---
🧭 Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources(geo.)
---
📘 NCERT In-text Questions and Answers
Q1. What is a mineral?
Ans:
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that has a definite chemical composition.
Minerals are formed by natural processes in the earth’s crust.
---
Q2. How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Ans:
In igneous rocks, minerals are formed when magma cools and solidifies.
In metamorphic rocks, minerals are formed due to changes in temperature, pressure, and
chemical composition.
---
Q3. Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
Ans:
Minerals are non-renewable resources.
They take millions of years to form.
Overuse and wastage can lead to their exhaustion.
Hence, conservation is necessary for sustainable development
---
Q1. Multiple choice questions
(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a
residual mass of weathered material?
→ (a) Bauxite
(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand, is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals?
→ (b) Mica
(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the strata of which of the following rocks?
→ (c) Sedimentary rocks
(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?
→ (a) Thorium
---
Q2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(a) Distinguish between a rock and a mineral.
Ans:
Rock: A solid mass of mineral matter found naturally in the earth’s crust.
Mineral: A homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definite chemical
composition.
All minerals are not rocks, but all rocks are made of minerals.
---
(b) How are minerals formed in sedimentary rocks?
Ans:
Minerals are formed through mechanical deposition, evaporation, or chemical precipitation.
They occur in beds or layers.
Example: Gypsum, rock salt, potash, and coal.
---
(c) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?
Ans:
Minerals are exhaustible and take millions of years to form.
Overexploitation can lead to scarcity.
Conservation ensures sustainable use for future generations.
---
Q3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words:
(a) Describe the distribution of minerals in India.
Ans:
Peninsular rocks: Contain metallic minerals like iron, manganese, copper, bauxite.
Sedimentary rocks of Gujarat, Rajasthan: Contain non-metallic minerals like limestone and
gypsum.
Alluvial plains: Generally lack minerals.
Western and Eastern coasts: Contain mineral deposits of sands (monazite, thorium).
Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh: Rich in iron ore and coal.
---
(b) Why do we need to conserve energy resources?
Ans:
Conventional energy sources like coal and petroleum are non-renewable.
Overuse causes pollution and climate change.
Saving energy helps reduce dependence on imports.
Promoting renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro) ensures a cleaner and sustainable future.
---
(c) How can we conserve energy resources?
Ans:
Use public transport, carpool, cycle or walk for short distances.
Switch off lights and appliances when not in use.
Use energy-efficient devices (LEDs, solar heaters).
Promote renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and biomass.
Educate and spread awareness about energy conservation.
---
💡 Extra Important Questions
1. What are metallic and non-metallic minerals?
Ans:
Metallic minerals: Contain metals; e.g., iron, copper, bauxite.
Non-metallic minerals: Do not contain metals; e.g., mica, gypsum, limestone.
---
2. What are ferrous and non-ferrous minerals?
Ans:
Ferrous minerals: Contain iron (e.g., iron ore, manganese, chromite).
Non-ferrous minerals: Do not contain iron (e.g., copper, bauxite, lead).
---
3. Mention two uses of Mica.
Ans:
Used in electrical and electronic industries for insulation.
Used in paint and cosmetic industries.
---
4. Name major iron ore producing states in India.
Ans:
Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, and Goa.
---
5. What are the types of energy resources?
Ans:
Conventional: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectricity.
Non-conventional: Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas.
---
6. Write short notes on:
(a) Solar Energy
Energy from sunlight, used in solar cookers, heaters, and panels. India has high potential in
states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.
(b) Wind Energy
Produced by wind turbines. Major centers: Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka.
(c) Biogas
Produced from organic waste (animal dung, crop residue). Used in rural areas for cooking
and lighting.
---
7. What are the steps to conserve minerals?
Ans:
Use minerals judiciously.
Promote recycling and reuse.
Use substitutes where possible.
Reduce wastage during mining.
Promote research in mineral conservation.
---
8. Name major coal-producing states in India.
Ans: Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh.
---
9. What is the difference between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy?
Conventional Non-Conventional
Non-renewable Renewable
Cause pollution Eco-friendly
Example: Coal, Petroleum Example: Solar, Wind, Tidal
---
10. What is geothermal energy?
Ans:
It is energy obtained from the heat of the earth’s interior.
Hot water and steam from underground are used to generate electricity.