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Index

How do birds fly?

Have you watched the birds flying and thought that flying looks easy?
2
How does the supporting surface work?
2
Why do birds fly?
3
How do birds fly?
5
Bird skeleton
5
Elements that help birds fly
6
Which bird is better for flying?
7
How do airplanes fly?
Parts of an airplane
There are two propulsion systems that allow an airplane to fly. 8
The pioneers of aviation. 9
Types of airplanes 9
Use of airplanes 10
The ornithopter 10

Leonardo da Vinci
The ornithopter
Construction of the ornithopter 11
12
12

Bibliography

13

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How do birds fly?

Have you watched the birds flying and thought that flying seems easy?

For centuries, humanity has dreamed of taking flight like the birds.
Some individuals went so far as to flap uselessly with wings of
feathers. However, the human body is heavy and lacks muscles.
necessary for flying.
The pioneers of aviation quickly understood that, to join the
birds, they had to know how these flew.
They discovered that the wings of birds are lifting surfaces. When
the air flows over the wings of a bird, above and below them
it produces a difference in air pressure. The difference in pressures creates the
called "upward force", capable of overcoming the weight of a bird or a
aircraft. It is called a heavier-than-air flight, and this is how they fly
gliders and airplanes. Balloons and airships are lighter vehicles
that the air. It fills them with hot air (which always rises) or gases
like helium or hydrogen, lighter than the air that surrounds them.

How does the supporting surface work?

The air that passes over the curved upper surface of the wing is faster.
that the flow that runs along the lower surface. This phenomenon causes a
difference in pressures, which raises or launches the wing upward.

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Dorsal view of a wing, showing the patagium, which is an epidermal structure with
an internal tendon to cut through the air.

Side view showing the differences in the shape of the upper and lower faces,
forcing a greater airflow on the upper surface.

Why do birds fly?

Birds fly higher, further, and faster than any other animal.
Flying. Many species cross oceans and continents in their migrations.
In addition, birds are the only flying animals that take advantage of
regularly the wind as a source of the ascending force. The wings of the
birds are equipped with two groups of pectoral muscles. In most of
the specimens, these muscles account for one third of the total weight of

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bird. The muscular power moves the long and stiff flight feathers. The ones of
the tips of the wings, called primaries, propel the bird forward
forward, while the rest of the wing generates the lift force. The wings
They change shape as they rise and fall. They are wide and spread out.
during the downward movement, and they close in the upward movement. The shape
of the wing and the bird's lifestyle are closely related. Although
Long wings are more efficient than short ones, flapping requires more.
effort. Generally, long-winged birds are birds that glide in the
heights. The short-winged ones have less resistance, but they gain speed.
quickly.

Structure of a typical feather

in which their are shown Diagram of a typical wing, showing the

parts. different feathers that make it up.

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How do birds fly?

Wing movement and function of the primaries.

Bird skeleton

Su esqueleto es liviano, porque los huesos de las aves están neuma tizados,
This means that they are hollow. Thus, their body is lighter to be able to fly.

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The skeleton of modern birds.

Elements that help birds fly:

1. Flight control: The long tail feathers help control the

Flight, especially the driving and braking.
[Link] power: The primary feathers convert muscular power
in thrust or forward power.
[Link] motor: Two groups of pectoral muscles power the wings
up and down, or provides the necessary force to
let the bird fly.

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Which bird is better for flying?

The shape of the wing: The length and width of bird wings influence the
speed they can reach and the distance they are capable of traveling. A
from the shape of the wings, we can draw many conclusions about the
lifestyle of birds.

HAIL SPEED CHARACTERISTICS WING SHAPE

D
Albatross 80 km per has long and stylized wings
hour that allow them to fly in the middle

of strong winds and at sea.

Condor 56-64 km Uses its long and wide wings
for now to rise with the
thermal currents of the areas
mountainous.
Swallow 59-99 km It has long stylized wings that
for now they provide lasting energy
with little food or intake of
flammable.
Quail 60-92 It has very short wings, which
for now allows for quick acceleration in
short distances.
Sparrow 27 km for Most of the Birds
hour small, like sparrows,
they have medium-sized wings
for the daily flight.
Hummingbird
80-96 km Has small rigid wings and
for now thin that the rotors seem
of a helicopter the y
they provide a excellent
flight control.

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How do airplanes fly?

Parts of an airplane

The basic components of an airplane are the fuselage, the wings, the
tail assembly, and the landing gear.
The fuselage accommodates the pilot, the passengers, and the cargo.

The wings have a special shape to provide lift to the airplane.

The movable ailerons on the wings control the roll.
The tail assembly includes movable parts: the rudder and the ailerons, which
they control the pitch and the direction.

The fin and the horizontal stabilizer are fixed, and they increase stability.
during the flight.
The landing gear allows the airplane to taxi on the runway.
during takeoff and landing.

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There are two propulsion systems that allow an airplane to fly.

Propeller airplane 2. Jet propulsion aircraft

The propeller can be driven by an internal combustion engine

like a turbojet engine. Due to its design, it pushes the air
backwards with their blades, which penetrate the air like a screw.
3. Jet propulsion generates thrust by expelling gases.
escape, product of combustion, at a much higher speed than the
what the air had when entering the engine.

The pioneers of aviation.

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The American Wright brothers decided to place a glider a
motor that would propel it with more force. And thus they managed to cover with that device

a distance of 250 meters in one minute.

From that moment on, men understood that they could already travel by
the air like the birds. And they called those devices airplanes. Soon, in all the
countries began to build airplanes, with which they started to carry out
trips.

Types of airplanes

Airplanes can be classified into three types according to their function and scope.
operation: commercial, including those of passenger and cargo transport,
whether on regular or charter lines, military and aviation airplanes
general, what are the incomprehensible ones in the other two. The particulars
the characteristics of each plane are determined by the nature of the
services to be performed. The increase in specialization in its use has brought about
consequence a wide variation in design requirements.

Use of airplanes

One of the fields with the most application of general aviation is agriculture.
where airplanes are used for spraying or distributing fertilizers and
seeds. It is also used for aerial inspection of pipelines and networks
electric, aerial photography, cartography, forest patrols and control of the
wild fauna.

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The ornithopter

Leonardo da Vinci and his inventions

Leonardo da Vinci

There was an artist, whose name was Leonardo da Vinci, who was not only a painter

he was an inventor. He conceived and drew many aircraft, some of which had
bird shape.

I was convinced that the ornithopters (devices that flap their wings)
they were the key to powered flight. I made numerous sketches of
ornithopters, which had wings tied with straps to flying cars.

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The ornithopter

Ejemplo de un modelo a construir

An ornithopter is a machine designed to fly by flapping its wings.

Construction of the ornithopter

For the construction of the ornithopter, the material and activities can be found in the file:

Product 1 _ Student Guide

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Bibliography

Theme:The mastery of the air

Authors:Adolfo Navarro / Hesiquio Benítez

Subtemas:
II. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
III. FEATHERS AND PLUMAGE
IV. HOW DO BIRDS MOVE?

Email address:

htp://[Link]/sites/science/volume3/c
iencia3/138/htm/[Link]

Theme:Let's Fly!

Authors:Text: Francisco Fernández, Illustration: Myriam Holgado

Email address:

ht[Link]
3/htm/sec_2.htm

Theme:Something about airplanes

Email address:

htp://[Link]/sites/colibri/cuentos/jueg
os2/htm/sec_45.htm

Computing Technology 1| Professor: José Guadalupe González Trejó

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Ornithopter Project 2012

How do you see it? UNAM Science Dissemination Magazine

Theme:Leonardo Da Vinci: the obsession with flying

Autores: Atenayhs Castro and Adriana Elisa Espinosa

Email address:

ht[Link]
[Link]

Tema:Ornitoptero Freebird (planos de construcción)

Email address:

ht[Link]
[Link]

Computing Technology 1| Professor: José Guadalupe González Trejó