MOULAY SLIMANE UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
PROFESSIONAL LICENSE
FIELD: MECHATRONICS
Automobile

Report
Practical Work: The
sensors in
the automobile + Bus LIN

Made by:
EZZAID AbDErrAhIm
AGLAOU AchrAf

Requested by:
Mr. Youssef Ait El Kadi

Academic year:
2018/2019
 Presentation :
In this lab, we saw the different sensors that make up a vehicle and their
operations, all these sensors are found in the model below:

Introduction:
A sensor converts a physical quantity into a quantity
standardized, generally electrical, which can be interpreted by
a control system device.

Regarding the automotive field, we find certain sensors.

such as examples:
{"throttle_position_sensor":"Throttle position sensor.","pedal_position_sensor":"Pedal position sensor."}

Crankshaft Position Sensor.

Camshaft sensor.
Intake pressure sensor.
Flow meter. Air temperature sensor.
Oxygen sensor / lambda. Exhaust pressure sensor.
Click sensor.

1
 Speed sensor.

Activity 1 : Locate the different sensors that are located on

the model.

Potentiometer
Hall sensor Inductive sensor butterfly

CTP

CTN Sensor of
cognizantly. Sensor of
Flowmeter
pression
mass of air

Activity 2 Temperature sensor (temperature coefficient

negative

The resistance of a NTC depends on the temperature: it decreases if its

temperature increases and inversely. If one knows the function R = f(T)
which expresses the resistance of the CTN as a function of its temperature, we
can later know any temperature of the CTN by
the measurement of its resistance.

2
Based on the experience, we have filled in the following table:

Here is the curve we obtained from the 'Labsoft' software:

3
 How does the resistance value of the NTC behave in case
of warming?
When the temperature of the NTC increases, the resistance decreases.

Activité 3 : Temperature sensor (temperature coefficient

positive.)
The Positive Temperature Coefficient, in English PTC
Temperature Coefficient) are thermistors whose resistance
increases with temperature. We distinguish the thermoresistors
CTP whose value increases significantly with temperature in a
limited temperature range.

Here is the setup we created to test the operation of the

CTP :

What is the resistance of the CTP at room temperature?

According to the experience, the resistance at cold state (ambient temperature)
is 0.05 kOhm.

After turning on the heating with the switch that is located at

left of the CTP resistance we filled in the following table:

4
After the experience, here are the questions that are asked:
What is the resistance after warming?
Currently, the resistance is at 11.04 kOhm.

When the temperature of the CTP increases?

The resistance value increases.

How does the resistance of the CTP sensor react when the temperature
increase?
At low temperature, small temperature variations lead to
a slight modification of the resistance.
At high temperatures, slight variations in temperature lead to
a strong change in resistance.

Activity 4: Knock sensor.

The knock sensor is also called 'knock sensor'.

is used to identify noises resulting from vibrations caused by
a poor combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the
combustion chambers. This sensor consists of a component
piezoelectric, a mass preloaded by a spring and a
electrical connections inserted into a plastic case.

5
Here is the setup we made to test the operation of the
Knock sensor:

With an object 'Pen', we hit the bump sensor and we

start the oscilloscope to see the oscillations of this sensor:

6
After the experience, here are the questions that are asked:
How to interpret the results of the measurement?
When the engine is operating normally, combustion in the
The cylinder is uniform and generates a frequency that is approximately constant.
This frequency is partly removed by the modules.
of the knocking sensor amortization, output that the amplitude of the
output voltage of the knock sensor also dampened.

In case of knock combustion in a cylinder, the sensor of

cognitive presents a signal with an amplitude and a frequency
superior.
These signals are distinguished electronically.

Activity 5: (Inductive sensor.)

Inductive sensors are sensors that produce a magnetic field.
at their ends, which allow for the detection of any object
conductor located at a distance dependent on the type of sensor. If a
conductive material is located within the sensor's action zone, it
will be automatically detected.

Example of an inductive sensor: Crankshaft sensor.

Where is the inductive sensor located in the connection plan?

The inductive sensor is connected to terminals 1 and 2.

7
We connected an inductive sensor to an oscilloscope so that we could see
the oscillations of this sensor.

After powering the sensor, we started the oscillogram:

8
After the experience, here are the questions that are asked:
Compare the two measures. Among the following statements,
Which ones are correct?
The frequency and amplitude depend on the regime.
The induced tension depends on the gap between the sensor and the gear.
of the regime.
The induced tension increases as the regime increases.
What could be the causes of the failure of this sensor?
Soiling or damage to the sensor wheel.
Bypass of the feed line.
Cut of the supply line.

Activity 6 : Hall Effect Sensor

Hall effect sensors are sensors that allow measuring the
presence of a magnetic field. For this, as their name suggests,
they use the Hall effect. To roughly explain, the Hall effect allows
to generate a voltage proportional to the magnetic fields which
traverse the material.
We dealt with the example of a Hall sensor in a motor in this lab:
In this engine, two Hall sensors are located on the front face.
cylinder heads.

9
 What are the connections with the control unit?
What does the Hall sensor use in the connection plan?
The Hall sensor uses connections 4, 5, and 6.
What signals are applied to the different pins of the unit?
of order?
The mass of the sensor is pin 4.
The power supply for the Hall sensor is pin 5.
The signal cable of the Hall sensor is pin 8.

Here is the connection of the Hall sensor so that we can test it.

Then we connected this sensor to the voltmeter.

The tensions between the Hall sensor connections:
The supply voltage rises to 5 V.
The signal voltage indicates values of 0.7 V and 4.6 V.

10
Then we connected this sensor to the oscillogram.

11
Here are the questions being asked about this sensor:

Determine the full throttle in rpm. To do this, read the duration of

period T of a rotation.
The period lasts 310 ms.
The full speed is approximately 194 rpm.
What can be deduced from the shape of the signal based on the regime?
The amplitude does not depend on the regime.
Throughout the range, the shape of the signal does not depend on the regime.
A precise measure for the current regime is provided by frequency.

Activity 7: (Throttle potentiometer.)

The throttle potentiometer is used to determine the opening angle of the
butterfly. The information obtained is transmitted to the computer and constitutes
a major parameter for calculating the amount of fuel needed.
It is fixed directly on the butterfly axis.

The throttle potentiometer is an angular sensor with characteristic

linear. It converts the opening angle of the butterfly into a ratio of
proportional tension. When the throttle is actuated, the contacts
sliders of a rotor connected to the shaft of the potentiometer slide on tracks
resistive, which converts the position of the butterfly into a ratio of
tension.

Here is the setup to follow to test the throttle potentiometer:

12
The question asked is to measure the output voltage for the
open and closed butterfly.
When the butterfly is open, the measured voltage rises to 0.85 V.
When the butterfly is closed, the measured voltage rises to 3.7 V.
Why do we not measure 0 V/5 V in both end positions?
the potentiometer?
Series resistors limit the voltage to the measured values.
The control unit can therefore recognize short circuits and
cable cuts, as the lower final value does not present
between 0 V and 5 V.

Then we used the oscilloscope to get the curve of the potentiometer.

butterfly in a noise.

Then we interpreted the result of the measurement.

The complete voltage range is fully traversed in both.
sense.
The potentiometer's conductive track is in order.

13
Activity 8: mass flow rate of air.

The air flow meter sends a signal to the vehicle's computer which
the value depends on the mass of air that passes through it. It does not make any
correction of air mass related to temperature changes or
altitude. It is thanks to its signal that the calculator adjusts the injection in
fuel and the opening of the throttle body.

14
The question raised regarding this sensor:

What can you say about the occupancy of the different lines?
Bracket 9 = mass, the assembly plan does not allow for any assertion
Specify the occupation of the other pins, as the internal circuit of the
The mass flow meter for air is not represented.

After completing the assembly, we started the oscilloscope to see

the curves delivered by this sensor.

15
What tensions do you measure on the signal cable of the flow meter?
air mass?
When the fan is on and the butterfly valve is closed, the voltage
is approximately 1.3 V.
When the fan is off (without airflow), the voltage rises to
approximately 0.97 V.
When the fan is on and the throttle is open, the voltage
is approximately 2.1 V.

In case of rapid opening and closing of the air butterfly valve,

The nominal level of the MAF immediately follows the modification of
air flow.
The mass air flow meter reacts very quickly to
temperature changes.
In case of modifications to the position of the throttle contacts,
the control unit can react very quickly.

16
After processing and analyzing the different sensors we conducted a test on
the Labsoft software:

17
Here are the different pins of the sensors:

18
19
 TP 2: Bus LINE
Objective:
Know the role and functioning of the LIN Bus and the areas
applications of this bus.

Bus LINE:
TheLINfor Local Interconnect Network, is a communication bus
recently used by the automobile, generally as a subnet of
busCANto connect the micro actuators and the sensors. It
works with 1 master and up to 16 slaves at a speed of 19.2
Kbits/s for 40 meters in length.

First of all, to address the operation of this bus, we used a

simulation card found below:

20
Here is the map SO4203-6 E:

21
LIN Bus Topology:

The questions that were raised by the Labsoft Software regarding the bus
LIN :

What structure does the circuit correspond to?

Linear structure or bus structure.

What are the topologies used for the LIN bus?

Linear structure or bus structure.
Active star structure.
Passive star structure.

What are the topologies that can be created with the plates?
are you here?
Linear structure or bus structure.
Passive star schema.

22
Does the arrangement of the control units influence the function of the
data bus?
No.

LIN Bus Protocol:

Contenu du message :

23
After powering the window lift, we opened the LIN on the software.
MONITOR.

Here are the data provided by this Monitor:

We used the oscilloscope again to see the oscillations:

24
Here are the different questions that were asked:

What is the identifier of the window lift?

- 0F.

Assign the data fields to the functions?

- window lift switch not activated: 00 0F.
Raise the window: 02 0F.
Lower the window: 01 0F.

Assign other identifiers to the corresponding functions?

Mirror heating: 05.
Central locking: 20.
turn signal switch: 09.
Mirror adjustment: 27.

What level changes when a resistor is added to the line?

of LIN data?
The Low level (dominant level)

From what voltage is communication no longer possible?

possible ?
Starting from about 5 V.

25
 Conclusion :

In these two labs, we have properly processed and analyzed the

operation of sensors integrated in
the automobile according to certain manipulations and the
results noted we specified the difference between
each of this concerning the first lab work, and
in the second lab we dealt with the LIN bus on a
window lift and a mirror which was specified the
topology of this LIN bus and its protocol according to
several manipulations and questions requested by the
Labsoft software.

26