Water Well Construction

1
 Modules to be addressed

• 1.- Monitoring wells.

• 2.- Large diameter production wells.
• 3.- Drilling fluids.
• 4.- Considerations in the operation.
• 5.- Flooded Drilling Method.
• 6.- Compressors.
• 7.- Definitions and Glossary.
• 8.- Arrangement of Equipment on the Platform.
• 9.- Positions and responsibilities.

2
1.- Monitoring Wells

3
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Installation
Instalar equipo de monitoreo
The team positions itself at the location provided by the client.

A polyethylene folder will be installed to control.

any spill of oils, petroleum, additives, fats, etc.

3. Level the probe by ensuring that the hydraulic jacks

they remain supported in a solid and safe place, so that Fig. 1
Ensure good support in relation to the weight of the probe. Equipment installation.

4. Then the tower is raised, observing that

keep all the wires loose to avoid any
trapping in the lifting of this.

5. Once the tower is anchored, installation proceeds.

lightning rod and ground cable of the equipment.

6. Install all the accessories that are part of the equipment to

Fig. 2
a good functioning of the water well preformation.
Collection of drilling materials.
4
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Installation
Install monitoring equipment

Fig. 3 Fig. 4
Cyclone installation. Support pool construction.

5
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Installation

Risk analysis in the installation and operation of water well equipment.

monitoring

Reception of drilling platform;

(after a visual inspection of her)

The platform must have both width and length dimensions that
guarantee a secure job.

The platform must be disconnected from power sources.

3. The platform must have ample parking space for

vans like support trucks.

The platform must have a space for placing a protected chemical toilet.
by berms

6
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Installation

Risk analysis in the installation and operation of water well equipment

monitoring

Reception of drilling platform;

(after a visual inspection of it)

5. The platform must have an entrance and exit for vehicles.

6. The platform must be level, even, and with its respective berms.
security.

7. Once the platform has been disappointed, a receipt will be left in the book of
works, signed by the site manager and the client.

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 1.- Monitoring Wells
Installation

Risk analysis in the installation and operation of water well equipment

monitoring

Monitoring equipment selection

The team will be selected according to:

Depth and diameter to be drilled.

2. According to the areas to be drilled, the tool to be used will be selected.

8
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Drilling
Drilling Before monitoring well
First, it will be drilled with a diameter of 5.
½" can go with a reverse hammer or tricone until passing
the natural ground overload taking a sample of
according to the customer's technical specifications.

2. The tool will be removed from the well to begin to

widen the well to a diameter of 8 ¾" for
ensure that the 6” pipe goes down without problems.

3. To maintain the verticality of the well during the

expansion, the seamstress must have at least
a 6" drill collar.

4. Una vez realizado el ensanche se procede a retirar

the well tool with caution, to avoid Fig. 1
possible complications in intubation of the well.
Monitoring well drilling
5. The drilling parameters must be modified.
when anomalies occur during the process
of drilling, according to the provided guidelines.

Drilling assembly:

9
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Drilling
Intubation of monitoring well:
1. The tool to be used is selected, all lifting tools must be certified and
in optimal conditions according to the safety standards imposed by the client.

2. To carry out this work, all individuals involved must be aware of the
work procedure to perfection, as two consecutive tasks will be performed.

3. The work platform must be clean, dry, and organized to carry out work on
welding.

4. The welding machine must have a spill containment receptacle. This machine,
It must have all its certifications up to date and, in addition, it must have its grounding cable.
installed.

The welder must have their PPE and work procedures.

6. Once these steps have been completed, the well will be cased to the depth stipulated by
geology.

The "pipe" will be installed, along with the annular cutting hose.

10
1.- Monitoring Wells
Drilling

Fig. 1
Intubation of Ante pit.

11
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Drilling

Steps to follow in drilling

A tool is selected for drilling.

2. Cutting bags are selected according to the customer's requirements. This

It must be recorded in the work log (depth, how many types of
samples will be taken and coded every certain number of meters.

3. The purpose of the pilot well is to extract the maximum amount of information from the
aquifers. Therefore, it is important to try to build it as clean as possible,
to avoid contamination of the drilling samples, since this, when
being contaminated does not provide the information that the client needs to locate
future production wells.

4. During drilling, it is very important to promptly correct the causes that

may be affecting a low sample recovery.

12
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Drilling

Steps to follow in drilling

5. During the drilling, it is important to maintain an air lift control when it

start drilling with well water, bar by bar with this we will have more
information that the client needs. We must also be clear about what flow is.
and pressure to perform this work well.

6. Once the depth proposed by the client is reached, the ...

tests that the client deems necessary such as: geophysics, injection,
recovery and air lift; to then enable the well if the client requires it. This
The authorization will be stipulated in the work book with the signature of the hydrologist of
shift.

7. Constantly check the RPM of the drilling tool, the weight on the
bit of tricone, the advancement speed and the flow of compressed air or fluid
of circulation when applicable.

13
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Drilling
Steps to follow in drilling
8. Prepare and inject water into the well
(bombard), when there is presence
of humidity or water in the well.

9. Extract the samples and deposit them.

carefully in the bags of
cutting.

10. Classify the number of samples

requested by the client.

11. The main objective of drilling

from Reverse Air is to obtain
representative samples (cutting)
from the rock; in this phase it is required
of maximum attention.

Fig. 1
12. The maximum amount of sample or
cutting is equal to the weight of the volume Drilling system diagram.
theoretical well.
14
 1.- Monitoring Wells
Drilling
Calculation of theoretical weight of sample

V = LP x AP
V= Theoretical sample volume
LP= Perforated length
AP= Drilling area
Example: If we take a sample or cutting of a meter drilled from a rock whose weight
specific gravity is 2.65 g/cm³, the weight is calculated by the following formula
Weight = π x r² x 1 meter x 2.65 g/cm³ = 3.14 x r² x 100 cm x 2.65 g/cm³

If we drill 1 meter with a diameter of 5 3/8”, this means that the radius in centimeters is:
r = (5.375" x 2.54) / 2 6.8 cm
r² = 6.8 x 6.8 46.24 cm²

Then the weight of the sample is:

Sample weight = 3.14 x 46.24 cm² x 100 cm x 2.65 g/cm³

38.476 grams = 38 kg per metric ton

15
1.- Monitoring Wells
Enablement
Pipe Table

17
1.- Monitoring Wells
Enabling
Pipe Table

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1.- Monitoring Wells
Authorization
Pipe Table

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 1.- Monitoring Wells
Enabling

Well engraving
1. The tools to be used will be selected in the
pilot well engraving.

2. All lifting elements must be checked.

are certified and meet all the
safety standards and procedures.

3. A funnel will be installed and fluid will be prepared from

gravel displacement according to recommendation
of the client, as the ceiling rises
the pipe is being removed proportionally to
increase in the level of gravel placed in the well.

4. The well is concreted up to half of the clearance for

then loosen the tie and avoid cutting in the habilitation Fig. 1
product of the load exerted by the weight of the gravel if Well engraving.
the tie doesn't come loose, it's very common that it
the threads would unravel and the well would be lost.

5. Once this is done, the well is finished being riveted.

up to the depth given by the client.

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 1.- Monitoring Wells
Well Cleaning
Mud displacement
1. The tools to be used are selected for the
development of pilot well.

2. All elements must be checked.

certified cranes that meet
all safety standards and
procedures.

3. BX bars will be lowered through the interior of the

enabling with a centralizer at the tip for
avoid that this hits the enabling.

4. Then the water or mud is moved.

what is in the well, this process can be
to perform in two ways, both conventional and
reverse, according to the diameter of the well.
Therefore, it is necessary to know the formula for
calculate the volume of water to inject in form Fig. 1
conventional and thus displace the entirety of mud Cyclone installation,
from the well. for well development.

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 1.- Monitoring Wells
Well Cleaning
Water injection calculation

Ex.

If we have a well with a diameter of 5 3/8" and a total well length of 200 meters enabled.
with 3" PVC

Volume of water to be injected = π x r² x 200 meters = 3.14 x r² x 200 meters

r = (3" x 0.0254)/2 0.0381 meters

r² = 0.00145 m²

Total Volume of Water Injection: 3.14 x 0.00145 m² x 200 m = 0.91 m³

The water required to displace the 200 meters did not exceed two thousand liters.
leaving this ready for the next step which will be the injection of hypochlorite

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 1.- Monitoring Wells
Limpieza de Pozo

Disinfection and development of pilot well

1.- The tools to be used for the development of the pilot well are selected.

2.- All lifting elements that are certified must be checked.

that comply with all safety standards and procedures.

3.- BX bars will be lowered inside the facility with a centralizer in

the tip to prevent it from hitting the enabling.

4.- Then proceed to remove the water or mud that is in the well once
that this comes out free of solids and additives, hypochlorite pills will be injected.
sodium and will be left to rest for 6 hours before performing air lift in the
screens areas and a final air lift.

5.- Preferably disinfect the well with a low solution of hypochlorite and
The tool is removed from the well and the development is considered finished.

6.- The objective in well developments is to quantify the quantity and quality of
water therefore measurements are made, of % sand like temperature,
so we must take into account that the air generates heat and this can
be an important variant for the measurements.
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1.- Monitoring Wells
Well Cleaning

Development accessories

Inverter valve kit 24

 1.- Monitoring Wells
Well Termination and Delivery

Hygienic seal in the well

The pit is filled with waste.

selected to prevent damage to the
enabling will then install the box
metallic with measurements of 50cm of
width 50cm, length 50cm, height this
the box should be buried 20cm deep
a 6" casing will be installed at ground level
with a hinged lid and a lock for
the lock on the lid must have the
identification of the well then proceed to
cement with a dosage of 2 to 1
Both in sand and gravel it should be painted.
the hygiene seal once the drawer is removed.

Fig. 1
Well sealing gasket.

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 1.- Monitoring Wells
Well Completion and Delivery

Well equipment disassembly

The complete equipment is being uninstalled.

2. The support pools are covered.

3. The platform is cleaned in its entirety.

4. The platform and the well with their respective keys are delivered to the client.

A complete equipment check is carried out for transfer to the next platform.

26
1.- Monitoring Wells

Exam

27
2.- Production Wells
Large Diameter

28
 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Installation

Risk analysis in the installation and operation of well equipment

Reception of the platform

The platform must have adequate measures to carry out safe work.

The platform must be disconnected from energy sources.

The platform must have a large parking area to park both vans
as support trucks.

4. The platform must have a space to place a chemical bathroom.

5. The platform must have an entrance and an exit for vehicles.

6. The platform must be level, even, and have its respective safety berms.

7. Once the platform is disappointed, a receipt will be left in the work log.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Installation
Production team selection
According to the depth and diameter to be drilled of the well

2. Depending on the area to be drilled, the tools to be used will be selected.

Installation of production equipment

1. The team positions itself in accordance with client personnel, a folder will be installed.
Polyethylene to control any spills of oils, petroleum, additives, grease, etc.

2. Level the probe ensuring that the hydraulic jacks are resting on a solid place.
surely in a way that guarantees good support concerning the weight of the probe.

3. Then proceed to raise the tower, ensuring that all the cables are loose to
avoid any trapping in the raising of the tower, once the tower is anchored.

4. Lightning rods and grounding cables for the equipment are being installed.

5. Install all the accessories that are part of the equipment for proper functioning of
water well drilling.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Drilling Before Well

Pre-drilling of production well

1.- A set of pools is being built to prepare the drilling mud, which
they also help us with the decantation of solids and then evacuate all the
sediments, clasts, detritus sand and silt brought by the drilling that causes
problems with intubation.

2.- Drilling begins with a diameter that ensures the wellhead.

this
drilling will be carried out using the conventional method with the support of a pump of
mud, once the drilling of the pre-well is completed, the tool is removed
down the well with a lot of caution to avoid possible complications during intubation.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Drilling Before Well

Tubing of the production well

1. The tool to be used is selected, all lifting tools must be
certified and in optimal condition according to safety standards
taxes by the client.

2. To carry out this work, all individuals involved must be aware

the work procedure to perfection since two tasks will be executed
consecutive.

3. The work platform must be clean, dry, and organized to carry out tasks.
the welding machine must have its containment receptacle for
spillages.

You must have your certifications up to date and your ground wire installed.

5. The welder must have their updated certificate, PPE, and procedure.
work.

6. Once these steps are completed, tubes are lowered to a height that allows for extraction.
with the spoon almost the entirety of mud from the well to avoid contamination of
cement, thus resulting in a correct cementation.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Drilling Before Well

Cementation of pre-production well

Once the tubes are in place, a scoop is lowered, which will allow the removal of the
mud from the well on both the interior and exterior sides, leaving space in this way
void to prevent contamination with the cement.

Once the mud is removed from the well, the process of completing the lowering of the pipes begins.
to place these at the bottom, remaining centered with the drilling guide. For
ensure that the cello in the tube shoe is correct, it will be poured by gravity 5
bentonite pellet bags which will be left to rest for 3 hours to hydrate
and fulfills the function of sealing the well between the interior and exterior space.

Then the annular space to be cemented will be cubicized and prepared in a 2000-liter tank.
the grout that resulted in the cubic measurement of the ring is important to accelerate the
mix with sika 3 and also raise the pH of the water with additives, we also need to
use the elements as a scale to weigh the cement which should not weigh
less than 15 l/g to achieve good results.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Production Well Drilling

Construction of settling pool

While the fore pit is curing, the settling ponds will be constructed and will
install the return tube.
Once the pools are built, they must be enclosed either with mesh or
safety nets

Sample output Entry to the well

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Production Well Drilling
Production well drilling with reverse air rods 6 5/8”
Smooth Flow

1. Tools are selected for drilling the production well.

2. A drilling plate must be made with both exterior and interior dimensions.
interior of all the tools that will be lowered into the well as well as it is
composed of the drilling string with all its threads, both pin and box and its
diameters. If we had a fishing problem for any reason, we would have the
correct measures to make the fisherman

3. Cutting bags are selected according to the customer's requirements.

everything must be recorded in the workbook (depth, how many types of samples
they will be taken out and every how many meters they will be coded

4. The purpose of the production well is to extract the maximum amount of water Therefore
It is important to try to build it as clean as possible to avoid contamination.
in the aquifer and have control of solids through the tools
established for this purpose which are the ones that generate the most problems in a well
of production since these without a control increase the hydrostatic pressure and could
it would manage to fracture the formation of the aquifer and there would be an invasion of solids in
the aquifers which would significantly reduce the transitability of the aquifer

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Production Well Drilling
Production well drilling with 6 5/8” reverse air rods
Smooth Flow

5. It is also important to take into account the formation clays which react
violently with high pH levels therefore it is necessary to maintain pH control properly
permanent and also use encapsulating destructive inhibitors and transporters of
clays to prevent contamination of these by having good control with the sludge not
There should be problems both with drilling and with the subsequent well development.

It is very important to timely correct the causes that may be affecting a

low sample recovery. And well cleaning.

A low sample recovery and poor well cleaning will cause us

problems of tool catching that's why it's very important to carry a good
viscosity and density control to avoid destabilizing the well walls
it is also very important to control the air that is injected into the well to avoid
producing turbulent flow also erodes the walls of the well producing trap
tool handling.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Production Well Drilling
Production well drilling with reverse air rods 6 5/8"
Smooth Flow

8. It is important to check the O-rings of the bars placed horizontally (on the truck) at
make the connection of these, when drilling, that they are in good condition to avoid
subsequent pressure losses when drilling.

9. Once the depth proposed by the client is reached, it is necessary to verify that it does not
Let's have collapses, stopping the operation leaving the bars 6 meters above waiting for the
rest for a determined time of ½ hour or more if necessary, then the change is made
of
mud to leave the well as clean as possible before carrying out its commissioning, work continues
Operation measuring the verticality to then remove tools from the well is important.
remove the tool slowly to avoid producing piston action in the well which could
destabilize
the walls of the well. this room will be stipulated in the work book.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Enablement

Production well commissioning

1. The tools to be used are selected for
the well authorization.

2. All elements must be checked.

lifts that are certified and comply with
all safety standards and
procedures.

A string of bx bars will be lowered first.

place the ones that will be left hanging in the pipe
from the front of the well.

4. Then the authorization will be lowered according to

proposed schema by the client until the
depth indicated by the same
the authorization must be hung by means of
a tie in the pipe of the forepit
raised from the bottom about 20 centimeters to
maintain the verticality of the well.

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2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Enablement
Pipe Table

39
 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Enabling

Enabling scheme
of well and engraving

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2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Enablement

41
 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Calibration

Production well calibration

The caliber will be lowered according to the technical specifications provided by the client.

2. The gauge should not have a play greater than ¾ inch in diameter.

The gauge must be 9 meters long.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells
Engraving

Production well engraving

1. The tools to be used in the pilot well gravel pack will be selected.

2. All lifting elements that are certified must be checked and that
they comply with all safety standards and procedures.

3. A funnel will be installed and the gravel displacement fluid will be prepared according to
customer recommendation.

4. The well is drilled halfway through the habilitation to then release the tie and avoid
cut in the enabling due to the load exerted by the weight of the gravel if not
Loosen the tie; it's very common for the threads to come undone and the well would be lost.

5. Once this is done, the well is finished being braced to the depth given by the
client.

43
 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells

Development of production well

1. The tools to be used for the development of the pilot well are selected.

2. All lifting elements that are certified and comply with must be checked.
all safety standards and procedures.

3. The bars are lowered with a stabilizing rubber to the indicated depth in the
development plan

4. Then the sludge is moved by clean water once it is free of solids and
additive sodium hypochlorite pills will be injected and left to rest for 6 hours to
then carry out the development according to the technical specifications given by the client

5. Then the well is disinfected with a bleach solution and the tool is removed and
the development is considered finished.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells

Hygienic seal for production well

The well is filled with selected waste to prevent damage to the habilitation afterwards.
install a metal drawer with the dimensions requested by the client which must comply with the
specifications of the hygienic cell and it must carry the identification of the well and then proceed to
to cement with the dosage requested by the client until it sets, then to remove and paint
thus finalizing the hygienic seal.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells

Dismantling of production well equipment

The complete equipment is being uninstalled.

2. Proceed to cover support pools.

3. The platform is cleaned in its entirety.

4. A complete equipment check is carried out for transfer to the next platform.

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells

Drilling bit
Smooth Flow

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells

Drilling tools:

Fig. 3
Fig. 1 Barracuda cutter, highly
Fig. 2
Tricone with insert of wear-resistant by
tungsten carbide Tricone for training of abrasion and impact.
for hard training. clay and sand.
Model: HCM606Z – KOP – 12500’

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 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells

Drilling tools:
.

Fig. 4 Fig. 7
Hole opener Fig. 5 Set the hole opener of
refurbished. New hole opener. 12 ¾‟‟, 17 ½„‟ y 22‟‟

49
 2.- Large Diameter Production Wells

Fig.8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 12 Fig. 17

Fig. 13 Fig. 14 Fig. 15 Fig. 16
Junk
Fig. 18 Fig. 19
Junk Junk Over Short String
Hammer. Drill Guide of Rotary
Mill
Taper Taper
Mill Basket Shot Catch Mill Collar. O/S Shoe. Tap Mill
Plan
50
2.- Large Diameter Production Wells

51
2.- Large Diameter Production Wells

Exam

52
 3.- Drilling Fluids

MODULE OBJECTIVES

• Importance of drilling fluids

• Definition of Drilling Fluid
• Functions
• Tests
• Selection of additives
• Mixing techniques
• Drilling problems
• Well Development
 3.- Drilling Fluids

IMPORTANCE AND OBJECTIVE OF DRILLING FLUIDS

• They are designed to prevent problems

• Increase productivity

• Reduce the cost per meter

• Prepare the drilled well for safe and efficient water production
clean
 3.- Drilling Fluids

DRILLING FLUIDS

• It is a state of matter.

• Fluid

• Liquids and gases

• Colloidal suspension (liquid phase and solid phase)

• Must comply: Successfully carry out a drilling and be within the

environmental standards
 3.- Drilling Fluids

FUNCTIONS OF A DRILLING FLUID

• Avoid problems in the Survey.

• Control the subsurface pressures
• Reduce drilling costs.
• Maximize the recovery and quality of the samples.
• Cool, lubricate and clean the drill bit and the drilling rods.
• Control the leakage.
• Lift the well cuttings.
• Suspend the cuts when the pump stops.
• Stabilize the walls.
• Minimize water use.
• Reduce the vibration of the drilling rods and provide buoyancy.
• Minimize the impact on the environment.
• Form a plaster stabilizing the walls of the formation. Etc.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

DIAGRAM OF THE SLUDGE CIRCUIT

Functions and properties of drilling fluids
FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES

Circulatory system

Arena

Low pressure

Lutita

High pressure

Limestone

Depleted zones

Drilling Fluids
 3.- Drilling Fluids

THE PRODUCTS THAT MAKE THESE FUNCTIONS POSSIBLE.

• Soda ash.

• Bentonite.

• Polymers: Filtration Controllers, Inhibitors, Viscosifiers, etc.

• Lubricants.

• Dispersants.

• Surfactants - Detergents

• Materials for controlling circulation losses.

• Special products
 3.- Drilling Fluids

CONDITIONS TO MAKE GOOD MUD AND ITS MAINTENANCE

• Pre-treatment of water.

• Adequate mixing equipment.

• Mixing time according to additive.

• Monitoring of mud properties: Viscosity, Density, pH, Content of

Arena, Filtering API, Rheology if necessary.

• Maintain the scheduled concentrations.

 3.- Drilling Fluids

WATER TREATMENT

• Correct the pH.

• Common contaminants and their limits.

• Calcium-Magnesium (total hardness) 150-200 ppm maximum.

• Chlorides 5,000 mg/l

• Chlorine 150 mg/l

 3.- Drilling Fluids

TREATMENT AND REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS

• pH and Water Hardness, add Soda Ash (0.00093 lbs/bbl x ppm of

pollutant)

• Chlorides; if high levels exist, look for another water source or switch to Saline Sludge.

• Chlorine; Water can be aerated by sending contaminants into the atmosphere.

 3.- Drilling Fluids

HOW pH AFFECTS

• What it means; in simple definition it is the measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity of
water, measured as the negative logarithm base 10, therefore, the difference of 1
means 10 times more acidic or alkaline.

• Bentonite and polymers are affected in their performance by pH, it must be

adjusted to be between 8 - 10.

• It also affects the mixing, the viscosity, the API filtration, and the stability of the well.

• It is measured with pH indicator strips.

 3.- Drilling Fluids

pH

Use Wide Range pH Strips (1 to 14)

 3.- Drilling Fluids

VISCOSITY AND DEFINITIONS

• VISCOSITY: Resistance to flow of a fluid. It is measured with the Marsh funnel and jar.
• RHEOLOGY: Study of fluid deformation. It is measured with the Rheometer or
Viscometer
• PLASTIC VISCOSITY: It is the resistance due to the suspended particles in the
fluid.
• POINT OF CEDENCE: It is the resistance to flow due to attractions
electrochemical properties of the sludge components.
• GEL RESISTANCE: Electrochemical attraction of the molecules of a fluid in
rest.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

Viscosity
Tap the bottom of the cone with your finger, pour
the liquid over the mesh. Fill up to the
line inscribed in the cone. (1500ml)
Pour into the jug
Viscosity

Measure the time with a stopwatch in

seconds that the cup fills up, until the
line inscribed in it.
Report it in sgs/quart/Gal.
3.- Drilling Fluids

Rheology
 3.- Drilling Fluids

DENSITY
• The density of a fluid is its weight per unit of volume.

• The density of water is 1 g/cm3 or 8.34 lbs/gal

• The density of a fluid is a function of the suspended solids.

• Suspended solids can be the aggregates in the fluid (commercial) or the

added by drilling.

• Measuring density is often a necessity, as its variation gives us

It will indicate some problem in the well.
3.- Drilling Fluids

Density

Sludge Balance
 3.- Drilling Fluids

FILTRATION

• Es la porción de agua del fluido que invade a la formación.

• The fluid, being about 95% water, tends to release it when subjected.
under pressure.

• One of the functions of the fluid is to form a wall or plaster in the formation
perforated for its stability, it must be thin and resistant, and prevent it from
uncontrolled filtration, causing excessive water consumption, thick walls
that can cause rings, pressure increases and/or torque, and in cases of sticking
pipe, drilling or casing.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

MEASURING THE FILTRATION

• The loss of water to the formation is simulated by measuring it with an instrument.

called Press Filter and an acceptable value is 15 cc in 30 minutes with a
pressure of 100 psi.

• Bentonites and PAC are filtration loss controlling agents.

• In areas with sand, unconsolidated, uncontrolled infiltration can be

dramatic for drilling.
3.- Drilling Fluids

Filtration

Filtration Presses
 3.- Drilling Fluids

Filtration
• Measure thickness and consistency of
revoke.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

SAND CONTENT

• The sand is abrasive and therefore harmful to the equipment and tools that
they are in contact with the drilling fluid.

• High sand content contributes to a poor plaster and can cause loss.
of induced circulation, as well as adhered by differential pressure.

• The sand content in a fluid should not exceed 2%.

• If the sand content increases continuously, it is necessary to evaluate the

position or efficiency of the settling tanks.

• The sand content is measured using a sand content kit.

3.- Drilling Fluids

Sand Content

Sandbox Content Kit

 3.- Drilling Fluids

EFFECTS OF SAND EXCESS

(ABRASION)
 3.- Drilling Fluids

EFFECT OF INCREASE IN SOLIDS

• Increase Hydrostatic Pressure.

• Loss of circulation.
• Damage to the producing formation.
• Reduction of well productivity.
• Increase in the equivalent circulation density, ECD.
• Increase in viscosity.
• The plaster or cake is thicker and mainly composed of solids of
drilling.
• The gel resistance gradually increases.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

SELECTION OF A DRILLING FLUID FOR WATER WELLS

• The cost of a fluid must be evaluated in terms of the total cost per drilled meter and
not only because of the price of the additives.

• For the selection of the fluid, the following should be considered:

• The primary purpose of the drilling program.

• The type of rock to drill.
• The place, in relation to the design of the settlement pits, the environment and
waste disposal.
• The capacity and limitations of the team.
• The experience, training, and attitudes of the drilling personnel
 3.- Drilling Fluids

ADDITIVES FOR DRILLING FLUIDS

• The selection of additives may seem difficult, but the right choice
will ensure that the problems will be minimal.
• ADDITIVES ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
• Materials for increasing weight: Insoluble (Barium, CaCO3) Soluble (Chlorides)
• Sodium bentonite clays for viscosity, particle suspension, and plastering.
leakage.
• Polymers for viscosity, filtration loss.
• Thinners and Dispersants for viscosity control and gel strength.
• Sealing material for loss of circulation as a preventive measure and for restoration
circulation.
• Special products: for lubrication, bacteria control, etc.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

BLENDING AND MAINTENANCE

• In a drilling program, it is important to gather certain data when planning the

fluid system to be used:
• Required: Well diameter, equipment to be used, well depth and
probable formations to drill.
• The size and distribution of the pits, these must contain at least twice as much
of the volume in its total depth. Calculate the volume of the solids to
to drill.
• Diameter of the well in square inches / 1,974 = LITERS/METER
3.- Drilling Fluids

MODEL FOSA
 3.- Drilling Fluids

MIXED

• The ingredients must be mixed slowly and vigorously to achieve the best results.
performance of the additives.

• The use of a suitable mixer, either a Hooper type or a hydraulic screw, is required.

• Respect the order of addition of the products: Ash-Bentonite-Powder Polymers-

Liquid polymers-Surfactants-Lubricants-Detergents-KCl.

• Safety in handling.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

COMMON PROBLEMS IN DRILLING

• Collapse of the well walls

• Inadequate cleaning of the well.

• Slow penetration.

• Pipe footprint.

• Loss of circulation
• Water or other fluid intake.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

COLLAPSE OF WELLS

• It occurs in unconsolidated soils.

• Cause: Inadequate drilling fluid.

• Solution: Prevent by using the appropriate viscosity.

 3.- Drilling Fluids

INADEQUATE CLEANING

• It is characterized by:
• False background or material in the background
• Insufficient cutting output.

• Related to:
• Insufficient pump flow.
• Drilling fluid with low viscosity and gel strength
 3.- Drilling Fluids

LOW PENETRATION

• Caused by:
• Insufficient cleaning of the well
• Excessive fluid density
• Due to obstruction of the drill cones by clay embolism.

• Solutions:
• Proper cleaning.
• Decrease in fluid density.
• Use of lubricants, detergents, surfactants.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

PIPE STICKING

• Caused by:

• Poor cleaning of the well.

• Well collapse.

• Expansion of clays (swelling)

• Thick plaster.

• By differential pressure: This occurs in an exposed permeable formation, with a

fluid heavier than the formation pressure and where the pipe adheres to the
permeable wall. The pressure of the mud holds the pipe against the formation.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

LOSS OF CIRCULATION

• Slow filtration

• Partial

• Complete
 3.- Drilling Fluids

GEOLOGICAL FACTORS

• Cave formations or cracks.

• Permeable formations: Sands, gravels, fractured volcanic rocks.

• Fractured formations
 3.- Drilling Fluids

OPERATOR-INDUCED FACTORS

• Increase of solids due to poor cleaning.

• High equivalent circulation density (ECD)

• High resistance gel

• Piston pressures.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

SOLUTIONS TO LOSSES

• Use lost circulation materials (LCM)

• Correct the drilling practices and the fluid properties that may influence.
in the ECD.

• Seal with waiting periods. Use fluids with high viscosity bentonite, remove the
pipeline and allow the mud to infiltrate and gel in the formation. Use pills
sealants.

• Drill into lost mud, ensuring that the rods are properly secured.
greased.

• Cement.

• Tubing with casing.

 3.- Drilling Fluids

WELL DEVELOPMENT

• Definition: The set of procedures designed to optimize production of

well.

• Main objectives:

• 1.- Repair the damage done to the formations during the drilling process.

• 2.- Increase productivity and hydraulic conductivity in the area near the
well.

• 3.- Prevent the production of sand

 3.- Drilling Fluids

WELL DEVELOPMENT

• Damage to the formations:

• Through the mechanical process of drilling.

• Due to the use of the drilling fluid.

• Development method:

• Natural
• With artificial filter screens, sand, fine gravel, etc.
 3.- Drilling Fluids

WELL DEVELOPMENT

• Development procedure:

• Overpumping

• Backwashing

• Mechanical agitation

• Air agitation

• High-speed jet

• Use of additives for the degradation of leftover sludge.

 3.- Drilling Fluids

Fluid Testing

Why evaluate the properties of drilling fluids?

• Obtain the desirable properties of fluids.

• Maintain the desirable properties of the fluids.

• Assessment of problems and their solutions.

• Journals and records of their behavior.

 3.- Drilling Fluids

Fluid Tests

What are the Controllable Properties?

• Viscosity.
• Density.
• Filtration Properties.
• Content of Sand.
• pH.
• Calcium (Hardness).
• Rheology (Plastic Viscosity and Point
of Cadence).
 4.- Considerations in the Operation

The following considerations must be taken into account before and

during the operation of a compressor:

1.- The operating condition of the /compressor requires the use of all the
safety equipment by the personnel; gloves, helmet,
hearing protection, glasses, safety shoes and work attire
adequate.

2.- The connection of the compressor to the drill must be made with
hoses and connectors appropriate for temperature and pressure
what the system demands.

3.- The condition of the drill pipes must be checked, in what is

refers to the wear of its threads and inner tubes, to prevent
air losses.

96
 4.- Considerations in Operation

The following considerations should be taken into account before and

during the operation of a compressor:

4.- The hoses must be secured at their ends with chains.

or steel meshes, those that hold them in case of failure
connections and these are pressurized.

5.- Every time the automatic shutdown system is activated, the computer
indicate the code of the sensor that activates this condition, it is necessary
download the residual pressure and determine the cause that activated the
sensor.

97
 4.- Considerations in the Operation

The following considerations must be taken into account before and

during the operation of a compressor:

6.- Special care must be taken to drain the water from the compressor, before,
during and after its use, thus preventing its entry into the cylinder
piston.
Since water cannot be compressed, the damage it can cause to
not controlling it is usually irreparable and has consequences for the environment
Delete /compressor due to the shedding of metal pieces.

7.- In the operation of the compressor at high altitude and under conditions
extreme climatic conditions, it is necessary to prevent the freezing of the system
pneumatic control, either by covering with insulating blankets or using
heaters.

98
 4.- Considerations in Operation

The following considerations must be taken into account before and

during the operation of a compressor:

8.- Each time a bar change is made, the system must be activated.
by-pass the compressor, in addition to depressurizing the bar column,
prior to their disconnection.

9.-The operator must be qualified and trained with knowledge

theoretical/practical
in the operation and use of the booster/compressor.

99
 5.- Flooded drilling method

Drilling scheme
Preferably, this method is used in the
large water well drilling
diameter due to how dynamic it is
functioning, the penetration of
additives towards the walls of the well are
minimum, thus achieving a better
productivity of this.

The reverse circulation method is performed

inverting the circulation of the fluid of
drilling, unlike the method
conventional rotary.

This process starts by choosing a team of

drilling that is conditioned for
carry out said method, whether its head
of rotation and operating table in
where the maneuvers are carried out.

It also has its support teams.

adequate and the tools
necessary to drill a well according to
the diameter suggested by the client which
determine the process.
100
 5.- Flooded drilling method

Example of Survey
We will take as an example a 250-meter survey with a 20-inch diameter; this well needs
for the beginning a 28" hole-opener with a tricone at the tip to drill a
conventional antepozo, bentonite mud is preferably prepared for then
inject it with the direct mud pump and remove the detritus from the well to the surface
achieving the depth of the forepit, once it is completed, the
movement of tools to place the string with which we will drill, it is about
we will only make a 20” pass, therefore we will place a 17 ½” tricone.
tungsten or teeth depending on the terrain to be drilled, this tricone for this purpose, must
condition the inner diameter to no less than 3" because this diameter will be the pathway
where the sludge with detritus will pass.

This 17 ½” tricone is fitted to a 20” hole opener whose inner diameter is

suitable for this method, we will connect it with the 10" Drill-collar using a
adapter, before starting the drilling it is necessary to remove the mud from the well, in order to
install 24” casing (pipes) with centralizers that allow centering the casing and leaving it
uniform space to place cement, (up to a height of 1.5 to 2.0 meters from the
surface) to protect the mouth of the drilling, it is necessary to set up what allows
a safe operation to the requirements of the work to be done. From the surface a and
Half a meter down, a hole is drilled (with an oxy-fuel cutting machine) into the tube already.
in cementing and curing), the diameter of the tube that will be welded to this, and that connects the
settling pools with an inclination that allows the entry of the sludge used
for the drilling (this must remain underground for traffic safety in the
platform) the 3x3x1.5 m pools are made by an excavator and
protected by a security mesh around the entire perimeter, these are filled with prepared mud
for a plant at a viscosity no greater than 40 seconds per liter, once prepared it
they are filling the pools and the well until a mud level is achieved which must
stay involved throughout the process.
101
 5.- Flooded drilling method

Example of Survey

To start drilling, the tool must be lowered two meters before touching the
background to avoid the risk of blocking, in this process a P.V.C pipe will be placed
preference, the one aimed at directing the air to the column and with a check valve that
allows the passage of air in one direction, as we already have the tools in place
drilling, the pipe must remain submerged within the string with the mud level at
surface to produce the difference in hydrostatic pressure generated by the mud that is
deposited in the annular space between the bars and the wall of the borehole, properly regulate the pressure of
air according to the hydrostatic height which will displace the sludge within the bar, producing the
return of mud through the inside of the string, once this is done, the fall of mud is observed in
discontinuous form having to regulate air so that it comes out as continuously as possible producing
With this, the circulation of sludge, the pools must be suitable for settling the particles.
that come out of the drain pipe at high speed.

102
 5.- Flooded drilling method

Example of Survey

As drilling progresses, the pits must be cleaned with an excavator.

continuously so that the mud entering the well is as uncontaminated as possible and
improving the viscosity of this as the drilling deepens.

In the operation, when adding bars or drill collars, PVC pipes will be placed until the
if the operation requires it, it is not necessary to place 50% of P.V.C in relation to the total number of bars
en todo el sondaje ya que la presión hidrostática tiende siempre a mantener el nivel de lodo dentro
from the column.

When adding PVC, the threads must be tightly screwed so that the vibration of these inside the
Do not unhook the rope, for this reason a check valve is placed so that in case of a cut
Do not lower the P.V.C to the bottom and have to rescue it by taking out the tool, but rather these
They float when having this valve at the tip.

103
 5.- Flooded drilling method

Example of Surveying
In case of losing mud during the drilling due to a crack and it stops returning as much.
It is likely that the system is clogged in the tricone and hole-opener due to sedimentation that occurs.
originates within the thread and for this reason the system stops working, increasing the
vibration of the PVC inside with possibilities of being cut, in this case to unclog
Typically, the mud column is filled, which serves to generate movement and
suction is cutting decanted in the drilling tool, without success this process will have
that to pull out said string to uncover, at that moment the well is left without mud therefore it is
it is possible to have landslides that will complicate operations, for this reason it is necessary
maintaining a mud viscosity depends on the terrain being drilled.

While continuing drilling without the mud level, mud can be added simultaneously.
annular space, between the bars and the wall of the well due to this effect P.V.C. has to be lowered.
To achieve the return and remove the detritus that is generated while drilling.
Space is being created which when flooded with PVC helps the process of removing the
Well cutting, normalizing the operation until the end of the well programming.

104
 6.- Compressors

AIR COMPRESSOR

1. THEY ARE CLASSIFIED BY THE AMOUNT OF AIR THEY CAN ADMIT A.C.F.M.
EXAMPLE IS A 100 C.F.M COMPRESSOR FROM 0 TO 150 PSI.

2. 100 C.F.M. OF AIR. COMPRESSED AT 25 PSIG (1.72 BAR) IS CONVERTED TO 44.71 C.F.M.
FROM COMPRESSED AIR TO 180 F

3. 100 C.F.M. OF COMPRESSED AIR AT 150 PSIG (10.34 BAR) IS CONVERTED INTO 10.78
CFM OF COMPRESSED AIR AT 180 F

4. 100 C.F.M. OF AIR. COMPRESSED TO 350 PSIG (24.14 BAR) IS CONVERTED TO 4.76
C.F.M. OF COMPRESSED AIR AT 180 F

5. 100 C.F.M. OF AIR. COMPRESSED AT 500 PSIG (34.48 BAR) IS CONVERTED INTO 3.45
CFM OF COMPRESSED AIR AT 180 F

105
 6.- Compressors

The importance of CFM/PSI of air?

Deliver the necessary speed to lift the drilling debris from the
well.

2. Deliver pressure and volume as energy for the pneumatic hammers at the bottom

3. The cleaning of the well must be taken seriously when selecting the diameter.
of drilling in any application. The recommended sweep speed varies
between 4,000 and 7,000 feet (1220 and 2135 m) per minute. Sweep speed
(angular speed) is delivered by the compressor discharge (CFM or lts/sec),
drill diameter and the bar diameter. The annular speed below 4,000
FPM (1220 MPM) can lead to the following

4. Decrease in drill life - this is caused by regrinding, due to

that the coarse drilling debris cannot exit the well and falls back into the
the material is crushed again to a size that can exit the well

106
 6.- Compressors

1. Reduction of penetration speed - The air discharge on the face of the

broca does not have enough speed to move the detritus before the piston
hit the bit again. Consequently, the drill performs regrinding instead of
break new rock

2. Loss of Tools - Sometimes part of the detritus forms necks of

bottle in the well. This neck produced may eventually cause the
drilling tools get stuck at the bottom, with no possibility of being
recovered.

[Link], "A greater capacity is not always better" theoretically.

A scanning speed of over 7,000 FPM (2135 MPM) will cause a
premature wear on the entire drilling string

107
 6.- Compressors

HOW TO CALCULATE SWEEP SPEED

• To calculate the sweep speed in feet/minute, the following should be used
equation.

CFM x 183.4 CalculatorVelocality

Day. Broca Pulg2Day Bar Pulg2 Sweeping
Example:
600 (CFM) x 183.4 Note;
6.125 x 6.125 - 4.5 x 4.5
When there is a volume of air
110,000
available, It can be replaced in the
37.52 - 20.25
110,000 hammer the valve located at the end of
17.27 tube. The following table shows the flow
additional through the hole of the
6,369 Speed (Feet/Min.) valve (choke).
108
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Drilling by the Rotary Method

The hydraulic rotary drilling method consists of drilling a well through the action
bit rotary (in our case a tricone) and remove the fragments that are produced
with a fluid that is continuously circulated as the tricone penetrates the formation.

The tri-cone is attached to the lower end of a pipe string. In the conventional rotary system,
The drilling fluid or mud is pumped through a pipe and expelled through the
trincone nozzles. The mud flows vertically to the surface through the annular space
that is found around the pipe.
On the surface of the ground, the fluid is conveyed to a sedimentation pit and from there to another.
of reserve. In this one, it is suctioned again by the pump once its content of
fragments have settled.

The two key elements in the rotary drilling method are the tricone and the fluid.
(in our case drilling mud). Both are essential for cutting and maintaining the
well.

The complete drilling string is suspended from a rotating swivel or rotary head, which
allows the passage of water, which in turn is suspended from the mast or tower by means of
a traveling pulley. A sturdy axial thrust bearing installed between the two parts of
swivel, supports all the weight, allowing the drill string to turn freely.

109
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Tricon: Tool used for drilling for punching and dragging, through the use of
of compressed air or drilling mud directly.

Bit and Hammer: Tools used for drilling by abrasion and percussion, through the
use of compressed air.

Drilling Mud: It is a mixture of water and additives that is used as fluid for
drilling, whose purpose is to remove or take out the sediment, cool and lubricate the tricone,
(the hammer) to protect the wall of the well preventing it from collapsing.

Casing: It is used to protect the drilling in cases of collapses.

overload, prevent water losses and to reduce the diameter of the well when
Do you wish to continue the survey with a smaller diameter.

110
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Hole Opener: A tool used to drill and enlarge the hole.

well to final diameter.

Drill collar: these are preferably placed on the drilling tool to give it the
weight required to generate the breaking of the rock, in addition to maintaining the verticality of the
well.

We have different sizes because there is a table to calculate their weight.

Manometers: they are used to see the pressure differences caused by the operation.
hydraulic in the equipment are four main ones: rotation, pressure on the tool,
tool pressure, amount of air

P.V.C:itisa1¼”tube,6meterslong,SCH120,anditwithstands300psi,itsjointserves
to direct the air generated by the movement of the mud inside the bar according to the flooding
that has.

111
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Conventional drilling: The hydraulic method of rotary drilling involves drilling

a well through the rotary action of a bit (in our case a tricone) and remove the
fragments that are produced with a fluid that is continuously circulated, according to the
tricono penetrates into the formation.

Drill pipes: these are what allow the transmission of rotation for the tool
cut the detritus and they are also the ones that serve as a duct with mud in drilling systems
the detritus sludge.

Reverse air bar Faber: it is a double tube with a diameter of 4 ½” and has the particularity of
to drive air through the gaps between the tubes and an inner 2" tube that serves to remove the detritus from the
samples as drilling progresses and weighs 180 kg

Reverse Smooth Flow Air Bar: it is a double tube with a diameter of 7".
particularity of conducting air through the inter-tubes and an inner tube of 4" that is used to extract
the detritus from the drilling as the drilling progresses weighs 480 kg

Conventional Smooth Flow bars are similar to other bars, without a tube, with a
6" interior that allows placing the PVC so that the flooded reverse system works
weighs 380 kg.

Manometers: they serve to see the pressure differences caused by the actuation.
The hydraulic in the equipment consists of four main factors: rotation, pressure on the tool,
tool shooting pressure, amount of air

112
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Diameter and type of the vertical check valve: this valve is placed in the PVC hang.
it allows air to pass in one direction and supplies air to produce movement and
when for vibration reasons the PVCs are cut, they allow air not to escape if the
we placed it at 12 meters and generated a buoyancy from these so that the rescue is more
quick.
Tricone and hole-opener: their fusion allows us to drill more efficiently, but
We must take into account that the detritus that the hole-opener cuts goes behind the tricone.
It must pass and enter the tip of the tricone, so we must leave enough space.
between the hole opener tube and the cutting wall of the tricone.

Mud influx pipe to the well: the inclination and diameter of the mud supply pipe to the well
to be suitable so that sand does not accumulate and clog, which can generate a
serious problem with the walls of the well collapsing.

Discharge pipe: the inspection and extraction of the cutting in the discharge pipe must be done in
sharp shape so that it can be covered and not drop the cutting and then we have no sample.

Types of heads: there are several types of heads that can work for drilling.
of water wells from which the detritus comes out directly, which are the best and those that
they emerge indirectly which require more attention with maintenance.

113
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Drilling of the wellbore: Before fully lowering the casing, one must ensure that it has been removed.
all the mud.

Cementation: make sure that the cement has the appropriate additives and weight.

Rotary pressure: how we interpret that manometer, then what does the phrase mean (it went up
Torque is commonly heard but we do not know what it looks like on the gauges.
operation, it was indicated that the hydraulic system of the rotating head in empty has a pressure
about 800 psi, then when we connect the raised bar from the bottom and rotate to the
the same previous RPM will raise the rotating pressure by around 80 psi more depending on the condition of
well, starting the drilling when we drive the tool into the bottom and it starts to
cutting the rock is called shear pressure, it will increase through the weight of the tool (drill -
collar) that we can apply on it, advancing in the drilling upon finishing the bar.
We lift and see that the pressure marks more than the previous notation, this is called increase.
The torque will depend on the terrain we are drilling; if there are clays, it is more noticeable.
when we are drilling a hard rock.

Air pressure: to lift the hydrostatic pressure inside the bar produced by the mud, it
Calculate as follows. Example: 200 meters of mud height is multiplied by 0.052
weight per meter of height, by 8.33 weight of water and 3.28 is the conversion from inches to meters (200
x 0.052 x 8.33 x 3.28 = 284 psi ) then we have the final result which is 284 psi of air that
we need to lift this column of mud.
114
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Water contribution in the well: this confusion is quite common since for us to be able to calculate if
The water contribution is either real or not, it becomes practical, because the viscosity of the mud is measured.
input and the viscosity of the exit mud is measured, according to the difference we say we have input
of water, but sometimes it is not real, the best way to ensure is by taking the parameters
what we handle we can realize if such confusion really exists, first it is to measure
the viscosity parameters and then set the air flow just to lift the column,
we know that the air breaks the viscous chain produced by the additive which causes it to lose
its properties and thin out.

Reports: tool to inform everything that is done in the 12-hour shift in a format
ordered understandable to generate the correct information

115
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Retention: we must know how to use this manometer because much of our work involves it.
retaining the pressure marked by the weight of the drilling tool, then when
we lower the drill collar for example:
5 each of 11" outer diameter by 4" inner diameter drill collars, 20 feet long (which reads 11420) we have in
the weight calculation table gives a value of 279.9 lb per foot which gives us a value in pounds of 5598
We divide it by kg by 2.2, it gives us a value of 2,544.5 kg each and we would have a total of 12,722.7 kg.
of drill collar weight, keeping this in mind we check it with the Holback manometer we
It would mark an example: 1,200 PSI, therefore we must keep this value in our
notes for applying it during well drilling on the tricone or hole opener for
advance with the drilling, it was made clear that everything we add must be retained for
that the entire hang-off remains vertical and only drill collar weight is applied, using this method
we control the risk of bar cutting due to buckling, which is when they curve inside the
pit and they pink the walls with the weight of the upper bars, the material is stressed
producing premature wear or damage to the drilling tools.

116
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Certification of constructive quality of water wells

Without the following enumeration indicating its relative importance, the following parameters,
At least, they must be considered in a construction quality certification.
underground water wells.

1.- Efficiency, that is, the quotient between the theoretical drawdown of the well and the actual drawdown,
thus directly impacts the operating costs of groundwater. It also measures the
constructive quality of the well.

2.- Sand content. Sand is an abrasive that reduces the lifespan of the pumps and in
in some cases, the lifespan of the well.

3.-Turbidity. In addition to being relevant for cases of water for drinking purposes and some
Industrial, it may indicate incomplete underdevelopment.

4.-Verticality and alignment. A deviated well can prevent lowering a pump allowing
to exploit the well to its full capacity.

5.- Pumping tests. They must be reviewed to confirm that they were done correctly.
executed.

117
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

DRILLING PARAMETERS.

RECOMMENDED PARAMETERS FOR TRICONS:

Soft Rock
Long tooth or insert

500 lbs to 3000 lbs of weight per inch of tricone diameter

50 - 100 RPM

Hard Rock
Short Tooth

4000 lbs to 6000 lbs of weight per inch of diameter of the tricone
30 - 60 RPM

Medium Rock
Medium inserted tooth

500 lbs to 5000 lbs of weight per inch of tricone diameter

40 - 80 RPM

118
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions
FOR THE ANTEPOZO

FOR THE PRODUCTION AND/OR EXPLORATION WELL.

EXAMPLE:
If you have 4 drill collars, each 6 meters long with an external diameter of 8" (internal diameter of 2 1/4") weighing 157.
lb/pie each.
So the total weight of the string of Drillcollars will be:
P total = 4x6(mt)x3.28x157(lbs/feet) = 1 meter = 3.28 feet
12.359 lbs. (5.617 kg) 1 Kg = 2.2 Lbs.
Therefore, the weight to be carried will be:
P = 5.617 (Kg.) x 0.8 = 4.494 Kg. (9.886 lbs)

The drilling optimums that are indicated are

based on information The optimum of Equivalent factor between steel teeth and series:
The drilling indicated is based on Serie S=15 Serie M=30 Serie H=40
information
A heavier or lighter weight can improve performance.

119
7.- Glossaries and Definitions

120
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

CONSTRUCTION OF PITS FOR MUD.

Two pits are being built, one for the decantation of the sediment from the cuttings that come with the mud.
once it exits the well and another that is the sump and suction pit, both pits are
connected.

The dimensions of the pits will depend on the volume of the well to be drilled, which is the volume of the
The pit should be equal to the volume of the trench in quantity. Generally, trenches are built of 3.
subways
3 meters long by 3 meters wide and the depth varies from 3 meters, depending on the
land expandable as the well is deepened.

The location of the pits is very important, it must allow:

The access of the backhoe for its cleaning.

A not very difficult connection, given that this connection is a trench between both pits.

3. The sedimentation basin must be located in front of the well being drilled. The suction one in front
to the mud pump, this mud pump is located on the left side of the probe.

4. It must allow for the safe transit of workers.

121
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

ASSEMBLE THE DRILLING RIG.

In the event of drilling areas with high dip (see figure 2) of the layers, the drilling
(well) will tend to deviate, therefore it will be necessary to apply the assembly technique
packaged or pendular. To obtain a better response from these assembles you must
work with low RPM (no more than 80 RPM) and minimal weight on the tricone.

Figure 2 – Shows the angle of

buzzing

122
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions
Flow and Velocity by Area

In a conventional rotary drilling system where a fluid is used for

drilling
Mud, the annular speed should be in the range of 100 – 120 feet/minute.

1° To determine annular velocity, the first thing to calculate is the pumping flow rate:
Pumping flow rate (duplex pump): Q = 0.000162 x S x [2 x (D²) - (d²)] (BBls/EMB) (1) Where:

S = Length of the throw (inches)

D = Diámetro de pistón o camisa (pulgadas)
d = Diámetro del vástago (pulgadas) BBls = Barriles
EMB = Emboladas
1 BBl = 42 gallons
EXAMPLE: 1 Galón = 3.8 Lts.

Determine the pumping flow rate (BBls/EMB) of a duplex pump 7 ½" x 12" at 85% efficiency.
Stem diameter 2".

Replacing in equation (1), we obtain:

Q = 0.000162 x 12 x [2 x (7.5)² - (2²)] x 0.85 = 0.179 BBls/Emboladas

If the pump is working at 60 strokes per minute, we have that the flow rate will be:
Q = 0.179 x 60 = 10.74 BBl/minute
Q = 10.74 x 42 = 451 Gal/minute x 3.8 = 1714 liters/minute
123
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

2° Once the pumping flow rate has been calculated, the annular velocity will be determined:

VA = 1029.4 x Q / (Dh2 - Dp) feet/minute

Where:

Q = Pumping Flow Rate (BBl/minutes)

Dh = Diameter of the well or inner diameter of the casing in inches.
Dp = External diameter of the drilling bar or drill collars in inches.

EXAMPLE:

If it is considered:
Well diameter: 12 ¼ inches
Bar diameter: 4 ½ inches

Then: VA = 1029.4 x Q / (Dh2 - Dp2)

feet/minutes = 1029.4 x 10.74 / 12.25 2 - 4.5 2

85 feet/minute

124
 7.- Glossaries and Definitions

Preventive maintenance of equipment and tools.

The site manager, together with the shift supervisor and the driller, are responsible for applying
and comply with the daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance programs
preventive, scheduled for equipment and tools assigned to each task in
particular.

The bars, drill collars, hole openers, and tricone bits due to their importance and high cost
they require continuous maintenance to ensure good operation and prolong their life
useful.

The Driller must measure and document the lengths, interior and exterior diameters of
all the bars, drill collars, and tools that I put into a well in case of a fishing.

125
 8.- Arrangement of Equipment on the Platform
CABIN
POSITIONING
Welder
SHRAMM T 130
AU GA
P P P NOTE OF
a SECURITY:
s
i Motor The pits
l
l Pond they must remain
Car o From mud 3000 marked in
s Additives its entirety with
1 love or mesh of
security

2
Backhoe
3
cart
Cart Drill
Bars Collar Pools 4x4x1.5
The figure shows the arrangement of the pits
mud and of the mud pump.
Truck 126
tractor
 8.- Equipment Arrangement on the Platform

Compressor
900 cfm
POSITIONING SS-40
Air duct
P P
SS-40
Pools of 4x4x1.5
M
P P

Container

8 meters
pond
Backhoe
Of mud 3000 Additives
NOTE FROM
SECURITY:
WATER
The pits
they must remain
Cart marked in
Bars its entirety with
love or mesh of
security
127
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities

The Operations Manager is responsible for the approval of this procedure and
to ensure its compliance.

The Site Manager is responsible for enforcing safety and care regulations.
the environment and that the process develops properly and in accordance with
the established in this procedure

The Shift Supervisor and the Drillers are responsible for carrying out the activities of the
process, using the equipment and tools for drilling correctly and
agreement with what is established in this procedure.

The Driller's Assistant is responsible for collaborating and following instructions from the
Driller or Shift Supervisor.

The Preventionist is responsible for ensuring the proper use and maintenance of the
personal protective equipment, and that the activities of the process are
executed according to the risk prevention and environmental protection regulations
environment, established in the Risk Prevention Program (PCR).

128
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities

Operations Manager
RESPONSIBILITIES
Functions Detailed activities or tasks by function Frequency
specific
Prevención de Lead industrial safety and environmental protection According to the program
risks and environment complying at all times with the current law, of specific to
environment Quality of the company and that of the client. activities
Planning From the efficient use of human, operational, and daily resources
from the maintenance workshops, defining priorities,
assignment of resources, contributing to the definition of the
short, medium, and long-term strategic goals and objectives
company deadline.
Address From the work teams in the operations area and Daily
maintenance, coordinate the required support from others
company areas. Define the guidelines and policies for
the selection, hiring, and management of resources
humans.
Control and Control and evaluation of operational results Daily
evaluation obtained, in specifics of each of the tasks in
activity and the maintenance area and its comparison,
analysis and implementation of corrections regarding the
plans and budgets.
Technique Be in a constant search for better practices and Monthly
work methods, simplifying their execution and
improving control.
System Lead in your area the SIGG, Complying and doing Daily
Integrated fulfill the procedures and work instructions of their
Management area.

129
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities

Site Manager
RESPONSABILIDADES
Functions Activities or tasks detailed by function Frequency
specific
Prevention of Lead the compliance with safety regulations. Daily
risks Responsible for approving the risk control sheet. Diariamente
Responsible for signing a safe work permit. Daily
Give a 5-minute talk. Daily
Responsible for controlling the use of protective equipment daily
Personal. Daily
Immediately report any accidents and incidents that occurred to the S/situation
foreman and the risk prevention department of S/situation
work.
Investigate the accidents and incidents that occurred during the shift.
Coordination Coordinate operational activities. S/Requirement
Coordinate the staff in charge. Diamond
Coordinate materials order. S/Requirement
Coordinate maintenance of machines and vehicles. S/Requirement
Supervision Supervise the implementation of drilling procedures. Daily
Responsible for supervising the maintenance of equipment that must Daily
use the staff in charge. Daily
Supervise operational activities. Daily
Supervise the use of appropriate tools Daily
Supervise the operations carried out by the driver according to the Daily
work to be done.
Supervise the use of personal protective equipment and
measures to protect the environment.

130
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities

Site Manager

RESPONSABILIDADES
Funciones Detailed activities or tasks by function Frequency
specific
Materials Request Person responsible for approving material requests generated in work sites S/Requirement
small ones where there is no position of Project Manager.

Environment Maintain order and cleanliness of equipment and work platform. Daily
Supervise the separation of the waste drums, one with garbage. Daily
industrial and another with household waste.
Preparation of Shift progress report. Daily
reports Tool performance report. Daily
Equipment repair report. S/Requirement
Payment states duly approved by the customer. Monthly
First alert reports. S/Requirement
Work system reports. Monthly
Others Participate in the operations meetings. Daily and monthly
Maintain communication with client representatives. Permanent
Shift Delivery Delivery of information about the operation to the Head of Work (Well is Daily
Incoming water.
Integrated System Comply with the procedures and work instructions of your area. Daily
Management

131
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities
Perforator
RESPONSIBILITIES
Functions Activities or tasks detailed by function Frequency
specific
Prevention of Lead the compliance with safety standards. Daily
risks Create a risk control sheet. Daily
Develop safe work permit. Daily
Participate in a 5-minute talk. Daily
Order and cleanliness Clear and clear the work area or platform. Daily
Maintenance Review the operation of chains, cables, winch. Daily
Check the engine oil level of the machine. Daily
Filter change (according to maintenance schedule). S/Program

Operation Perform operations according to established criteria by the Daily

company in the Manual of Good Practices for in the Field of Daily
in accordance with safety standards and environmental protection Daily
Nosa-Q environment. Daily
Place bars in the rotation head to start. Daily
to pierce.
Operate machine to drill the ground.
Receive Work Order delivered by the geologist.
Develop a work program according to the client's requirements.
Process and analyze the information provided by the dashboard
control during the drilling operation.
Change bars as you progress.
Remove the bars from the well.

132
 9.- Cargos y Responsabilidades
Driller

RESPONSABILIDADES
Functions Detailed activities or tasks by function Frequency
specific
Request for Responsible for promptly informing the Supervisor of the Requirement
Materials Turn to the materials, accessories, and spare parts
what is needed for the optimal functioning of the machine
(sonde) and of the drilling, also describe the
corresponding specifications.

Shift Delivery Delivery of information regarding work progress during the shift. Daily

Preparation of Prepare a Shift Report that includes information Daily

reports of the daily drilling activities.
Environment Separate the waste into two barrels, one for industrial waste daily.
and in another with household waste.
Integrated System Comply with the work procedures and instructions of your Daily
Area management.

133
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities
Survey Assistant
RESPONSABILIDADES
Functions Detailed activities or tasks by function Frequency
specific
Prevention of Comply with safety regulations Daily
risks Develop a risk control sheet. Daily
Prepare a safe work permit. Daily
Attendance at a 5-minute talk.
Order and cleanliness Clear and clear the work area or platform and separate what is Daily
jar and machine in the different sectors.

Maintenance Review the operation of chains, cables, tape. Daily

Check the engine oil of the machine. Daily
Filter change (Every approximately 2000 working hours). Without program

Request for Responsible for timely informing the Driller about Daily
Materials the accessory materials and spare parts needed for the optimal
operation of the machine (probe) and describe the
corresponding specifications.

Environment Separate the waste into two drums, one with industrial garbage Daily
and in another with household waste.

134
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities

Survey Assistant

RESPONSIBILITIES
Functions Detailed activities or tasks by function Frequency
specific
Operation Support operations according to criteria established by the company Daily
in the work instructions according to the standards of Daily
security and environmental protection. Daily
Place bars on the rotation head to start Daily
to pierce. Daily
Receive Work Order delivered by the geologist.
Develop a work program according to the client's requirements.
Change bars as you progress.
Take the rods out of the well.
Correctly fill out the daily production sheet for your machine.
Cleaning of tightening keys.
Sample selection, sample bagging and labeling

Integrated System Comply with the work procedures and instructions of your Daily
Area management.

135
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities
Supervisor CRO (Risk Preventionist)
RESPONSABILIDADES
Functions Detailed activities or tasks by function Frequency
Main
- Preparation of accident statistics to present to
Statistics Gerente de Proyecto, Mandante del Servicio, SERNAGEOMIN, Monthly
Risk Prevention Manager.

Inspection and
Observation of - Field supervision of compliance with the standards of the Daily
Field tasks company, carrying out scheduled and incidental activities.

Meetings - Attention to the client's advisory requirements and Daily

internal, in matters of risk prevention and environment
environment.

Management - Coordinate implementation, management, and control of the System Weekly

Integrated Management

Programs - Preparation of the risk and environmental prevention program Monthly

environment to line supervisors.
- Control and analysis of prevention and environmental activities
supervision environment

Programming - Coordinate internal and external training courses in Monthly

risk prevention and environment.
136
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities
Supervisor CRO (Risk Prevention Officer)
RESPONSIBILITIES
Functions Activities or tasks detailed by function Frequency
Main
Motivation Daily
- Direct contact with the staff to discuss topics and results
of risk prevention.

Advice - Technical advisory on risk prevention and environment Daily

environment to the Project Manager, Site Managers, Supervision,
staff and Joint Committee on Hygiene and Safety

Research and - Advisory and involvement with line supervision, as per requirements
Report Incidentes, accidentes, cuasi-accidentes, defecto de proceso.

Supervision
- Advisory and control in the field of appropriate behavior of
personal and physical conditions, for prevention of Daily
environmental risks and protection

Communication - Dissemination of topics related to risk prevention and Weekly

environment, of the company as well as of other companies. Daily
- Permanent with Risk Prevention Manager.

-
Industrial Hygiene and Programming and control of hygiene activities According to Program
Environment Industrial and Environment, such as noise measurement, Annual
lighting, gases, dust; control hazardous substances, control
of waste.
137
 9.- Positions and Responsibilities
Supervisor CRO (Risk Preventionist)
RESPONSABILIDADES
Functions Detailed activities or tasks by function Frequency
Main

Resolution of - In situations related to prevention, environment, According to

problems joint decision making with line supervision. Requirement
Control of - Coordination, control of the examination program According to
occupational health occupational and control of pre-employment exams. Requirement

Information and - Immediate reporting of the occurrence of incidents, According to

Report accidents, near misses, process defect to Manager Requirement
Project and Risk Prevention Manager.

Induction and - Induction and follow-up program for new staff

Training instruction to staff on prevention matters According to
risks and environment Requirement

Reports - Monthly report of activities and management results to

Gerente de Proyecto y Gerente Prevención de Riesgos. Monthly

138
Thank you for participating
in this well course
of water

End
139