as terrestrial or aquatic.
Savanna ecosystems can be found in the
Terrestrial ecosystems. most of the land except in Antarctica, and the
Terrestrial ecosystems are those that the type of vegetation we will find will depend on the
they are found on the earth, there are four temperature and weather of the place.
main categories of ecosystems Aquatic ecosystems.
terrestrial: tundra, taiga, temperate forests and
savanah. An aquatic ecosystem is one that is found
inside a body of water. There are two types of
Tundra. aquatic ecosystems, freshwater and marine.
They are those ecosystems that are found Salt water.
in the northern latitudes, for example Marine ecosystems.
Canada, Greenland, and Siberia. These
ecosystems mark a line called "line These are the oceans, the channels, like the canal of
from the grove" because it is where it begins to Chiquimulilla in Guatemala and any other area
it becomes very cold and the light begins to run out dominated by saltwater. Marine ecosystems
as we have already said they have a high concentration
sun that in turn prevents the growth of
vegetation. of salt that distinguishes it from water ecosystems
sweet and can also be categorized as
Taiga. open water or coastal ecosystems.
These ecosystems are found at latitudes

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An example of an open water ecosystem is living beings that have adapted to the climate and others
find in the city of Livingston, in the existing conditions in that place.
Izabal department. In this place the river
The word biome and ecosystem is often confused.
sweet flows into the Caribbean Sea and then
or is used as synonyms. However, not to
freshwater mixes with saltwater;
make the concept difficult think of a biome as a
there is evidence of having found sharks
collection or union of a puzzle, each piece of the
in this river, sharks that probably
they entered from the Caribbean Sea. What has not been
puzzle represents an ecosystem while
the complete puzzle is the biome. The
it could explain is that it allows them to live in
freshwater but that will be a topic for another lesson.
a characteristic that defines them all is that all the
ecosystems in one language are similar.
Freshwater ecosystems.
Lakes, rivers, fountains, swamps, waterfalls and
Ponds are freshwater ecosystems. These A journey around the world.
ecosystems are distinguished by having little Temperate forests.
or no salt, these ecosystems are also
classified by: Felipe and Angela are a pair of
intrepid friends who have
Depth. decided to go around the world
Amount of water it carries. together. After a long time
They wrote a diary while traveling.
Nutrient availability.
about what they had lived.
Temperature. the first stop was the north of the
Sunlight. United States, where there are many forests
temperate places where trees grow
with broad and pointed leaves. This type of forests
are found in the mid-latitudes and areas that
they receive rain in the warm summer months, this
allows certain species such as maple trees and
Comoros develop more easily.
However, in these forests, winter tends to be
very cold and the trees drop their leaves to protect themselves
leaves in order to prevent the snow from accumulating on
they and let them fall. A tree without leaves has more
probability of surviving the cold winter.
These trees are called 'deciduous'; Felipe and
Angela wanted to see how those enormous trees
the colors of their leaves change as they
about winter and let them fall. As the
the tree lets its leaves die, they lose chlorophyll and
that's why the color changes.
What are biomes?
To complicate things a little more,
we must have ecosystems connected to others
similar ecosystems form what we call
biomes. Biomes are large regions of
world with plants, animals, and other beings

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Tropical forests. In any case, the sheets are mostly found
in tropical regions of the world where changes
The next stop for Felipe and Angela was climatic patterns follow a dry cold, hot or
Central America, where there is an abundance of
dry and warm to humid. This is the type of sheet that you
tropical forests that are those that found in the Serengeti National Park,
receive more than 100" of rain per year. These Tanzania, Africa, which is famous all over the world
forests provide shelter to a huge why it shelters a huge number of animals
population of plants and animals; the forests such as giraffes, elephants, rhinoceroses, zebras,
tropical regions also represent or house the leopards and lions among many others. It is the park that
greater number of species than any other we usually see in movies filmed in some
language on earth. place in Africa.
This incredible wealth is due to the
combination of a tropical climate and a lot
rain throughout the year which provides Freshwater biomass.
optimal conditions for growth of
a huge number of plant species
which in turn serve as food for another
huge amount of animals.
Due to this enormous productivity in the
tropical forests, it would be expected that the land
sea rich in nutrients; however, it is
exactly the opposite. The conditions
warmth in the tropical forests causes a
rapid decomposition of any waste,
and because there is a lot of water and sunlight,
any nutrient released inside the
land is quickly absorbed by the
growing vegetation, leaving the earth
considerably poor due to the high While in Africa, Felipe and Ángela decided to travel a
productivity in those biomes. a couple of days at Lake Victoria. Felipe wanted to see this place.
because he has a huge aquarium in his house, and some
These are not bad news either, always and Fishes that are in their aquarium come from the lake.
when the tropical forests remain Victoria. Lakes, ponds, fountains, and rivers are examples of
intact nutrients will circulate quickly freshwater aquatic biomass. Because these
for the ecosystem. This means that the lakes, lagoons or rivers are naturally isolated from each other
plants can use one and the other repeatedly
of the others in different ways, species of fish
nutrients. or other kinds of aquatic animals are found
Sabbath. only in each of these ecosystems. When
a species found only in one place is said to be
After traveling through the beautiful
countries in Central and South America, Felipe and
they are endemic.
Ángela headed to Africa. Ángela was ... Lake Victoria is a good example. It is one of the lakes
They like giraffes and even though they have seen them before largest in the world and is home to a number
in zoos she wanted to see one in the wild approximately 1000 different species of fish. The
open, in the African savannah. most of them have not yet been cataloged or
fully described or identified. Only 5% of the
The savanna is essentially composed of
species have been found in other bodies of water
wide plains with some trees. It
therefore it is said that 95% of the species of the lake
find in any kind of weather or
Victorias are endemic because they are not found in
temperature, usually in areas
transitional areas between plains and forests. From no other place in the world.

Page 10 of 21
Deserts. to also talk about the enormous animal life that is produced in
the reefs.
The next trip of Felipe and Ángela took them to
Australia. One of the things that Ángela wanted Animals in a desert usually hide during
to do before dying is to walk among the day and most use some type of camouflage to
a desert in Australia. The biomes protecting themselves from predators. In contrast, the fish in the
deserts are characterized by relative coral reefs and other animals are abundant and include
little rain, sometimes none. Any area the most colorful classes in the world.
from the land that obtains less than 12 Although animal life is impressive in the reefs of
inches of rain per year is considered coral, the plants are completely absent. Indeed, we have
desert and we find them anywhere seen on television that some corals seem to have
latitude of the Earth. plants, however, they are actually animals. So then of
The image that most of us Where do they get energy if there are no plants?
we have of a desert is a huge In the coral reefs, there are unicellular organisms.
sand extension, however the deserts that live within the same coral called dinoflagellates
they can have a variety of earth, life symbiotic, which are capable of carrying out the process of
wild and animal. In the deserts of photosynthesis. These organisms are unique because they can
Australia grows resistant plants to the survive independently.
drought with few leaves, some of these
plants store water in their roots to
survive the prolonged periods of drought.
The animal population is not very high.
in the deserts, but even, insects,
arachnids, snakes, mammals, birds and
even some amphibians can be found
in deserts like those in Australia. Each
one of these animals has its own
methods to conserve water and make use of
certain specific food that allows him to live
in these inhospitable conditions.
Coral reefs.
Finally, no trip to Australia can
to be complete if we do not visit the enormous
coral reef barriers that exist in
. The coral reefs are
they form in tropical marine environments
where sunlight can reach the bed of
ocean and where corals can also
finding something to hold on to. The reefs
Coral reefs are almost the opposite of deserts.
Coral reefs are the most biomes
productive of the land, this as we said is
totally opposite to the deserts where
There is hardly any production.
The other impressive difference between the
coral reefs and deserts is that these
they have abundant water because they are
submerged in the ocean and then we can

Page 11 of 21
Task 4

Rewrite this text by filling in the blanks.

Food chains.
with the missing words. These are portions of text that
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
We read, if you have doubts you just need to review the reading. it can destroy, but it can be transferred from
from one organism to another. A chain
A __________ is a community of creatures __________ food shows the flow of energy in
and non-living things that work together. To the things an ecosystem. In this lesson we are going to
define what a chain means
we call the living ____________ and those that are not nutritional and we will review some examples.
living beings are called __________. A food chain is the step
imaginary that represents the exchange of
The _______ ecosystems are those that do not have energy from one organism to another. In other
energy exchange with other ecosystems that it words, it is the chronological order that
indicate who eats whom in a
Rodean. An ___________ ecosystem is one that shares biological community.
energy with other ecosystems. There is also the so-called food chain.
which is confused with the food chain;
The ___________ ecosystems are those that are a food chain shows the relationship or
found about the _______________, there are four energy transfer between organisms
por una sola vía; mientras que las cadenas
main categories of terrestrial ecosystems: ________, trophic levels represent the exchange of
, and energy between species.

____________. Primary Consumers: They are

those who obtain their energy
An ecosystem _______________ is one that is found directly from the primary producer,
for example the grasshopper that eats
dentro de un cuerpo de agua. Hay dos tipos de ecosistemas leaves of the plants.
aquatic, those of water ____________ and Secondary Consumers: They are the
________________. (Saltwater). that obtain their energy directly
of primary consumers, such as
The _____________ of ________________ are formed in for example a mouse that eats the
grasshopper
environments ___________ __________ where sunlight
Tertiary Consumers: Those who
can reach the bed of ______________ and where they obtain energy by eating the
Corals can also find something to hold onto. secondary consumers. Example:
A snake that eats the mouse.
The coral _____ are the most productive ______ of the
Quaternary Consumers: This
earth. you already know it, they are the ones who obtain
energy eating the
tertiary consumers. For example,
a hawk that eats the snake.

Page 12 of 21
What are the trophic levels?
We have all heard that saying that 'the fish
the big eats the little..”; the truth is that Task 5 Draw your food chain.
spend every day in nature.
What did you have for lunch today? If you haven't yet, then imagine it.
Each biological community can have What did you have for lunch yesterday? Based on this information, elaborate.
multiple food chains, but each one a food chain similar to the one found in the
starts with a primary source of energy. bottom part of this page. You need to use your creativity
The main source of energy is the sun. Others to imagine what things you have eaten and at what level of the
food chains can start with You find yourself in the food chain.
a hot water spring under the sea.
Your food chain should start with the sun, showing one or
The following organization that benefits from the more primary producers, primary consumers,
solar energy or from low geothermal sources secondary, tertiary and quaternary. You can search
the oceans are called "primary producer"; online information or ask anyone that you
these are organisms that can create their can help.
own food directly from the source of
energy. The drawing can be done in PowerPoint or on a sheet of paper.
double letter paper. If you do it on paper, you can use
Some examples include plants and algae. magazine or newspaper cutouts and if you do it digitally
For example, plants are producers. You can also add images. We submit our homework.
primary because they can process energy through the virtual classroom or in physical form in the Portfolio
solar through a process called of Tasks.
photosynthesis.
After the plant undergoes photosynthesis,
another organism eats the plant and takes
that energy to use it for oneself.
As human beings, we are not producers.
primaries because we cannot create our
own energy to survive. Therefore,
we must consume energy from other sources,
such as plants or animal meat. At
ingesting plants, we are part of the next
sequence in the food chain, and that's why
we are in the category of consumers
primary, or organisms that consume the
primary producers.
With each energy transition, the chain
Food moves to the upper levels.
These levels are called trophic levels.
This is a list of the trophic levels:
Primary Producers: They are those
that obtain energy directly
from the sun or other heat sources, the
the best example is plants.
Primary Consumers: They are
those who obtain their energy
directly from the

Page 13 of 21
 In Guatemala, there is no tundra and taiga. What does exist
temperate forests, tropical forests, ecosystems
marine and freshwater. It also doesn't snow in
Tarea 6 Maqueta de un bioma. Guatemala, in very rare occasions the Tajumulco volcano
it has been covered with snow or ice. Make sure to get
Pay close attention to the image below.
a wide photograph of the chosen lake to reproduce it
from this page. It is a mock-up or model of
in your model.
a biome, that is, a union of several
ecosystems. The model must show at least a river and a
lake; they should also show the type of vegetation at
In the model, we find tundra, taiga,
around it and if there are other kinds of ecosystems
temperate forests, tropical forests
it must be represented in the same.
deserts, a source of water, and even ice.
The work will be presented using a photograph of your
person posing in front of the model. If it is not easy for you
Based on the model presented, and You can possibly submit the photograph, so you can send it.
using a cardboard box of size the model itself but it is not recommended due to
medium, we are going to make a model that they take up a lot of space and cannot be sent by
represent the present ecosystems regular mail.
around any of these lakes: Lake of
In addition to the photograph of the model or the model
Izabal; Lake Petén Itzá; Lake Atitlán, Lake
you must write at least one page of text
from Amatitlán, Laguna de Guija; Laguna de
explaining the details of your work.
Ipala or Ayarza Lake.
Good luck.
We choose one of these freshwater lakes,
and we will proceed to use our creativity
to generate a model that represents the
ecosystems present around these
bodies of water.

Page 14 of 21
 When the tilt of the earth recedes
slowly from the sun it is winter, in this
at the moment the days are short and the nights
The miracle of life long. Six months later when the
Whenever we talk about the earth we tilt of our hemisphere us
we imagine our planet as a circle about the sun, it is summer, the days are
suspended vertically in space. If long days and short nights. On the other
if this were true, sunlight would fall hemisphere happens exactly the same
directly to the center of the earth opposite.
leaving the top and bottom of the earth Astronomers, using their concepts
dark and very cold. to point out the moments when it occurs
If the earth rotated vertically, its center would be these changes produce, these are
almost burned and the northern and southern regions would remain all solstice and equinox.
the frozen time. The equinoxes are those moments
There is something miraculous, impressive, and difficult to explain that of the year when the sun is positioned most
allows life on Earth; moreover, it allows for the existence of the high in the plane of the celestial equator,
winter and summer; and in the regions close to (above our heads) is the day when the
the poles that exist besides autumn and the sun reaches its highest point in the sky.
spring. The equinoxes occur twice a year
between March 20 and 21 for the
The earth does not rotate vertically on its axis. summer solstice and the 22nd or 23rd of
The earth is tilted 23.5 degrees towards September for the equinox of
back; this allows it to receive sunlight in a regions winter.
during certain times of the year and at other times not.
Interestingly, these days in which
Have you noticed that in summer the days seem they produce the equinox of day and night
They are longer but in winter they shorten? This is due to the they have the same duration everywhere
tilt of the earth because as it orbits the sun places of the earth.
during the year, some parts of the earth move further away
provoking winter while those that are closer For their part, the solstices are the
they are enjoying a warm summer. moment when the sun reaches its
maximum declination north or south with
Winter and summer solstices and equinoxes regarding the terrestrial equator. In the
summer solstice of the northern hemisphere
Of the four inner planets of the solar system, Earth is the
The sun reaches its zenith at noon over the
what spins faster, a rotation that gives us day and night, and
Tropic of Cancer and at the solstice of
what makes the sun appear to move across the sky, but it doesn't
winter reaches its peak at noon
It is the sun that moves, but rather the earth that shifts on its axis.
about the Tropic of Capricorn. It occurs
This shift is a 24-hour cycle that gives us the
twice a year: on June 20 or 21 and
day and night, cold and heat.
on December 21 or 22 of each year.
If the axis of our planet were vertical, day and night
Throughout the year, the position of the Sun as seen
they would always last the same in Ecuador, in the north or south and the
from the Earth it moves towards the North and
poles. But the earth is tilted 23° which implies that the
towards the South. The existence of the solstices
The duration of day and night varies throughout the year.
it is caused by the tilt of the axis
As the Earth orbits around the sun, the angle with which from the Earth on the plane of its orbit.
we receive your changes slowly every day and cause the
stations.

Page 15 of 21
During the days of solstice, the duration of the day and the
the altitude of the Sun at noon is maximum (in the
summer solstice) and minima (at the solstice
of winter) compared to any other NATURAL SCIENCES
day of the year. In most cultures
ancient festivals were celebrated
commemorative of the solstices.
In temperate zones, the dates of the
solstices are identical to those of the passage Learning objective.
astronomical from spring to summer and of
The objective of this module is for the student to be able to
autumn to winter. The dates of the solstice of
winter and the summer solstice are describe the most important physical and chemical properties
inverted in both hemispheres. Solstice is commonalities of the subject by carrying out
an astronomical term related to the various simple exercises at home.
position of the Sun in the celestial equator.
Source: [Link]
Competence 7
Difference characteristics and properties of
the matter and the Universe, from the
perspective of Physics and Chemistry. (sic)
ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS:
7.1 Describe physical properties and
chemicals of matter
7.2 Uses knowledge of astronomy
ancient and modern in the understanding of
the proportions of the Universe, and the
characteristics and movements of the stars.

Task 7 Reading check.

To carry out this task it is necessary that we use a
computer or cell phone connected to the internet and we search for the
information about the following topics:

The earth in the universe

Properties of matter

Then, we answer the questions that come next.

page.

Page 16 of 21
 NATURAL SCIENCES
Task 7 Reading Check.
 What are the Greek words that mean
see from a distance?
 What did Galileo Galilei discover?
 What do we call a light year? Learning objective.
 What are galaxies? Through practical exercises and search for
 What is the most important star in our information, the student will be able to establish the
galaxy? relationship that exists between a physical concept and
 What are the names of the nine planets the phenomena that exist in their environment.
of our solar system? To relate them, a methodology will be used.
 What do we call a comet? simpler quantitative and qualitative.
 What is an asteroid?
 What is a meteorite?
 What do the translational movements consist of? Competency 8
and the rotation that the planets perform around the Relate the physical concepts and the methods
sun? qualitative and quantitative used in the
 Is there oxygen on other planets besides science, with the phenomena that occur in its
the earth? environment.
 What  is the only satellite that orbits around
ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS:
the earth?
 What  is the reason the sun does not 8.1 Relaciona el conocimiento científico con
find exactly at the center of the orbit the technological advances and the development of the
land? (Slide 82) societies and cultures
 What  do we call matter? 8.2 Presents information related to the
 Can  matter be created? physics and its history.
 Can  matter be made to disappear?
8.3 Apply the steps of the scientific method
 What  are the two extensive properties of the (observation, problem, hypothesis,
subject? guided experiments and conclusions
 What  is the difference between properties
quantitative and qualitative aspects of the subject? 8.4 Uses mathematical knowledge
 What
 do we call mass? necessary for the understanding of the
What
 is density? mechanics.
8.5 Uses concepts related to the
kinematics and dynamics in experiments
guided.
8.6 Distinguishes the concepts related to
the temperature and its changes, expansion
thermal, pressure, density, and fluids,
as well as their measurement methods.

Page 17 of 21
The letter from Enríquez de Rivera response in a matter of minutes. All thanks to the
huge number of people who saw a problem and
Enrique has just come to Guatemala after they came up with a solution.
from a long journey from his native Spain, they have
I've been traveling for several months to different places, What would your life be like if there were no paper, no phones?
but it has finally arrived at its destination yes the television?
newness, thank God. Enríquez de Rivera was a Catholic priest who brought the
He wants to notify his family in Spain that he has first printing press in Guatemala.
arrived without incident, has several options but
prefers to write a letter, unfortunately in
the place where he lives has no paper and neither does it Manuel's problem
no post office. There is no phone or
Manuel is worried, he hasn't done anything for several days.
Internet. It is the year 1659 and Enríquez de
could repair an old vehicle that was brought to the workshop.
Rivera has spent almost two months at sea. There is a stripped screw on one part of the engine and it has been
before arriving at a port in Cuba, then has
difficult to extract it. To make matters worse, the head of the
traveled another two weeks to Mexico and from there
he took a path of muleteers that led him through
the screw is broken and cannot use a drill because
it will destroy the stretch marks where the screw is tightened. If that
almost a month from Mexico City (which
if part of the engine is destroyed you will have to buy one
so it wasn't DF) until the Very Lel and Very
new.
Noble City of Santiago de los Caballeros of
Guatemala, today known simply as Miguel, his coworker says to him: let's weld the
Antigua Guatemala broken part of the screw to a piece of metal and then
let's try turning it over to see if it works. First, we need to
In a time when sending a letter
leave it for about 24 hours with oil to facilitate the work.
it took about three months to get to his
destination and the response something similar. Yes Enríquez, I am sure it will come out easily.
I would send a letter, it took three months to Miguel has never done a similar job but he believes that
arriving and another three or four months to return, this is the solution. Manuel on his part is not very
we are talking about six months for sure and believe that welding can stick to the engine and
get an answer. As long as the to damage it.
ships that brought or took the Despite everything, Manuel takes a risk and plays a piece.
correspondence were not victims of the of metal very carefully to the destroyed head of the
pirates, who sank due to bad weather or in screw. After leaving the piece submerged in oil
the best case being that the letter fell for 24 hours, he and Miguel try to turn it around
overboard. piece. The screw turns a little, a part comes out of the
Nowadays we can make a call in screw but then the weld breaks.
seconds, to any part of the world. Now that a part of that screw has come out, you can
We can send an email and use a large clamp and manage to extract the piece without
to wait damage the engine.
What was the problem that Manuel had in the first place?
place?
What was the solution proposed by Miguel?
After testing Miguel's idea, the
the screw breaks. Was Miguel's idea bad?
What is your conclusion about this problem and
How did they solve it?

Page 18 of 21
The scientific method. Problem
What is the problem in this image?
This is a set of procedures used by
the researchers and scientists during the First of all, it is a cartoon, but that is not at all
research processes. It is widely problem, there are hundreds of similar drawings by many
used in the world to obtain more sides; a doctor talking to a lady, that too
information through experiments. It happens every day, it has nothing to do with being a cartoon.
extraordinary so far.
The action research methodology that
we saw in the initial elections of this course Did you notice the kid? He has long hair, glasses, and
it is related to the method mustache. Do children wear mustaches at an early age?
scientific but they are not the same; the That's not common; moreover, he/she has glasses and hair as well.
action research is more used in the It is very still and long. If someone asks us which
social sciences and it is not necessarily required
It's the problem, how would we respond to it?
form a hypothesis before experimenting.
The scientific method is most used in the
exact sciences where everything is measured.
PROBLEM: The drawing shows a boy with a mustache
There are five very important steps in the and children do not wear mustaches.
scientific method. Some people present An inevitable problem leads us to ask ourselves
this model is a bit different, most of Various questions that can help us to guide
variations occur in the order of the steps and not our research:
necessarily in the list or procedures
Are there children with mustaches?
to execute each one.
Have you ever seen a child in arms with
mustaches?
At what age does a person grow mustache?
Not us, well, on October 12 the mothers who
they go to the Church of the Recollection in zone 1 dressed in
indigenous clothing to their children and paint mustaches on them, but it is
just for one day and then they wash their face and they have no more
mustaches.
A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a problem.
In this case, our problem is that we have a child.
with mustaches in the drawing and that's not common.

The image is used with the permission of its author.

Hypothesis
What would be the tentative answer to this question?
Observation
First of all, we could respond that the child
Observation consists of appreciating, seeing, probably suffers from some illness and has
analyze an object, a subject, or a situation growing mustaches; we can also affirm that their
determined, when done in a way mother hit him with those mustaches because she will take him to
spontaneous is said to be an observation a costume party; another response could be that, it is
empirical and when it is carried out with orientation
a drawing and we shouldn't worry about the child
from a guide or questionnaire, to guide the Well, it's just that, a cartoon and cartoons
observation, it is called scientific. they always exaggerate.
Carefully observe the following image, What do you think the answer is? What is your
search for common and uncommon elements. note
hypothesis?
Everything you see is a page of text.

Page 19 of 21
 How could we be sure of the answer? Finally, it is necessary to find out in
internet, in textbooks and others
A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a
sources to see if it has ever
PROBLEM. THE HYPOTHESES ARE THEN PUT TO a boy with a mustache has appeared.
TEST AND ARE ACCEPTED OR REJECTED.

Experimentation Conclusion
Have you seen children with mustaches?
The conclusion has to tell us four
things
Until this moment, we have nothing that indicates us.
What do others say about it
one thing or the other, we have only made conjectures or
problem.
questions based on what we know. But, what is it
What do we not know about the image? What is the best answer to the problem
To experiment means to check, to verify if based on what you have researched
Are there really children with mustaches or not. We can Why do you think that is the best?
to assert that there are no children with mustaches but with the response
the scientific method is necessary to base the
What things were left out of the
answer; and this is based on talking with the
involved in the care of children. research.

First of all, we will have to talk to

various doctors who treat children and ask
if they have seen children with mustaches.
Secondly, it will be necessary to look for children and see
whether they have mustaches or not.

Observation:
For several days you have seen that the plants of
Your garden is turning yellow.

The problem is that the plants must be Conclusion:

green but that's not the case. The weeds were cleared, and it was watered for two.
weeks and the objects that were not removed
Pregunta:(problema)
let sunlight through. The plants have
Why are the garden plants wilting? started to turn green. The hypothesis
Drying? Why are they not green? valid. (It is correct)

Hypothesis: Experiment:
The plants in the garden are drying up. Clear the weeds, water the plants during a
because they do not receive enough sunlight and water.
week, remove objects that cast shadows.

Page 20 of 21
 Task 8
As a final task, we invite you to find a
problem in the place where you live and fill out the
box from the next page with the
information based on the diagram
which is shown at the bottom of this
page.
Don't forget to ask your teachers if
of any doubt..

Observation: Something unusual, a thing that should not be as it is.

Question: (problem) What is happening or not happening that causes a

problem? Start the question with a 'why'

Hypothesis: (Tentative answer to the problem)

Experiment: (What needs to be done to verify if the response

(hypothesis) is correct.

Conclusion:(What happened.., the tentative answer was correct, why yes or why not)
no)

Page 21 of 21
 3. Convert fractions to decimals and
the reverse when operating by applying the hierarchy
of operations in the set of
rational numbers that distinguish from the
irrational.
3.1. Apply the order of operations
3.2 Recognizes the difference between the
elements of numerical sets.

4. Use statistical methods in the

representación y análisis de información.
4.1 Frequency polygon graph and
MATHEMATICS histograms.
4.2 Calculates measures of central tendency.
4.3 Find measures of position for
data that organizes and represents.
4.4 Calculate the probability of the
occurrence of compound events.

5. Translate information obtained from your

around symbolic logical language.
Week: 5.1 Select the most strategic option
1. Decimals and Fractions appropriate for problem solving.

2. Percentages
Competencia Indicador Semanas
3. Problems with percentages
4. Tables and Measurements 3 3.1 8

5. Reading Graphs 3.2 8

6. Media and Average 4 4.1 4, 5

7. Radio, Proportion and Probability 4.2 6
8. Negative and Positive Numbers 4.3 11, 12, 13,
9. Secuencias 4.4 7
10. Exponents
11. Standard Measures
5 5.1 2, 3

12. Metric Measures

13. Units of Time and Interest
14. Linear, Square and
Cubic

1
 Just saw how to change a decimal
from a digit to a fraction. It's the same if
the decimal has two digits or two places
decimals. Example: 0.25, in this case
can say that they are 25 hundredths or
25 out of 100.

There is a simple rule here. To change

Week 1: Decimals and Fractions
any decimal to a fraction remove
A man named Francisco can
the decimal point and write the number
to be called Paco, Pancho or Chico or another
integer resulting as the numerator.
name, but it would still be the same
In the denominator put 1 and the amount
man. In the same way, the numbers
from zeros equivalent to the amount of
they can have different names, but without
decimal places that the figure had
that is why I changed its value. Here you have
beginning.
you different ways of writing the
decimal 0.8 in the fraction 4/5
Example:
0.25
0.8 4/5
Remove the decimal point and obtain
25
0.8 4/5 Since there are two decimal digits, it is placed
0.80 8/10 1 followed by two zeros and that's it.
0.800 12/15 25
0.8000 16/20 100
0.80000 20/25
Give it a try!
Change Decimals to Fractions Change 0.75 to a fraction:
How? The numerator will be 75 after having
Look at the decimal 0.8, we know that erased the decimal point, then
is in the place of the tens. This we add 1 plus the number of zeros
decimal can be read as 8/10 (eight equivalent to the number of places
tenths) and can be reduced to 4/5. decimals that the amount had.

All the decimals and fractions of the Convert 3.6 to a fraction:

The table above shows equivalents.
The 3 is an integer, we do not touch it.
but .6 is equivalent to 6/10 so it would be

2
a mixed fraction or 3 6/10 (3 3/5) RESIDUES
reduced). Sometimes you keep getting
a residue regardless of how many zeros
Exercise 1 add. Its residue is always followed.
Change these decimals to fractions: repeating with the same number. To these
Remember to reduce numbers himself
the llama decimals
0.7 recurrent.
0.07 Example:
0.70 Change 1/3 to decimal.
3.7
0.025 1) Write the division.
6) 2.16
21.6 0.333
8) 4.03 3 1.00
9
Change Fractions to Decimals 10
To change a fraction to a decimal, 9
you just have to remember that a 10
fraction is another way of writing a If you realize, you will see that you will be able to

division. If you perform the division divide forever and of all

will obtain the decimal instead of the ways not to reach the end.
fraction.
Change 4/5 to decimal. You can write the answer
First step: like 0.3333 this is with a
Write 4/5 as a division. line above the three for
.8 demonstrate that the three repeats
5 4.0 continuously.
Second step:

Put a decimal point after the 4 and

above it to start the
operation.

Third step:
Add a couple of zeros after the
decimal point.

3
 Exercise 2
PERCENTAGES Write each percentage as a fraction:
The percent sign % 15%
it's one that surely 70%
you have seen so many 18%
times. The banks announce that they pay the 33%
20% interest on savings accounts. 90%
The stores offer items with a 30% discount. 100&
of discount.
Write each fraction as a percentage.
What does 'percent' mean and 65/100
What is represented by that sign % so 8) 3/100
known but few analyze it 9) 80/100
directly. 17/100

If you have problems understanding the Changing Percentages to Fractions

percentages, first of all remember that You already know how to write a
you can write any percent percentage as a fraction that has a
as if it were a fraction with denominator of 100. It is almost always
denominator of 100. possible to reduce the fraction after
to have changed to fraction.
Example: 5% is 5/100.
This means that 5% is one fifth Example:
one hundredth or one fifth of the total 50% as a fraction is equivalent to 50/100
of the value that has the initial amount. If you reduce that fraction to its simplest form

What does 20% mean? minimum expression will obtain ½.

It means one twentieth of the total. Another example:

In other words 20/100 20% = 20/100 or 1/5

Exercise: Give it a try!

Write 25% as a fraction. A family makes an initial payment of 15%
Respuesta: 25/1000 of the value of your new house. What is the
Definition: fraction of that price?
Percentage: It is a part or fraction of
a whole. Another example with a mixed number:

4
The municipal sales tax is Change Percentages to Decimals
by 7 ½ %. In what fraction is it increased So far we have learned to
price of the items. change a percentage to a fraction and
we can change a fraction to
First step: decimal. So we have to change
Convert the mixed number into a fraction a percentage to decimal.
improper.
If the number that is before the sign
This is 7 ÷ 2 = 14 = 14/2 + ½ = 15/2 percentage % is an integer
As the fraction of the mixed number is ½ or a decimal, changing it to decimal is
the easiest way is to change the entire really easy.
7 is divided by 2. Then
we add the ½ that was already there so that Just remember that you have to divide
there are 15/2. that number by 100 and that you
can you do this ignoring the sign
Now we divide 15/2 by 100 to of percentage (%) and moving the
determine the percentage of increase. decimal point two places to the
15/2 ÷ 100 = 15/2 ÷ 100/1 left.

15 1 15 To see how it works, think of 25%

x = what is equal to 25/100 which in
2 100 200 reality means 25 ÷ 100.

By reducing 15/200 (dividing both) If you put a decimal point in the 25

numbers in 5 that is the only number that them to perform the division you would have
divide both of you exactly) you what to put after the 5.
obtains 3/40 as the final answer.
Following the rule that we are
Exercise 3 Change these percentages to learning this says that we must
fractions, reduce if possible. put that decimal point not after
25% from five but two places before. .25
20% it is what you get.
10%
It is usually written as 0.25.
12.5%
75%
45% EXAMPLE:
48%
Convert 56% to decimal.
2.5%
150%
60%

5
First, imagine the decimal point. Change Decimals to Percentages
after the 6, then move it two You have changed percentages to
places to the left. decimals. You can do it too.
Answer: 0.56 reverse and change decimals to
percentages.
The problem with this rule is that by
it can't be too easy To convert a percentage to a decimal
explain a lot but do not get confused What you did was ignore the sign of
review lesson 17 to return to percentage (%), moved the decimal point
study the rules of changing two places to the left.
fractions to decimals.
So, to change a decimal to
A good one: percentage move the decimal point two
Change 7% to decimal. places to the right.
If you move the decimal point two places
on the left you need to add a 0 Example:
because there was only one number. Change 0.45 to percentage
Move the decimal point two places to the
Answer: 0.07 right and add the percentage sign.
Convert 37 ½ % to decimal. Respuesta: 45%
Change to 37.5 (whole number and
decimal); move the decimal point two Change 2.1 to a percentage.
places to the left. Move the decimal point two places to the
Answer 0.375 right, as there is no other number after
from 1 add a zero to complete the
Exercise 4 missing figure. Answer: 210%
Change these percentages a
decimals
35% EXERCISE 5
9% Change each decimal to a percentage.
12% 0.15
18.5% 0.5
30% 3) 0.125
75% .8
7) 8 ¼% 5) 1
50% 6) 3.4
125% 0.019
250% 0.65

6
 Change Fractions to Percentages EXERCISE 6
Remember what it really means Change each fraction or mixed number to
a percentage is a fraction with a percentage.
denominator of 100. In such a way that 1/25
a good way to change a 2) ¼
turning a fraction into a percentage is simplifying it from 3) 7/10
such a way that it has a denominator of 4) ½
100. 5) 1 ½
2/3
Example: 7) 5/8
Change 3/20 to a percentage. 8) 2 3/10

Step 1
Write the fraction and simplify so that
have a denominator of 100. PROBLEMS WITH
PERCENTAGES
You want it to have a denominator of All problems with percentages
100, so as not to break the they have four important things: a
brain guessing what number it whole, a part, a percentage and 100.
It would help to divide 100 ÷ 20, this is 100 the To perform these operations it is
denominator that you want, and 20 the it is important to use a table where
denominator that it currently has. put the information we have and
3 5 15 depending on that information we can
X = get the answer.
20 5 100
PERCENTAGE
PART
(Without the % sign)
Now that we already know the answer
use the numerator of the fraction y
ENTERO 100
add the percentage sign. 15%
Response. 3/20 is equivalent to 15%.

Note that three of the paintings do not have

numbers. You have to fill those out.
boxes with problem information. The
problem must to have sufficient
information to find at least
two of the three empty frames.

7
 c) Divide the result by the
Put a question mark? in the number that was not used.
box that remains empty.
The grid below next to Example:
right always has the number Mr. Thao pays Q350.00 in rent every
100. This is 25% of their income.
What is your monthly income?
Percentage The grid
the top right is always for
PART PERCENTAGE
the percentage without the sign.
Q350 25

3) ENTERO The lower grid ENTERO

100
left is used for the integer. ?
Imagine that a problem arises.
Ask how many days it opens.
100 always goes in the grid
a year a zoo that is open
lower right.
80% of the year. The whole 365 that
corresponds to the days of the year
The percentage has already been given in the
it should go here.
problem for which it is placed in
the upper right grid.
4) PART The part goes in the
(25%)
upper left grid.
3) The part has been given (Q350, that
Make sure to read it well.
go to the top left.
problems deciding what
information goes here.
The integer has not been given but from
agreement a the second
How to solve a problem of
instructions must you
porcentaje:
multiply diagonals and divide them
part that has not been used.
a) Put the information that
it is on the grid of
5) Multiply 350 X 100 = 35000
the form that was indicated at
6) Divide 35000 ÷ 25 = Q1400
start.

Response:
b) Multiply numbers
Mr. Thao's monthly income is
diagonals.
Q1400

8
 The key to this whole matter is that of 3) Fill out the second quantity
read carefully the problems (change) in the upper box
for find the information left. The amount that rose
adequate. the population.

EXERCISE 7 Using a grid 4) Multiply diagonals and divide the

like the one that just learned to use part that has not been used.
solve the following exercises:
What is 25% of 48? 100 x 100,000 = 10,000,000 ÷
What number is 20 the 2% of? 400,000 = 25
What percentage of 750 is 150?
What percentage of 480 is 12? The population increased by 25%
What number represents 200% If the question were reversed and the
of 30? the population dropped from 500,000 to 400,000

6% of what number is 24? position of the amounts would have to

be different.
UPLOAD OR DOWNLOAD Change percentage
Many times the problems are for 100,000
find out what percentage a value is Original 100
went up or down. Those problems can be 500,000
solved in the same grid with a
small change. Multiply 100,000 x 100 = 100,000
000 ÷ 500, 000 = 20
Example:
A city increased its population by The population decreased by 20%
approximately 400,000 to 500,000 in
ten years. What percentage did it increase by?

population?
Change percentage
100,000
Original 100
400,000
1) Fill in the grid. Write 100
in the usual framework.

Fill in the initial amount in the

grid inferior left.
(original)

9
Tables and Meters In what year has Guatemala had its most
high unemployment rate?

Bus schedules, weight tables and If you look closely, you will notice that 1997

measurements, price lists, guides of it was the year when Guatemala had an 8.3
television, etc. All these are tables unemployment rate.
that you have at least once
I had to read at work, while traveling. Try it out!
Other times you need to calculate measurements Which department has had the highest
metrics. unemployment rate in all years
lists? r) Escuintla / 1997
READING TABLES:
A table always has a title that serves it
It tells you what it's about. The tables Average Weekly Salaries for

contain organized information in Industry

columns and rows that have names (Excluding the commercial sector)
%
called ranges. Industry 1986 1985
Increase
For example: The table that is at the bottom of
Telefónica Q508.00 Q498.80 1.8
this sheet, its title is 'Data of
Transport Q333.60 Q323.60 3.1
Unemployment.
Ventas Q240.00 Q238.80 0.5
The second line tells you that everyone
Construction Q452.00 Q447.20 1.2
numbers are percentages and that this
Hospitality Q238.80 Q231.20 3.2
information covers up to November of
1999. EXERCISE 8
The columns have as titles, the This is a table about income
names of the departments whose weekly by industry and by year.
information is listed. The rows contain Based on an average of 40 hours
the data of each year. weekly.

10
 First Step:
What is the title of the table? Start with the clock on the left. The
2) In which industry the the needle is between 0 and 1 but like the
workers received the largest 0 is less, write 0.
increase in their salaries?
3) Find the industry with the most Second Step:
under salary increase in Second dial, it is between 5 and 6, take the 5.
1985? Write the percentage. because this is the least. There are 05.

4) Among industries, which one had the

higher salary in general? Third Step:
5) Among industries, where is the The third clock shows the hand between 8
major difference between salaries And 9, we take the 8. They go 058.

based on quetzals?
Fourth Step:
The last shows its needle directly.
to number 2.
METRIC MEASURES
To read a metric measurement, see where Response:
the line, dial or needle shows the amount The counter shows: 0 5 8 2
exact. If the signal is found between Kilowatt hours.
two numbers you choose the smaller of What altitude does this altimeter show?
both. If the needle or signal points
directly to a certain number that
it's your number.

Example: To read an altimeter, read the number that

To read an energy meter the small needle shows, that's it
electric must read the needles of first, then the second number, the one that
left to right. the large hand shows and adds two
How many kilowatt-hours does it show? zero to the amount.
subway?
In the previous example, the small hand
show the 5, the big one the 2 and to the
agregarse los dos ceros nos da la
response of 5,200 meters above the
sea level.

11
Exercise 42 What altitude does this show
90
altimeter? 80
70
60
50 This
40
West
30
20 North
10
0
1er 2do 3er 4to
trim. trim. trim. trim.

Answer: 5, 300 meters above the

sea level.
This is a horizontal bar:

4to trim.

3rd trim. This

West
2nd trim. North

1st quarter.

0 50 100 150 200

This is a multiple bar graph.

Temperatures in the Northeast

Week 4
GRAPH READINGS 40

You will find graphs in magazines, 30

Petén
newspapers, books, and even on television. 20
Izabal
A graph is used to compare 10 Zacapa
information in a pictorial form. 0
January February March April

Reading a bar chart.

The most common type of graph used If you analyze this carefully
in a large part of the media is the graphic of
multiple bar chart will see that
bars. A graph compares numbers contains information about the
using bars of different sizes temperatures in the three departments
to represent the quantities or from January to April.
values of the numbers. The bars
they can be horizontal or vertical. To correctly read a graph
The following is a vertical bar. you must:

12
 1) Read the title. When you read a line graph,
2) Read the headers of the first read the title, then read the ranges
columns and rows to determine and numbers. Example:
what is it that you should
Cost of Urban Transport in
compare.
Quetzals as of January 2000
3) See the changes in the numbers and
find the information that 140
120 125
100 110 100
you wish. 80 75 80 90
60
4) If the graph contains colors or 40
20
symbols notice what they are 0

representative. 9
05
9
05
9
05
9
05
9
05
9
05

/06/1 /06/1 /06/1 /06/1 /06/1 /06/1

17 18 19 20 21 22

EXERCISE 9
Read the following table and answer the
questions. CIRCULAR GRAPHS
A pie chart looks like a wheel
Average lifespan of animals cut into several pieces. The circle
whole represents 100% and the pieces
30
in what is divided represent the
25
percentages.
20

15
Example:
10
Companies regularly spend
5
a lot of money on trips for their executives.
0
Zebra Lion Gorilla Rhino Tiger This graph shows how
They spend every quetzal.
How many years more usually
Does a gorilla live?

2) Three of the animals usually

Do they live more than 20 years? Of those

Which one lives longer?

How many more years does a lion live?
What a tiger?

LINE CHARTS
These graphs are mainly used
to show increases or decreases in a
time period.

13
 Travel Expenses
Pictograph, analyzing the information one
accommodation will account for the number of tractors in
26%
farms for each department.
Exercise:
1) How many tractors exist in
tros Gasoline
2% 53% Izabal?
arrows
8%
i. R/ 200

Food
11%

PICTOGRAPHS
As you may guess, pictographers Average media
they use symbols to show the values. The word 'average' is used every
A pictographer always has keys to day in our vocabulary as normal.
read it. If you say that something or someone has the
average weight, you say that's something or
Example: someone weighs more or less the same as him
Number of agricultural farms that use restaurant.
tractors by departments.
Escuintla AVERAGE
The number or amount obtained by adding
determined quantities y then
divide them within the number of
Retalhuleu quantities in themselves.

Example:
Suchitepéquez Here is a table of weights and measures
three people.
Name Weight Measure
Izabal
Marcos 129 66
Joel 139 66
Joshua 141 69
a 100 tractors
Look carefully at the

14
Determine their average weight find the midpoint of the values. In
three. this case is the 5.

Step 1 If on the contrary they give you 2, 4, 6, and 8 or

Sumar los tres pesos 129 + 139 + 141 = 409 any other even number of numbers
Step 2 you will find two figures in the center, for
Ahora divida 409 ÷ 3 (tres pesos) = So, the average will be the mean of those.
136.3 In the case of 4 and 6, the average is
Step 3 new the 5 that corresponds to the sum of
The average weight of the three is 136.3. both numbers divided by two.
Exercise
Establish their average measure Give it a try!
three
Respuesta: 67

EXERCISE 10
Calculate the average of each of these Exercise 11
quantities: Name Sex Punting
1) 100, 88, 65, 77, 80 Pablo M 267
2) 89, 73, 77, 81, 90, 88 Mary F 271
3) 3, 12, 7, 4, 4, 6, 18, 3, 3, 0 Transit M 255
4) 150, 139, 143, 139, 144 Mario M 245
5) 1,270, 2,000 1,575 Josefa F 302
6) 82, 36, 47, 49 Karla F 288
Roberto M 300
Dahlia F 280
FIND THE AVERAGE
Dario M 253
If you drive, you know that line
Marcos M 225
the central that divides the road in two is
Juanita F 266
a half.
Rodolfo M 240

In mathematics, the mean is the number

1) Find the average of the scores
what is in the center of a set
of female students.
of numbers given in order of value.
2) Find the average of the scores
of male students.
If they say 3, 5, 9 or another set of numbers
3) Find the average of all the
the average will always be the one that is
bullet points.

15
Answers: You can also write it as a fraction:
280 3
2) 253 5
3) 266.5 But the most commonly used form is this:
3 to 5

In other words, what this wants

Week 6 to say is that:
RADIO, PROPORTION AND The radius of people who drink coffee in
PROBABILITY. the shopping mall is from 3 to 5
Radios and proportions
they are ways to compare When I write ratios or proportions in
things. Probability is fractions or whole numbers always
also a way of it must be reduced to its bare minimum

compare the compliance expression.

of a probability if
another situation also occurs Try it yourself:
fulfills. In a big city, 7 out of 100
dollars are paid in taxes. Write
WRITING A RADIO the radius of this expression in each of
A radio is a certain type of comparison. the three forms.
between two numbers. For example: You
you will be able to read that the proportion of dancers 7:100 7/100 7 to 100.
the ratio of dancers is 4 to 1. This means
say that for every four dancers
There are 1 male dancer. EXERCISE 12
Write the radius of these quantities in
Example: the three forms that have been given to him.

In a certain shopping mall during a 36 eggs at 3 eggs.

survey 3 out of 5 people 100 years to 1 year.
they claim that they drink coffee in the café 60 inches to 1 inch.
from the shopping mall. 1 woman for 3 men.
How do we write this proportion? 5) 10 unemployed for every 3 employees.

3:5, (With a colon or a semicolon, like you. 6) 15 voters to 45 registered.

I called him/her.

16
Answers: EXAMPLE 2
12:1, 12/1 and 12 to 1 In a quiz show, a participant
100 to 1, 100 over 1 and 100 at 1 He obtained 16 correct questions and 2

12 to 1, 12/1 and 12 at 1 incorrect. Express the radius of the total

4) 1:3, 1/3, and 1 to 3 of good questions and the total of all
10:3, 10/3 and 10 to 3 the questions.
6) 1:3, 1/3 and 1 to 3.
They do not tell us the total number of questions but

you can find it by adding the

RADIOS IN TROUBLE total of good and bad questions (16 +
No, it's not about teams of 2 = 18)
electronics that are not heard well, but rather The radius of good questions and the
in this part you will learn to the total number of questions can be expressed

recognize radii in the problems. 16:18, 16/18 or 16 to 18. If you reduce it

you will see that it is 8 out of 9.

Mathematically hablando. When

find radios in problems
make sure that the order of the numbers is ENCONTRANDO PROBABILIDADES
the correct one.
It could be that in the problem the You could be the next winner of
amounts are not correct. the Lottery!!
That was the message from Julieta Martínez
Example: found in the press this morning. In
If 36 men and 63 women are small letters the ad indicated that
studying at an art school, which there were 50 thousand lottery tickets at the

it is the ratio of women to men sale. Julieta decided to buy a

in this school? ticket.
1) Carefully look at the question.
2) Find the numbers The probability that Julieta will win the
related 63 and 36. the grand prize is 1 in 50 thousand. Written
Express it as a ratio and reduce. as a fraction it would be 1/50000.
63/36
Response: The ratio of women to Example:
men is from 7 to 4. (For every 7 Julieta decided to buy two tickets for
there are 4 men women lottery. This gives him two probabilities, or
becomes 2 out of 50 thousand. If you reduce the

fraction 2/50000 will see the truth

17
probability that Julieta will win the NUMBERS
the grand prize is 1 in 25 thousand. POSITIVES AND
NEGATIVES
EXAMPLE 2
Mr. Rodríguez is flipping two coins.
in the air, a 25-cent coin and If you live where the winters are
another one of 10 cents. probably knows it quite cold
what does below zero temperatures mean.
What is the probability that one of the Numbers that express quantities
coins drop shield and the other side? less than zero are expressed as
First, we need to find out the number negative numbers.
total possibilities that exist.
Let's use an E for a shield and a C for Numbers that express quantities
face. greater than zero are expressed as
POSSIBILITIES positive numbers.
25 10
1 E And the coins can fall If you are at this moment
both of shield. imagining how it might be possible that
2 E A shield and a face is there something less than zero, let me

3 C It's one face and one face say something. Let's assume that you
4 C The two of face You have Q100.00 in your pocket.
positive we can write it as +100
Hay four probabilities hey because you can spend that
exactly 2 ways for a amount, they are yours
currency falls expensive and the other shield.

The probability of getting heads and tails Let's suppose now what you
at the same time it is 2 out of 4, 2:4 or 2/4 Indeed, the Q100 is spent. , +100 00

If you reduce it, it is ½ or 1 out of 2. it becomes 0 because it would be left without

nothing and he no longer has them.

On the other hand, if you have Q100, but

spends Q125.00 means that you
owes more than he has. This is you
it now has -25 (Less Q25.00)

18
With this simple example you can SUM OF NUMBERS WHEN
realize that it is possible to have THEY HAVE THE SAME SIGN
amounts less than 0. You have already added positive numbers and
Until now we have worked negatives for a long time without having been
widely with positive numbers, but realize.
if you noticed, none of them did
we add the + sign. For example, if you have obtained
That sign is only added in cases store credit for a television
specials; when you see a number let's say, you have been adding
without any sign, take it as positive. positive numbers, this is quetzals
The negative numbers, on the contrary positives to your quetzal account
they always carry the minus sign -. negatives with the aim of paying off your debt.

The Number Line There are three possibilities when you

This is a straight line that shows the add positive and negative numbers:
position of the numbers having as It can to sum two
zero at the center. Negative numbers are positive quantities.
to the left of zero; the numbers b) Two negative amounts
positives to the right. The farther away c) A positive amount and
is on the left, smaller is the another negative.
number, on the other side, the farther away
the one on the right is bigger In this section we will learn the
number. Both sides continue like this first two cases.
to infinity. Use a number line to do
clearer the situation.
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4
A pilot was supposed to make two trips in a
EXERCISE: only day. First flew 80 miles towards the
A b c d e north; then flew 120 miles to the
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 north again. Where was it at
Look carefully at this line and write finish the day?
the amount that is below each -300 -200 -100 0 +100 +200 +300

lyrics.
-4
-2
+2 The pilot flew north in both.
+4 trips, add +80 + (+120) = +200

19
Don't worry about those parentheses. Exercise 13
among those that are +120, we put them 1) +1 + (+7)
there with the aim of differentiating the two 2) -5 + -4
quantities. About the two signs of 3) - 2/3 + (-12/3)
plus (+) one indicates that it is adding and the 4) 5 + +45
another indicates that the number 120 is positive. 5) -32 + (-23)
6) 65 + 72
Returning to the example: 7) +7 + 0
What happens if you start at 0 and increase
80 units, then another 120? You. SUM WHEN THE SIGNS ARE
obtains 200. DIFFERENT
As you can see, if you add two amounts Have you read in the Bible that
positives will obtain a positive result; God created the whole world out of nothing.

Always. It's hard to imagine that, right? Well

you can also create out of nothing
Example 2 with mathematics.
A swimmer is standing by the shore.
by the sea. At the shore of the sea, the level is See the following examples with much
0 feet above sea level. be careful and you will see that we can do things

with amounts less than 0.

The swimmer dove into the water.
sea and descended 30 feet. When he was at 30
feet decided to lower another 25. What How far is -5 from zero?
How far did it go? Answer: It is 5 units away.
Respuesta: Sume -30 + -25 = -55 How far is +12 from 0?
Answer: It is 12 units away.
Try it!
Mrs. Márquez sold two pairs. To be able to add numbers with signs
of shoes in your store of positives and negatives are necessary
shoes this morning. One of the to know how far they are from zero.
sales was for Q12.00 and the other Think of this as if you were taking
by Q26. How much money did they receive? a trip. If someone asks you how
Mrs. Márquez in the morning? far away it was, it doesn't matter where
Sume +12 + (+26) = ________+38 the question is at what distance; it doesn't matter
whether it was to the north or to the south, the journey had

It is here at 0 where the numbers begin, certain number of kilometers.

the negatives back and the positives for
forward, both to infinity.

20
Example: from 0 (corresponds to what she spent
Victor had in his account first) Arrive at -150, now
bank Q296.00 and issued a check for let's go back 65 units to the right.
Q49.00 What balance did they have afterwards? We arrived at -85. She lost 85
On the number line, this would look like this: quetzals.

First balance -150 -85 0

+247 +296
Second balance. +65 units returned

The first arrow brings it up to 296. Another way that may seem more to you
what corresponds to the first amount easy is the subtraction 150–65 = 85 and
what was in the balance. After use the greater than sign
retrace 49 to +247 which means negative. Response -85
a setback in the account.
EXERCISE 14
In order not to have to draw a line -10 + (+3)
numerically every time I have to 2) +1.7 + (-0.9)
carry out this type of operations 3) 25 + (-2)
just ask yourself inside that 4) (-1.2) + (+1.2)
so far the numbers are located 5) 8 2/3 - 18
from 0. Subtract those amounts and 6) 6 - (-17)
add the sign of the greater amount. 7) 0 - (-2)
8) 8 - (-8)
Try you: 9) +0.13 - (-0.13)
Zulema bought a white television and 10) –12 - (-12)
black for Q150. When00
he brought it to11) 5 - (+5)
house discovered that his father had 12) 0 (+7)
bought one in colors.

So he had to sell the white TV and IMPORTANT:

black that she had bought. He sold it. Don't worry when a number does not
to a friend for Q65. How much 00
It has a sign, take it as positive.
money lost?

Response Sum -150 + (+65)

Move imaginatively along the line
numerical 150 units to the left

21
 the temperature was 3 degrees below
zero. How much did the temperature rise?
Before starting this operation, remember
R E S TA that the farther the number is
Do you remember
how from 0 to the left is smaller and
What is 5 + -2? that the farther it is to the right
How far is +5 from 0? 5 the 0 is bigger.
units.
How far is -2 from 0? 2 OPERATION
units. 3 - (-18)
5–2 = 3 Answer -3 Change the procedure to addition:
-3 + (-18)
0 +3 +5 Change the sign of the second digit
-3 + (+18)
I returned two units Sum
-3 + (+18) = +15
Now pay careful attention to this Respuesta:
another way to subtract numbers with signs The temperature rose by 15 degrees.
different.
+5 + (-2)
TRY IT YOURSELF:
Step 1 The temperature was 10 degrees below.
Change the operation like this: zero in the morning, for the next hour
Swap the two signs you have at the it dropped 6 degrees more. What is it now?
right, I changed the operation of this temperature?
form: -10 - (+6) Change
+5 - (+2) -10 + (-6) =
Now I performed the subtraction in a way _______________________.
normal -16
+3
Now you have a much more If you have to subtract fractions or
easy and less complicated to carry out use the same rule for decimals.
these operations.

Example:
In the morning, the temperature was at
18 degrees below zero. At noon the

22
EXERCISE 15 The loss of Q300 daily for a month
1) -10 - (+3) they can be written mathematically
2) -3 - (-8) like this:
3) +9 - (+6) (loss) (days per month) debt
4) +16 - (-11) accumulated in the month
5) 8 2/3 - 18
6) 6 - (-17) -300 x 30 = -9000
7) 0 - (-2)
8) 8 - (-8) There is a simple rule to remember that
9) +0.13 - (-0.13) What kind of response will you get?
10 - 12 - (-12) when I multiply positive numbers and
11) 5 - (+5) negatives or some combination of these.
12) 0 - (+7)
If you multiply two numbers with the
same sign, the answer will always be
IMPORTANT: positive. If you multiply two numbers
It is possible that in some cases you with different signs the answer will be
you have to add more than two digits to the negative.
sometimes, what you can do is add the Always.
positive and negative numbers by + X + = +
separate and then perform the operation
- X - = +
what is asked of him.
+ X - = -

Another way is to operate the first ones. - X + = -

two figures and then move to the next.
Do what is easiest for you. Example:
A successful merchant earns Q300 for
MULTIPLICATION day. How much will he earn in a month?

A merchant tells his friend: 'The (+300) + (+30) = +9000

business is doing so badly that I am Do you remember the first operation?
losing Q300 daily. In this (-300) x (+30) = -9000
I will owe Q9000 by the end of Because the signs were different the
months the operation has a negative result.

God willing, you never find yourself in

this situation. To lose and to owe are
both negative ideas.

23
YOU TRY: Divida (-63) ÷ (-9) = +7
(-2) X (-12) = ____+24______ The signs are the same therefore the
Equal signs positive response. the answer is positive.
(-4) x (+10) __________________ Divida (+63) ÷ (+9) = +7
-40 The signs are the same, therefore the
IN THIS EXERCISE WE WILL USE THE the response remains positive.
ASTERISK * AS A SIGN OF Divida (-63) ÷ (+7) = -9
MULTIPLICATION. The signs are different therefore the
The answer is negative.
Exercise 16 Divida (+63) ÷ (-9) = -7
1) (-4) * (-6) The signs are different therefore the
2) (+5) * (+7) the answer remains negative.
3) 0 * (-3)
4) (-2) * (+22) EXERCISE 17
5) (+8) * 0 In this exercise, we will use the bar /
6) (+9) * (-6) for the division sign.
7)–7/8 * (-4/3) 1) (-72) / (-9)
-10.35 2) (-35) / (+5)
-1 3) (+56) / (-7)
-0.8 * 5 (+45) / (+9)
-8
-81 / 9
7)–2 1/3 / (-8)
8) 4.8 / (0.6)
The rules for dividing positive numbers 9) 3 ¼ / (-1/4)
and negatives are exactly the same 10) (-0.2) / (-5)
to multiply.
Remember that if there is no sign, the

When dividing two numbers with signs number is considered positive.

the answer is always positive.
If you divide with different signs the Read at least two more times
the answer is negative. this lesson before moving on to the
+ ÷ + = + next.

- ÷ - = +
+ ÷ - = -
- ÷ + = -

24
 WHAT ARE it means to multiply 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
EXponents? (4 times)
In mathematics,
next we have SIMPLIFYING EXPONENTS
that deals with multiplications like To simplify a number with a
2 x 2 x 2 = which is equal to 8 exponent you must find the
(2 x 2 = 4) and (4 x 2 = 8) result of the multiplication.
Or also 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10, Ejemplo:
000 10² = 10 x 10 = 100
10³ = 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000
To quickly write this type Sometimes the base is a number
from multiplications, we can use negative
exponents like one way (-2)³
abbreviated. In these cases you have to follow
the rules of multiplying numbers
In the example: 2 x 2 x 2 the number positive or negative.
two has been used three times by the
one could use the following -2 x -2 x -2 = -8
expression with exponent: 2 cubed. But the rule says that if you
The 2 is called the base and the 3 is called the exponent.
multiply numbers with the same signs
exponent. obtains positive results. What
To read numbers of this nature you are wrong here, the book or the
you must say: Two to the rule?
third.
Multiply -2 x -2 = +4, these two
Another example: multiplied numbers give positive,
10 x 10 x 10 x 10 then multiply +4 x–2 = -8, signs
= 10 different ones yield a negative result.
The exponent is always written. Remember that the exponent is what it
a little above the base. It tells you how many times there are to
multiply the base by itself.
IMPORTANT:
Many people get confused When the exponent is 1
multiplying the base for the just copy the base. For example, 3 x
exponent: e.g. 10 x 4 = 40 which is 1 = 3
erroneous. Remember that 10 raised to Other times the exponent is 0, when
the fourth power actually the exponent is 0 any quantity
equivalent to 1.

25
EXERCISE 18
Simplify: Mathematically we can say that
1) 6² you have 2² tiles.
2)–4³
3) +7³ If you have a picture with three
10 raised to the fifth tiles on each side you have 3 x 3
5)–2 raised to the fourth tiles in the picture.
-94
-9 If I had a picture of four
0.3 cubed tiles per side would have 4 x 4
9) +2 raised to the sixth tiles in the square, that is 4²
10) ½ ² tiles. Are you starting to get the hang of it?

SQUARE ROOT This was discovered thousands of

Imagine a moment that you are years, to know how many tiles
mason and that needs to install you multiply in a square
tiles for a bathroom. the number on your side by itself.
When you multiply a number
Each tile is square. you are raising that by yourself
number squared. You are it.
Now imagine the paintings that are squaring.
formed with the combination or union of
various tiles. When you multiply a number
he is squaring them himself and by
so much can use the exponent
to write the amount in
square.

Example: 5 x 5 = 25
All this operation can be
written simply like this: 5².
Another example:
4 x 4 = 16
Or in the easiest way 4²

This means that if you have 4

If you have a painting with two
tiles on each side actually there
tiles on your side you have 2 x 2
there are 16 tiles in total.
tiles in the picture.

26
 The square root of 49 is 7 because
If you are told that there are 4 tiles per 7 x 7 = 49.
Side, what are there 4² tiles you
you can quickly deduce that there is 49 = 7
not just 4 or 8 but 16 tiles.

This procedure it llama RADICAL SIGN

find the square root. The root Sign used for root
the square root of 16 is 4 because 4 x 4 = square of "
16.
The square root is represented as 4². EXAMPLE:
What is the square of 5?
Instead of writing 'Square Root' It is 25 or 5²
the sign that you use is becoming more common
see below this paragraph. What is the square of -5²?
It is 25 because -5 x -5 = 25

What is the square root of 36?

This sign is called Radical Sign. It is 6 because 6 x 6 = 36
In this way EXERCISE 19
25 wants to say Root Find the squares or the root
square root of 25 = 5 square of the next
quantities.
1) 17²
2) 300²
SQUARE 4 squared

The result of multiplying a Square root of:

number by itself. A 25
square can be written 5) 196
with exponent ² 100

SQUARE ROOT
The positive number that when
multiplied by itself gives as
result the original number. Ex. The

27
SCIENTIFIC NUMERATION 000 because you have multiplied 3.6 by
The thickness of the sheet of paper on which it is 10,000.
This manual could be for The exponent of 10 is the number of
0.00185 inches thick. places where you should move the point
The distance from the sun to the planet Uranus is decimal to obtain the original number
almost 1,785,000,000 miles. again. The exponent can be
positive or negative.
To make writing easier
these numbers with so many digits have been Pay attention now:
created a system called Notation NUMBER SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Scientific. Uses numbers from 1 to 0.36 3.6 x 10^-2
above but less than 10 with a 0.036 0.0036
exponent. It is easier to grasp the idea 0.0036 3.6 X 10-4
from the following example. 0.00036 3.6 X 10-5
If you looked closely at the key. The first
number in scientific notation is
always 3.6 each time, but now the
NUMBER NOTATION exponents of 10 are negative.
SCIENTIFIC
360 3.6 X 10² This means that you must move the
3, 600 3.6 x 10³ decimal point to the left to obtain
36,000 3.6 X 104 the original number. Just like before, the
360,000 3.6 X 10 5
exponent tells you how many
3,600,000 3.6 X 106 places have to move the decimal point.
Pay attention that the first number in Take a close look at the amount 0.0036
scientific notation is a number in its scientific notation it has a
decimal with one digit before the point exponent of -3 which means that
decimal. Esto es así siempre en la You must move the decimal point three places.
scientific notation. places to the left. You must add
The digit before the decimal sign can two zeros because it only has one digit that
be any number from 1 to 9. The It's the 3rd.

the next number is always a 10 with a

exponent. See 36,000 in the column EXERCISE 20
left, then see its corresponding Write 748,000 in notation
scientific notation. scientific
Write the number with a point
If you move the decimal point four decimal after the first digit of
to the right you get 36,

28
 the left that is not 0. Delete the Scientific the original number is written
zeros and write x 10 at the end. as a decimal multiplied by 10 with a
7.48 x 10 exponent equivalent to the amount of
decimal places that have to be moved
2) Count the number of places that the decimal point either to the right
you need to move the decimal point (positive) or to the left (negative).
to obtain the original number
again. In this case for EXERCISE 21
example, there are 5 decimal places Write the following numbers in
to the right. Therefore, the Scientific Notation:
exponent is a positive 5. 7,460,000
Write that number as the 0.00342
exponent of 10. 9,000,000
7.48 x 105 0.00092
Write 365
0.0000483 in scientific notation: Simplify these amounts that
Rewrite the number with a point they are in scientific notation:
decimal after the first digit
to the left which is not 0. Delete 8.15 x 10
the rest of unnecessary zeros. 4.78 x 10^3
Then write x 10. 8) 3.22 x 10
4.83 x 10 9) 1.473 x 10
2) Count the number of places that 10) 9.302 x 10
you need to move the decimal point
to set the amount as
was before. Needs five
places, therefore the exponent STANDARD MEASURES
es–5. You probably have a good
4.83 x 10-5 understanding about the size or the
3) Check to see if the operation amount of a pound, a cup, a foot.
It was correct. Move the point.
decimal five places to the But when you go to the market and see a
left and it has to appear the soap bag that weighs 32 ounces or one
initial amount. bottle of chlorine containing a quarter
it may not be obvious that it
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: understand exactly if what is going to
A system for writing numbers or very buying is good or enough.
large or very small. In Notation

29
In this lesson we will learn some SECOND RULE:
measures that are somewhat unknown When I switch from a small unit to
for us. a large debt. You have less
Equivalence of measures pounds that weigh in ounces.
Distance 1 mile = 5,280 feet
1 yard = 3 feet EXAMPLE
You are supposed to already know that there are 12.
1 pie = 12 inches
inches in a foot.
Liquid 1 gallon = 4 rooms
1 fourth = 4 cups Two shelves have been placed
1 cup = 8 ounces side by side. One is 3 feet wide and
the other one is 32 inches. In inches,

Weight 1 = 2000 pounds What is the total space they occupy?

ton First step:

Change 3 feet to inches, there are 12
1 pound = 16 ounces
inches in a foot then multiply
for 12.
Quantity 1 dozen = 12 units
3 x 12 = 36
Now add 32 + 36 = 68

Response: The two shelves occupy 68

CONVERTING UNITS
inches of space.

Before you start operating with

If the question had been to know
it is advisable to practice the
how many feet do both occupy then
unit conversion. You
she should have divided 36 ÷ 12 to get the
You will need to do this often when
number of feet, then add.
measurements of the same class,
definitely cannot be converted
SUM
a pound to a meter but without knowing
Each of the two windows measures 3 feet and 9
how many pounds are in a quintal
inches wide. If they are going to be
example.
placed side by side on the same wall,
What width does the wall need to have?
FIRST RULE:
When I changed from a large unit to
Respuesta:
a small multiplier. You have
Add 3 feet and 9 inches and 3 feet and 9
more inches high than feet or meters.
inches.
First, add the feet: 3 + 3 = 6

30
Now add the inches: 9 + 9 = 18 Step 2:
Convert these inches to feet: Now he only has one foot left so no
18 ÷ 12 : 1.5 feet. 1 foot and 6 you can take two away from one, you have to return

inches) to lend. To the yard column

Remember that .5 is half of a foot in lend me a yard (3 feet)
total Now it has 4 feet, subtract two, write
two.
Add everything:

Answer: At least one is needed. Step 3:

wall of 7 feet and 6 inches. From three yards subtract 2 and you have 1 left.

Answer:
1 yard, 2 feet, and 10 inches remained
RESTA the original piece.
A piece of metal measuring 4 yards, 2 feet
3 inches long was cut off a
2 yards, 2 feet, 5 inches. MULTIPLYING:
How much is left of the first piece? To multiply, you have to change the
units small a large.
REMEMBER THAT THE KEY IN THIS AND
ANY OTHER OPERATION IS
Response: KNOW EACH MEASURE IN A WAY
4 yards 2 pounds 3 pence EXACT. LEARN THE TABLE THAT
2 yards 2p 5p IT IS AT THE BEGINNING OF THIS LESSON

FROM MEMORY.

First, subtract the small units. If

Example:
it has to lend like in the numbers
integers can do it but having in A hole in the cover of a boat

Mind that when you lend, you do it 12. the old man was exactly three sheets,

inches or feet in total. each board was 4 feet and 9 inches long
long. What is the total length of the hole?

Step 1:
Stay 5 inches from 3 inches. I don't know. Multiplique 4 pies 9 pulgadas por 3.

It may be that you have to lend 12.

inches (one foot) to the next column. Step 1.

Now it has 15 inches minus 5 remaining. Multiply 4 x 3 = 12 feet.

10 inches. Write 10 inches. (Not

make sure to put 0 and carry 1!)
Step 2

31
Multiply 9 x 3 = 27 inches. 7 ÷ 3 = 2, with a remainder of a quarter.

Step 3 Each room contains 4 glasses therefore

Divide 27 ÷ 12 to reduce to feet. Tanto now has 5 glasses.
27 ÷ 12 = 2 feet 3 inches. 5 ÷ 3 = 1.6
4 gallons 2 quarts 1.6
Response: 3 13 gallons 3 quarts1st

The size of the hole is 14 feet and 3.

inches. Response:
Used per day: 4 gallons 2 quarts 1.6
glasses of milk.

DIVISION: To check if it is correct

Now that you have seen how to do addition, you can multiply by 3 and must
subtraction and multiplication of units divide obtain the first amount.
it simply is no longer a problem, This procedure is easy, but
remember that the key is to use logic must be careful with the
and to memorize the measurements. measurement changes. Memorize it
table.
In a period of three days a
nursing used 13 gallons, 3 quarters
and a glass of milk. What is the average?
used per day? METRIC MEASURES
Many people have used or
Write the problem: heard about the
4 gallons 2 quarts cameras of 35
3 13 gallons 3 quarts1st millimeters. The Games
Olympics have hundreds
of games divided into meters. The
Step 1 majority of thread cones for
Divide as with any other number. seamstresses have measurements in meters,
When there are leftover units, change those. centimeters and millimeters.
units in small units.
13 ÷ 3 = 4 remainder 1 gallon. Canned foods come with their own table.
of contents in centimeters. For
Convert one gallon into quarts. Each Japanese cars Europeans
o
gallon has 4 quarts plus the three that They need keys with metric measurements;
he now has 7qt. in case this doesn't convince you, all the

32
scientific works come with measures
metrics. The three metric units Example:
The basic units are the Meter, the Gram, and the Liter. A piece that is 3 meters long.
Other units are based on these. How many centimeters does it have?

three. We know that each meter has a hundred.

MEASURE UNIT EQUIVALENT centimeters therefore multiply
DE METRIC 3 x 100 = 300.
Distance Metro 39.4 inches. Another:
Weight Gram As weight of a A bag of flour weighs 11,000 grams.
clip. What is your weight in kilograms?
Liquid Liters 1.057 quarts We know that each kilo means 1000
Divide 11,000 ÷ 1000 = 11
CONVERTING METRIC UNITS
The following table shows others
units, but they are all based on
the Metric System. Each unit in the Units of time
table is 10 times more than the one at If you use a guide of
right side. TV, see a schedule of
classes, a schedule of
The The Metric System uses prefixes buses, or has an appointment at
specials to specify how a doctor you is
one unit is related to the other. using measures of
time.
Kilo always means a thousand,
centi-
always means one hundred, etc. Here are the standard units of time:
If you want to multiply or divide a 1 week 7 days
decimal by 10, 100 or 1000 you 1 day 24 hours
simply move the decimal point to the 1 hour 60 minutes
right or left. The metric system 1 minute 60 seconds
it's quite easy and was planned this way
form. Juana was there for 3 hours and 25 minutes.

minutes communicating for

Most countries in the field phone. The company of
worldwide use the Metric System as phone charges per minute. Finally
standard measure. For cultural reasons woman.
the United States of North America
they have not yet signed the treaty How many minutes did he/she speak in total?
International System of Weights and Measures.

33
 Change the hours to minutes and add to the
I rest to investigate.
(3 x 60 = 180) + 25 = 205 minutes Has it been decided what needs to be done?
spoken. 7 ÷ 3 = 2 remainder 1 week.
1 week = 7 days + 2 additional days.
The production in a certain maquila 9 days.
varies from day to day. The first 9÷3=3
the shift took 3 hours and 15 minutes Respuesta:
to assemble the products. Each trip lasted 2 weeks and 3 days.

The second shift took 1 hour and 55 minutes. MOTION PROBLEMS

minutes to do the same job. If driving at 50 kilometers per hour for
You would travel 100 for two hours straight.
What is the difference? kilometers. To find this
The easiest way is to change everything distance you multiply your speed of
in minutes and do the subtraction. movement (50 km per hour) by the
elapsed time (2 hours)
The first shift took 195 minutes.
The second shift lasted 115 minutes. You can use these words to
remember what to do when you have to
Stay: solve this type of problems.
195 Distance = Speed x Time.
115 This is called a formula.
__________ If you want to write this formula in one
80 minutes. abbreviated way do it like this:
Convert 80 minutes into hours
Answer: D=VxT
The second shift lasted 1 hour and 20 minutes.
A formula is used in mathematics
minutes less to show how to solve a
The first shift lasted 1 hour and 20 minutes
problem following a rule that always
extra minutes. it is true.
The formula you just learned is
3) A retired couple made three the formula for distance.
trips through the Caribbean in 7 weeks
and 2 days. How long did each Example:
trip? The first trip around the world in
the plane and non-stop was made in 45 hours to
3 7 weeks 2 days a speed of 525 miles per hour.

34
What distance was covered? T = 3 years
P = 9%
Write the formula d = v * t
2) Replace the formulas with the Replace the letters with the quantities:
information. 2000 x 3 x 0.9 = 540
Distance = 525 x 45 The total interest is Q540.00
4) Multiply:
Answer: 23,625 miles traveled.

Week 11

Interest Problems
Measures Linear,
Square and Cubic.
When you lend money for it
regulate the bank or the lender Finding the perimeter
charge a percentage of the total.

You would never go to the hardware store to

The amount you lend is called
buy a door without knowing the size
Capital (c), the time given for
what you need. You need to know that
pay is called time (t). The interest is
how big is a piece of land before
the amount of money that you owe
planificar una casa.
pay additionally for having used the
capital.
All these examples involve measures
of distance, how long, how short
I Interest etc. This type of measures uses measures
C Capital
linear, quadratic and cubic that
T time
expressed in feet, inches, meters,
P interest rate
kilometers etc.
The formula that represents everything is:

I = ctp
EXAMPLE:
Example:
Mario needs to find the distance
A man obtains a personal loan
around a window that is in its
from Q2,000 for 3 years at 9% interest.
kitchen to make a new frame. The
What is the total interest charged?
the window measurements are in the
next diagram:
I = ____________________
3 feet
C = 2000
2.5 feet

35
 If each side of a floor were one foot
the width of the area that each tile
It would be called a square foot.
Add 2.5 + 2.5 + 3 + 3 = 11 feet. in that way we can understand what
one square inch, a meter
Try you: square or a square foot means.
A letter-size sheet is 11 inches long.
about each long side and 8 ½ on the
short sides. DEFINITION
Area: The amount of surface that a
What is the size of its perimeter? object has or covers. The area is measured
Response in square units.
11 + 11 + 8 ½ + 8 ½ = 39 inches.
EXAMPLE:
A room is 10 feet wide by 30.
SQUARE MEASURES OR AREA feet long. What is the area that
covers?
What proportion of a wall can be 1) Imagine that each foot is wide
painting with a gallon of paint? it amounts to a small square. In total

How much cement do you need to cover a there would be 10 squares of one foot to

room of a house? the width.

2) Imagine que a lo largo también
The amount of surface is called there are 30 square feet each
area. The linear units of measurement of one
the previous section does not respond to this Multiply the amount of
question, in the previous section we saw the squares along and across for
distance around. Now we want find the total number of squares
find the amount of covered area. what should have been.
4) 10 x 30 = 300
You use tiles to cover 5) Answer: 300 square feet.
the interior surface of a house, when
you enter, it looks like a table for From this example, you can give yourself

play chess. If the floors are it says that to find the area of a
squares and they have four corners, surface needs to be multiplied by the
you can think of those as width by the length.
units to express how much surface
it is covered.

36
Definitely both measures width and
length needs to be in the same unit
metric.

Formula: Each side of this box is 10 inches.

Area = Length x Width 10 inches long. Each side is 10 inches.
A=LxA squared. The volume or space that
take this box it is 10 inches
You try: cubic.
A wall is 10 feet high by 40. EXAMPLE:
How long is it? What area does it have? Another box is 10 inches long, 5
A=LxA inches wide and 6 inches of
Area = Length times Width depth. What is the volume of this?
Area = 40 x 10 = 400 square feet. box in cubic inches?

1) Find the area of the box

multiplying the width by the length as
CUBIC MEASURES he did it before, this is 10 x 5 =
If you have seen the warehouses of the 50.
large factories will have noticed that 3) Multiply the result by the
they build them so large thinking about the depth. 50 x 6 = 300
amount of space that the product will take up 4) Respuesta: 300 inches
to take cubic.
Formula to find cubic measurements:
For example, if boxes are going to be stored there Volume = Width x Length x Depth
it is necessary to know about canned juices
how much space each box occupies not only in You try:
the surface unless on the sides, and the A van is 40 feet long, 8 feet
volume. 10 wide and 10 high. How many feet
how many cubic units can fit?

VOLUME:
The amount of space that an object Response:
occupies in a three-dimensional form. 40 x 8 x 10 =
A box seen from three sides looks ______________________
How is it more or less:

37